OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study is to estimate the cost of breast cancer diagnosis, treatment, and management in the Philippines. Specifically, it aims to identify the resource requirements and interventions related to breast cancer diagnosis, treatment, and management, measure resource volumes (number of units), learn to value resource items (unit costs), and determine the total cost of treatment per disease stage.

The study covered nine tertiary hospitals, seven of which were government hospitals and two were private hospitals, with all tertiary hospitals providing breast cancer services and accredited by Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PHIC or PhilHealth) for the Z-Benefit Package. Interventions and services related to breast cancer included radiographic procedures, laboratory and imaging tests, chemotherapy drugs and medications, medical and surgical supplies, surgical rates (for breast surgery), accommodation, staff time and salary/professional fees, and other procedure fees. The study conducted in 2022, examined cost prices of breast cancer interventions and services from stage 1–3B.

Purposive and convenience sampling were used based on PhilHealth accreditation and willingness of hospitals to participate in the study. The study conducted a focus group discussion with oncologists, radiologists, anesthesiologists, and other health care providers to validate the clinical guideline used and to solicit inputs to the costing design, analysis framework, and tools for data collection. Data collection of financial cost information (charge price) was conducted using a set of costing matrices filled out by the various departments of the hospitals. Costs and median rates were calculated across hospitals on diagnostics and imaging tests, surgery costs of both public and private facilities, medical treatment, and radiotherapy.

Breast MRI, Breast Panel, and Chest CT Scan are the top 3 most expensive diagnostic procedures ranging from PhP 8,102.00 to PhP 9,800.00 per procedure. Surgical procedures for breast cancer at private hospitals and public hospitals showed huge differences in costs. The cost of a cycle of chemotherapy ranges from PhP 596.70 to PhP 3,700.00 per session, while the cost of targeted therapy can cost up to PhP 46,394.21 per session. A year of hormone therapy ranges from PhP 3,276.00 with the use of Tamoxifen, and up to PhP 68,284.00 with Goserelin. Aromatase inhibitors such as Anastrozole and Letrozole cost from PhP 18,000 to PhP 36,000, respectively. Multiple cycles depending on the diagnosis are prescribed per patient and used in combination with other chemotherapy medications or other therapies such as targeted therapy and hormone therapy are usually taken daily up to 5 to 10 years. Conventional radiotherapy can cost up to PhP 88,150.00 covering 28 sessions, CT simulation, and CT planning.

This cost study provides relevant information and better perspective on benefit development for the PHIC, policy development for Department of Health on where and how to focus their support for the patient’s financial preparedness to address medical and f inancial catastrophes.

PhilHealth needs to guide the health care providers of their costing method and to develop their own integrated, interoperable, and comprehensive cost data library.

It recommends that the government allocate budget and cover for screening and assessment for earlier stage diagnosis of patients and lower health expenditure costs on cancer treatment.

RATIONALE

Skin cancer is the most common cancer in fair-skinned populations. Overall, strategies focus on modifiable risk factors such as reducing ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure through physical, topical or systemic protection. Currently, data on knowledge, attitude and practices of Filipino patients on UV index in relation to sun protection is unavailable.

The objective of this study is to improve sunscreen use among patients seen in a tertiary hospital in Manila, specifically after UV index education.

The study will be conducted among patients at the outpatient department of the University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Department of Dermatology, after UV index education. Patients who will be included are aged 18 to 65 years old, belonging to both sexes and able to understand English or Filipino. The exclusion criteria includes children, elderly greater than the age of 65, prisoners, mentally handicapped or those with incurable diseases.

3 weeks 

The outcome is the improvement in sunscreen use among patients seen in a tertiary hospital in Manila, specifically after UV index education.

The Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgerypreviously co published two guest editorials, on “Reducing the Risks of Nuclear War— the Role of Health Professionals”¹and “Time to Treat the Climate and Nature Crisis as One Indivisible Global Health Emergency”²that addressed dual potentially catastrophic concerns that both place us “on the brink.”³

By co-publishing these guest editorials, the Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery joined the call for “health professional associations to inform their members worldwide about the threat to human survival and to join with the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) to support efforts to reduce the near-term risks of nuclear war.”¹As enumerated in the editorial,¹we urged three immediate steps that should be taken by nuclear-armed states and their allies: 1) adopt a no first use policy;⁴2) take their nuclear weapons off hair-trigger alert; and 3) urge all states involved in current conflicts to pledge publicly and unequivocally that they will not use nuclear weapons in these conflicts.It is alarming that noprogress has been made on these measures.

Thus, on our 44th Anniversary, we join over 150 scholarly scientific journals worldwide in co-publishing another Guest Editorial on “Ending Nuclear Weapons, Before They End Us.”⁵We call on the World Health Assembly (WHA) to vote this May on re establishing a mandate for the World Health Organization (WHO) to address the consequences of nuclear weapons and war,6and urge health professionals and their associations (including otolaryngologists – head and neck surgeons, all surgeons and physicians, and the Philippine Society of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Philippine College of Surgeons, Philippine College of Physicians,
Philippine Academy of Family Physicians, Philippine Pediatric Society, Philippine Obstetrical and Gynecologic Society, Philippine Society of Anesthesiology, Philippine College of Radiology, Philippine Society of Pathologists, other specialty and subspecialty societies, and the Philippine Medical Association) to urge the Philippine Government to support such a mandate and support the new United Nations (UN) comprehensive study on the effects of nuclear war.⁷

In rare cases with no clinical practice guidelines available, the approach heavily relies on small studies, reports, and professional experience based on sound clinical judgement from available data.

We present a case of a 52-year-old male radiation technologist with a 5-year history of pancytopenia diagnosed with radiation-induced marrow aplasia after presenting with bilateral lower extremity weakness and numbness. MRI revealed spinal EMH along T3 to T12. He was given steroids and radiation therapy (RT) of 18Gy in 10 fractions with improvement in sensory status at 4th session of RT and was discharged with steroid on tapering and maintenance of eltrombopag.

BM aplasia following chronic low-level radiation exposure results from the accumulation of cytogenetic abnormalities over time. EMH is a compensatory mechanism for BM aplasia, the diagnosis of which is established by MRI. In spinal EMH, transverse myelopathy occurs from spinal cord compression (SCC). As of writing and with our literature-search, spinal EMH has never been reported in patients with aplastic anemia or radiation-related BM aplasia. With the paucity of available data, there is currently no specific guidelines in managing BM aplasia from radiation and consequent SCC. However, as with most cases of SCC, radiotherapy, steroids, and surgical decompression are viable options. This case report will add to the very small pool of information on EMH from radiation-induced BM aplasia and its approach to management especially in this rare, never-before-reported presentation.

war ; armed conflicts ; Nuclear Energy ; Atomic Energy ; Radiation ; Nuclear Weapons

war ; Armed Conflicts ; Nuclear Energy ; Atomic Energy ; Radiation ; Nuclear Weapons

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare DNA repair disorder characterized by sensitivity to sunlight and predisposition to cutaneous malignancies. There are various types, including the Variant type, which does not manifest with acute sunburn reactions. This results to the development of multiple malignancies that are often discovered at late stages, making management more challenging. This is a case of a 54-year-old Filipino female presenting with multiple basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) on several areas of the face and advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) on the right zygomatic area, treated with imiquimod 5% cream and external beam radiation therapy, respectively. There was an excellent response of the BCCs to imiquimod 5% cream and good tumoral response of the SCC to radiation therapy, with tolerable side effects, highlighting the use of these palliative treatment modalities for XP patients with multiple, unresectable, or difficult-to-treat cutaneous malignancies.

: In rare cases with no clinical practice guidelines available, the approach heavily relies on small studies, reports, and professional experience based on sound clinical judgement from available data. : We present a case of a 52-year-old male radiation technologist with a 5-year history of pancytopenia diagnosed with radiation-induced marrow aplasia after presenting with bilateral lower extremity weakness and numbness. MRI revealed spinal EMH along T3 to T12. He was given steroids and radiation therapy (RT) of 18Gy in 10 fractions with improvement in sensory status at 4th session of RT and was discharged with steroid on tapering and maintenance of eltrombopag. BM aplasia following chronic low-level radiation exposure results from the accumulation of cytogenetic abnormalities over time. EMH is a compensatory mechanism for BM aplasia, the diagnosis of which is established by MRI. In spinal EMH, transverse myelopathy occurs from spinal cord compression (SCC). As of writing and with our literature-search, spinal EMH has never been reported in patients with aplastic anemia or radiation-related BM aplasia. With the paucity of available data, there is currently no specific guidelines in managing BM aplasia from radiation and consequent SCC. However, as with most cases of SCC, radiotherapy, steroids, and surgical decompression are viable options. This case report will add to the very small pool of information on EMH from radiation-induced BM aplasia and its approach to management especially in this rare, never-before-reported presentation.
Human ; radiation

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the fate and underlying mechanisms of G2 phase arrest in cancer cells elicited by ionizing radiation (IR). METHODS: Human melanoma A375 and 92-1 cells were treated with X-rays radiation or Aurora A inhibitor MLN8237 (MLN) and/or p21 depletion by small interfering RNA (siRNA). Cell cycle distribution was determined using flow cytometry and a fluorescent ubiquitin-based cell cycle indicator (FUCCI) system combined with histone H3 phosphorylation at Ser10 (pS10 H3) detection. Senescence was assessed using senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal), Ki67, and γH2AX staining. Protein expression levels were determined using western blotting. RESULTS: Tumor cells suffered severe DNA damage and underwent G2 arrest after IR treatment. The damaged cells did not successfully enter M phase nor were they stably blocked at G2 phase but underwent mitotic skipping and entered G1 phase as tetraploid cells, ultimately leading to senescence in G1. During this process, the p53/p21 pathway is hyperactivated. Accompanying p21 accumulation, Aurora A kinase levels declined sharply. MLN treatment confirmed that Aurora A kinase activity is essential for mitosis skipping and senescence induction. CONCLUSION Persistent p21 activation during IR-induced G2 phase blockade drives Aurora A kinase degradation, leading to senescence via mitotic skipping.
Humans ; Aurora Kinase A/metabolism* ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Mitosis ; Cell Cycle ; Radiation, Ionizing ; RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism* ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism*

Humans ; Radiation Exposure ; Phantoms, Imaging