Objective:This study aimed to explore the status of radiological Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) among school-aged children in Chamdo City, Tibet, through a 3-year monitoring survey, providing epidemiological evidence for prevention and control strategies.Methods:The target areas for this study were Luolong, Bianba, and Basu counties in Chamdo City, Tibet Autonomous Region, identified as having the most severe historical cases of KBD. Children aged 7-12 years attending school were enrolled as study subjects. Anteroposterior X-ray films of the right-hand were taken, and radiological diagnoses were made based on the "Diagnosis of Kashin-Beck Disease" criteria (WS/T 207-2010). Two experienced researchers independently reviewed the X-rays, and intra- and inter-group consistency were assessed using weighted Kappa values and percentage agreement. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2017 and 2020 to describe the X-ray detection rates of KBD, and logistic regression analysis was employed to construct a predictive model of risk factors for radiological KBD cases.Results:In 2017, a total of 5,711 children aged 7-12 years in Chamdo City, Tibet, participated in the baseline cross-sectional survey (average age 9.2 years, 48.0% female), with 28 cases of radiological KBD. The age- and gender-standardized prevalence rate was 0.527%. In 2020, 6,771 participants (average age 9.3 years, 49.5% female) underwent a second cross-sectional survey, with 9 cases of radiological KBD and a standardized prevalence rate of 0.134%. Logistic regression analysis indicated that older age [ OR=2.439, 95% CI(1.299, 4.580), P=0.006] and female gender [ OR=8.157, 95% CI(1.016, 65.528), P=0.048] were independent risk factors for radiological KBD cases. Conversely, higher residential altitude, under the premise of Tibet's high altitude, was a protective factor [ OR=0.995, 95% CI(0.990, 0.999), P=0.032). Conclusion:The radiographically positive detection rate of KBD among school-aged children in Chamdo City, Tibet Autonomous Region, is at an extremely low level and showing a declining trend, reaching the historical standard in 2020. Considering the absence of positive signs in affected children, it suggests that local KBD has been effectively eliminated.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics of choledocholithiasis com-bined with periampullary diverticulum and influencing factor for difficult cannulation of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).Methods:The retrospective case-control study was conducted. The clinical data of 1 920 patients who underwent ERCP for choledocholithiasis in 15 medical centers, including the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, et al, from July 2015 to December 2017 were collected. There were 915 males and 1 005 females, aged (63±16)years. Of 1 920 patients, there were 228 cases with periampullary diverticulum and 1 692 cases without periampullary diverticulum. Observation indicators: (1) clinical characteristics of patients with choledocholithiasis; (2) intraoperative and postoperative situations of patients undergoing ERCP for choledocholithiasis; (3) influencing factor analysis for difficult cannulation in patients undergoing ERCP for choledocholithiasis. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean±SD, and comparison between groups was conducted using the independent sample t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M(range) or M( Q1, Q3), and com-parison between groups was conducted using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Count data were described as absolute numbers or percentages, and comparison between groups was conducted using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. The Logistic regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analyses. Results:(1) Clinical characteristics of patients with choledocholithiasis. Age, body mass index, cases with complications as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diameter of common bile duct, cases with diameter of common bile duct as <8 mm, 8?12 mm, >12 mm, diameter of stone, cases with number of stones as single and multiple were (69±12)years, (23.3±3.0)kg/m 2, 16, (14±4)mm, 11, 95, 122, (12±4)mm, 89, 139 in patients with choledocholithiasis combined with periampullary diverticulum, versus (62±16)years, (23.8±2.8)kg/m 2, 67, (12±4)mm, 159, 892, 641, (10±4)mm, 817, 875 in patients with choledocholithiasis not combined with periampullary diver-ticulum, showing significant differences in the above indicators between the two groups ( t=?7.55, 2.45, χ2=4.54, t=?4.92, Z=4.66, t=?7.31, χ2=6.90, P<0.05). (2) Intraoperative and postoperative situations of patients undergoing ERCP for choledocholithiasis. The balloon expansion diameter, cases with intraoperative bleeding, cases with hemorrhage management of submucosal injection, hemostatic clip, spray hemostasis, electrocoagulation hemostasis and other treatment, cases with endoscopic plastic stent placement, cases with endoscopic nasal bile duct drainage, cases with mechanical lithotripsy, cases with stone complete clearing, cases with difficult cannulation, cases with delayed intubation, cases undergoing >5 times of cannulation attempts, cannulation time, X-ray exposure time, operation time were 10.0(range, 8.5?12.0)mm, 56, 6, 5, 43, 1, 1, 52, 177, 67, 201, 74, 38, 74, (7.4±3.1)minutes, (6±3)minutes, (46±19)minutes in patients with choledocholithiasis combined with periampullary diverticulum, versus 9.0(range, 8.0?11.0)mm, 243, 35, 14, 109, 73, 12, 230, 1 457, 167, 1 565, 395, 171, 395, (6.6±2.9)minutes, (6±5)minutes, (41±17)minutes in patients with choledocholithiasis not combined with periampullary diverticulum, showing significant differences in the above indicators between the two groups ( Z=6.31, χ2=15.90, 26.02, 13.61, 11.40, 71.51, 5.12, 9.04, 8.92, 9.04, t=?3.89, 2.67, ?3.61, P<0.05). (3) Influencing factor analysis for difficult cannulation in patients undergoing ERCP for choledocholithiasis. Results of multivariate analysis showed total bilirubin >30 umol/L, number of stones >1, combined with periampullary diverticulum were indepen-dent risk factors for difficult cannulation in patients with periampullary diverticulum who underwent ERCP for choledocholithiasis ( odds ratio=1.31, 1.48, 1.44, 95% confidence interval as 1.06?1.61, 1.20?1.84, 1.06?1.95, P<0.05). Results of further analysis showed that, of 1 920 patients undergoing ERCP for choledocholithiasis, the incidence of postoperative pancreatitis was 17.271%(81/469) and 8.132%(118/1 451) in the 469 cases with difficult cannulation and 1 451 cases without difficult cannula-tion, respectively, showing a significant difference between them ( χ2=31.86, P<0.05). In the 1 692 patients with choledocholithiasis not combined with periampullary diverticulum, the incidence of postopera-tive pancreatitis was 17.722%(70/395) and 8.250%(107/1 297) in 395 cases with difficult cannula-tion and 1 297 cases without difficult cannulation, respectively, showing a significant difference between them ( χ2=29.00, P<0.05). In the 228 patients with choledocholithiasis combined with peri-ampullary diverticulum, the incidence of postoperative pancreatitis was 14.865%(11/74) and 7.143%(11/154) in 74 cases with difficult cannulation and 154 cases without difficult cannulation, respectively, showing no significant difference between them ( χ2=3.42, P>0.05). Conclusions:Compared with patients with choledocholithiasis not combined with periampullary divertioulum, periampullary divertioulum often occurs in choledocholithiasis patients of elderly and low body mass index. The proportion of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is high in choledocholithiasis patients with periampullary diverticulum, and the diameter of stone is large, the number of stone is more in these patients. Combined with periampullary diverticulum will increase the difficult of cannulation and the ratio of patient with mechanical lithotripsy, and reduce the ratio of patient with stone complete clearing without increasing postoperative complications of choledocholithiasis patients undergoing ERCP. Total bilirubin >30 μmol/L, number of stones >1, combined with periampullary diverticulum are independent risk factors for difficult cannulation in patients of periampullary diverticulum who underwent ERCP for choledocholithiasis.

Platelet is an important component of human blood, which plays a key role in the physiological and pathological processes. Recently, novel drug delivery system based on platelet and platelet membrane bionics attracted much attention. Compared to the traditional drug carriers, platelet and platelet membrane-based biomimetic drug delivery system has great performances in biocompatibility, longer circulation and stronger ability of targeting. This review presented the features, classifications, drug-loading and applications of platelet and platelet membrane-based biomimetic drug delivery systems, promoting their development and application in the future.

As an essential metabolic molecule, bile acids regulate triglyceride, cholesterol, energy metabolism. Bariatric surgery offers a treatment that can reduce weight and induce metabolic syndrome, but the mechanism is still unclear. New researches reveal that serum bile acids are elevated after surgery, as well as the improvement of metabolic disease. The surgery changes gastrointestinal tract, resulting in a short circuiting of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. Here we review the bile acids metabolism and their effect after bariatric surgery.
Bariatric Surgery ; Bile Acids and Salts ; Enterohepatic Circulation ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Metabolic Syndrome

As an essential metabolic molecule, bile acids regulate triglyceride, cholesterol, energy metabolism. Bariatric surgery offers a treatment that can reduce weight and induce metabolic syndrome, but the mechanism is still unclear. New researches reveal that serum bile acids are elevated after surgery, as well as the improvement of metabolic disease. The surgery changes gastrointestinal tract, resulting in a short circuiting of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. Here we review the bile acids metabolism and their effect after bariatric surgery.

As an essential metabolic molecule, bile acids regulate triglyceride, cholesterol, energy metabolism. Bariatric surgery offers a treatment that can reduce weight and induce metabolic syndrome, but the mechanism is still unclear. New researches reveal that serum bile acids are elevated after surgery, as well as the improvement of metabolic disease. The surgery changes gastrointestinal tract, resulting in a short circuiting of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. Here we review the bile acids metabolism and their effect after bariatric surgery.

Objective To construct a prostate cancer specific oncolytic adenovirus armed with a fusion protein gene , PSA-IZ-CD40L, and to evaluate its oncolytic efficiency and immune activation ability in vitro.Methods Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) gene, CD40L-N and CD40L-C genes were obtained from cDNA of LNCaP cells and Jurkat cells using poly-merase chain reaction (PCR) or nested-PCR, respectively.PSA,Linker,CD40L-N and CD40L-C were linked sequentially to generate fusion protein gene PSA-IZ-CD40L (PL) by overlapping PCR.Then, prostate specific oncolytic adenovirus PL-carrying gene, Ad-PL-PPT-E1A,was constructed using the oncolytic adenovirus system , which was based on Adeasy sys-tem.PC3M cells were infected by Ad-PL-PPT-E1A at serial multiplicity of infection (MOI), and the apoptosis was detec-ted by flow cytometry at several time points post-infection.For immune activation detection , PC3M cells were infected with Ad-PL-PPT-E1A at a MOI of 50, and the cell lysate was collected at 48 h post-infection.Peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived (PBMCs) from healthy donors were stimulated by the lysate from PC 3M cells or Ad-PL-PPT-E1A infected PC3M cells before proliferation was assayed using cell counting kit-8 (CCK8).Results Fusion protein gene, PSA-IZ-CD40L, was successfully constructed and cloned into the prostate cancer specific adenovirus to generate Ad -PL-PPT-PL. The expression of E1A and PL protein could be detected by reverse transcription PCR and Western-blotting.Cytopathic effect was observed in PC3M cells infected with Ad-PL-PPT-E1A.Furthermore, the apoptosis rate reached 70.67% ± 2.98%at 48 h post-infection with 200 MOI Ad-PL-PPT-E1A.Compared with the lysate of PC3M cells, that from Ad-PL-PPT-E1A infected cells could promote the proliferation of PBMCs .Conclusion We have constructed a prostate cancer spe-cific oncolytic adenovirus armed can fusion protein gene PL , Ad-PL-PPT-E1A, which could kill PC3M cells effectively and enhance the proliferation of PBMCs in vitro.

Objective To study the effect of heavy ion radiation on proliferation and apoptosis of human peripheral blood derived T lymphocytes and the mechanism .Methods T lymphocytes were isolated from heparinized whole blood samples by density gradient centrifugation using Ficoll before being irradiated with heavy ion beams 12 C.The accumulated absorbed dose (dose-rate values=0.5 Gy/min, and meanLET=29 keV/μm).12 h and 24 h post-infection, total RNA of T lymphocytes was isolated , and the apoptosis related gene expression , including Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase3, Caspase8 and Caspase9, was detected by RT-RT-PCR.24 h and 48 h after irradiation, the proliferation was analyzed by CCK 8 kit.The cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry after being labeled with AnnexinV-PE/7-AAD or AnnexinV-FITC/PE.The expression of Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase3 was also assayed by RT-PCR.Results Data showed that heavy ion radiation could inhibit the proliferation of T lymphocytes obviously , and the inhibition ratio in cells that received 2 Gy dose was much high-er than in cells that received 1 Gy dose.Furthermore, heavy ion radiation promoted the apoptosis of T lymphocytes signifi-cantly.The results of RT-PCR showed that the mRNA expression of Bcl-2 was down-regulated in heavy ion radiation T lym-phocytes while the expression of Bax and Caspase 3 was up-regulated.Conclusion Heavy ion radiation can inhibit the pro-liferation and promote the apoptosis of human peripheral blood derived T lymphocytes .

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of norcantharidin (NCTD) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatocyte injury and the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in vitro. METHODS: Hepatocytes were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats by collagenase perfusion. LPS at concentration of 40 mg/L was used to induce injury to the cultured cells, and NCTD (0.5, 1.0, 2.5 μg/mL) was added at the same time. After 24 h of incubation, the cell proliferation rates were detected by MTT. LDH, TNF-α and IL-6 were measured by appropriate reagent kits.NF-κB DNA binding activity was measured. RESULTS: 40 mg/L LPS caused a 27% growth inhibition in primary hepatocytes. LDH leakage was 20- fold higher in NCTD-treated hepatocytes than in normal ones. TNF-α and IL-6 expression significantly increased. In cells treated with NCTD at doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 μg/mL, LDH leakage, TNF-α and IL-6 expression, and NF-κB DNA binding activity were attenuated in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSION NCTD protects hepatocytes from injury induced by LPS; the protection is associated with suppression of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-6.
Animals ; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic ; pharmacology ; Cell Proliferation ; Chick Embryo ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; metabolism ; Hepatocytes ; cytology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Interleukin-6 ; genetics ; metabolism ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharides ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Male ; NF-kappa B ; metabolism ; Primary Cell Culture ; Protective Agents ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; genetics ; metabolism

Objective To explore the risk factors of esophageal cancer and these factors' interaction Methods 472 new diagnosed cases of esophageal cancer in 2004—2005 and 472 controls were investigated by case-control study. Etiological fractions and interactions between family history of esophageal cancer and other risk factors of esophageal cancer were analyzed. Results The significant independent risk factors included taking hot-meal, preferring pickled-vegetables, preferring dry-rigidity-food, being irritable, drinking polluted-water perennially, family history of esophageal cancer and drinking alcohol a great deal. The etiologic fractions attributable to interaction were 0.855, 0.758, 0.683, 0.464, 0.459, 0.343 and 0.108 respectively. The synergy indexes of family history of esophageal cancer with taking hot-meal and with preferring dry-rigidity-food were both 0.86. Concludes The interactions between family history of esophageal cancer and ill life-behavior-style or drinking polluted-water perennially were particularly significant in the development of esophageal cancer in Dongping County.