Uveitis is a blinding inflammatory disease that affects multiple structures within the eye, posing significant risks to patients' vision and mental health. Current treatments mainly involve glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants, which are associated with significant side effects, high relapse rates, and substantial costs. Recent research suggests that the gut microbiota may play a role in the development of uveitis through the gut-eye axis, with related metabolites also influencing disease progression. Modulating the gut microbiota or its metabolites could offer new therapeutic avenues for uveitis. This review explores the relationship between gut microbiota and various uveitis-associated diseases, such as systemic sarcoidosis, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, Behcet's disease, multiple sclerosis, and birdshot chorioretinopathy. It also discusses advancements in microbiota-related therapies, including probiotics and prebiotics, antibiotics, immunomodulators, phage therapy, and fecal microbiota transplantation. The aim is to provide a reference for the development of new therapies targeting specific microbial communities and genetic markers associated with uveitis, thereby promoting the realization of precision medicine.

Background Permethrin is a commonly used pyrethroid insecticide and has been found to be potentially neurotoxic. Microglia are innate immune cells in the central nervous system and are involved in the development of a range of neurodegenerative diseases. Objective To observe possible toxic effects of permethrin on human microglia clone 3 (HMC3) in vitro and explore associated mechanism. Methods HMC3 were treated with 0, 10, 25, and 55 μmol·L⁻¹ permethrin for 72 h. Cell cycle and apoptosis were measured using flow cytometry. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A), cyclin B2 (CCNB2), cellular tumor antigen p53 (p53), factor-related apoptosis (FAS), caspase 3 (CASP3), and H2A histone family member X (H2AX) were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The differential genes and enrichment pathways of HMC3 after 0 and 25 μmol·L⁻¹ permethrin treatment was analyzed by RNA sequencing. HMC3 was treated by 0, 10, 25, and 55 μmol· L⁻¹ permethrin for 72 h. The content of nitric oxide (NO) in the supernatant was detected using Griess reagent. The secretion level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expression levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway (including MAPK1, MAPK8, and MAPK14), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) families (including MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, and MMP9) were detected by qPCR. The protein expressions of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), IL-1β, IL-6, and MMP1 were detected by Western blot. Results HMC3 was arrested in G2/M phase after 0, 10, 25, and 55 μmol·L⁻¹ permethrin treatment for 72 h, of which there was a statistically significant difference between the 55 μmol·L⁻¹ permethrin treatment group and the control group (P<0.01), and the mRNA expression of CDKN1A was up-regulated according to the qPCR (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the proportions of apoptosis between the groups (P＞0.05). The RNA sequencing showed that the differential genes were enriched in the MAPK pathway, and the mRNA expressions of MAPK1, MAPK8, and MAPK14 were up-regulated after the permethrin treatment at 55 μmol·L⁻¹ compared to the control group by qPCR (P<0.05). The Western blot revealed that, compared to the control group, the levels of p-p38 and p-ERK were increased after the 10 μmol·L⁻¹ permetrin treatment (P<0.05), the p-ERK level was increased after the 25 μmol·L⁻¹ permetrin treatment (P<0.05), and the p-p38 level was up-regulated after the 55 μmol·L⁻¹ permetrin treatment (P<0.05). The secretion of NO in the supernatant of HMC3 increased after permetrin treatment compared to the control group (P<0.05), the mRNA and protein expressions and the secretion of IL-6 showed an upward trend, the mRNA and protein expressions of IL-1β were up-regulated (P<0.05), and the mRNA and protein expressions of MMP1 were up-regulated in the 25 and 55 μmol·L⁻¹ permethrin groups (P<0.05). Conclusion Permethrin inhibits HMC3 cell proliferation in vitro, induces cell cycle arrest, activates MAPK pathway, and promotes the expression of inflammatory factors IL-1β and MMP1, which may be one of the mechanism of neurotoxicity induced by permethrin.

The NLRP3 inflammasome is a cellular multimeric protein complex that plays a crucial role in inflammation and immune responses. It consists of three main components: Nod-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing(ASC)and cysteine protease 1(caspase-1). Uveitis is a broad term encompassing a range of inflammatory diseases that primarily affect the iris, ciliary body, vitreous, retina and choroid. It is considered a major cause of blindness globally. Numerous studies have demonstrated the involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome in the onset and progression of uveitis, indicating its potential as a significant therapeutic target for uveitis in the future. This article provides an overview of the structure, biological functions and activation pathways of the NLRP3 inflammasome, as well as the current research progress on its association with different types of uveitis. Additionally, it discusses the application potential of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the treatment of uveitis.

Anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)injury is caused by strong violence,which can destabilize the knee joint,cause joint cartilage degeneration,meniscus injury,and in severe cases,develop osteoarthropathy.The gold standard for the treatment of ACLR injuries at this stage is arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament recon-struction(ACLR).In clinical practice,the LARS(Ligament advanced reinforcement system)artificial ligament made of polyethylene terephthalate(PET)as the material has a good effect in the short and medium term,but the long-term biological healing between the graft and the host bone is poor,and the real"ligamentization"requirement of the postoperative graft cannot be met.Coating-modified modification of artificial ligaments can improve their hydrophilicity and biocompatibility,which in turn can promote the healing of graft-bone tunnels.Tendon bone healing is a bone-derived progressive process from indirect insertion to direct insertion,which takes a relatively long time and is closely related to the prognosis and early rehabilitation effect of patients.This article reviews the progress of superficial modification of artificial ligaments to promote ACLR tendon bone healing.

Objective:To observe the clinical features and disease outcomes of patients with fundus lesions associated with novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19).Methods:A case series observational study was conducted.Eighteen eyes of 10 patients with COVID-19 related fundus lesions diagnosed in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from December 2022 to February 2023 were included.The affected eyes were examined by best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure, slit lamp microscopy, scanning laser fundus photography (SLO), infrared fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), visual field and microperimetry.After the diagnosis was confirmed, according to the patients' willingness, 6 patients were treated with mecobalamin, vinblastine, and Aescuven forte orally.The other 4 patients were treated with glucocorticoid and methylprednisolone tablets orally with an initial dose of 32 mg/d, and the dose was reduced by 4 mg every 5 days, and potassium chloride tablets, calcium carbonate tablets, and omeprazole enteric-coated capsules were taken orally.According to the diagnosis and treatment of acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN), the patients were divided into glucocorticoid treatment group (4 cases, 7 eyes) and non-glucocorticoid treatment group (4 cases, 8 eyes).The patients were followed up for 4 weeks.The BCVA, retinal morphology and structure, retinal sensitivity and fixation stability were compared before and after treatment.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (No.2022-KY-1482-002).Written informed consent was obtained from each subject.Results:Among the enrolled 10 cases (18 eyes), there were 9 cases (17 eyes) of AMN, including 1 eye with Purtscher-like retinopathy (PLR), 1 eye with acute para-central medial maculopathy (PAMM), and 1 eye with multiple transient white dot syndrome (MEWDS).The SLO images of AMN patients showed redbrown irregular lesions in the fovea or parafovea of the macular area.The OCT images showed patchy strong reflection between the OPL and ONL in the fovea or parafovea of the macular area, and the adjacent EZ/IZ had different degrees of local fracture, and the reflection signal was disordered.The BCVA of the eyes after 4 weeks of treatment was higher than that before treatment, and the difference was statistically significant ( Z=-2.823, P<0.05).After 4 weeks of treatment, the retinal sensitivity of the eyes was (26.57±2.24)dB, which was significantly higher than that before treatment (24.17±2.73)dB ( t=-11.329, P<0.001).There was no statistically significant difference in LogMAR BCVA and retinal sensitivity between the AMN glucocorticoid treatment group and the AMN non-glucocorticoid treatment group before and after 4 weeks of treatment ( Z=-0.986, P>0.05; t=-1.656, P>0.05). Conclusions:The main manifestations of COVID-19 related fundus lesions are AMN, PAMM, PLR, MEWDS, etc.OCT, microperimetry and other auxiliary examinations can help to diagnose the disease.The visual impairment and fundus structural changes caused by COVID-19 gradually improve after 4 weeks of treatment.

The relationship between the duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the risk of female reproductive malignancies is complex and multifaceted. Large population cohort studies revealed a negative association between the duration of T2DM and the incidence of breast cancer and endometrial cancer. Furthermore, the risk of breast and endometrial cancer is the highest within a short time after T2DM diagnosis and remains remarkably higher in patients with longer diabetes duration than in the nondiabetic population. This phenomenon suggests causal reverse bias and potential detection bias. Nevertheless, T2DM remains an important risk factor for breast and endometrial cancer. Research on the association between diabetes with cervical and ovarian cancer is limited, and results vary by region. Future epidemiological studies should focus on large prospective studies with long follow-up to further investigate this association. Research into the biological mechanisms linking diabetes and female reproductive cancers is also necessary to develop effective cancer prevention and early intervention strategies.

Gynecological cancer significantly affect the health of women.This review aimed to describe the global patterns and trends in the survival of patients with gynecological cancers.We searched PubMed,Embase,Web of Science,SinoMed,and SEER for survival analyses of cancer registration data of cervical,endometrial,and ovarian cancers published between 1980 and 2022.Globally,the highest 5-year observed survival rate for cervical cancer was 76.5%in Anshan,Liaoning,China(2008-2017).The 5-year observed survival rates of endometrial and ovarian cancers were higher in Finland(1995-1999,82.5%)and Singapore(1988-1992,62.0%).The 5-year relative survival rate of cervical cancer patients was higher in Haining,Zhejiang,China(2011-2014,85.8%).Korea ranked first at 89.0%and 64.5%for endometrial and ovarian cancers,respectively.Survival rates have improved for cervical,endometrial,and ovarian cancers.Patients aged≥75 years and those with advanced-stage disease had the worst 5-year survival rates.Survival rates were better for squamous cell carcinoma in cervical cancer,for endometrial carcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma in endometrial cancer,and for germ cell and sex-cord stromal tumors in ovarian cancer.Over the past four decades,the survival rates of gynecological cancers have increased globally,with notable increases in cervical and endometrial cancers.Survival rates are higher in developed countries,with a slow-growing trend.Future studies should focus on improving survival,especially in ovarian cancer patients.

Objective:To observe the clinical characteristics and treatment prognosis of patients with ocular toxocariasis (OT).Methods:A retrospective clinical trial. From March 2018 to September 2021, 40 eyes of 40 OT patients diagnosed by ophthalmic examination in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were included in the study. All patients underwent best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) examination. Color Doppler ultrasound flow imaging (CDFI), fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed in 25, 26 and 26 eyes, respectively. Among the 40 patients, there were 23 males (57.5%, 23/40) and 17 females (42.5%, 17/40). All patients were monocular. Thirty patients (75.0%, 30/40) were younger than 18 years old, with the mean age of (9.60±0.60) years. Ten patients (25.0%, 10/40) were great than or equal to 18 years old, with the mean age of (34.60±4.52) years. Thirty-three patients (82.5%, 33/40) lived in rural areas for a long time. There were 27 patients (67.5%, 27/40) with a history of contact with dogs and cats. In 40 eyes, peripheral granuloma (peripheral type), posterior pole granuloma (posterior pole type), vitreous opacity similar to endophthalmitis (turbid type) and hybrid type were 18(45.0%, 18/40), 11(27.5%, 11/40), 6(15.0%, 6/40) ang 5(12.5%,5/40), respectively. All patients were treated with drugs and/or surgery after definite diagnosis. There were 28 eyes of peripheral type, posterior pole type and hybrid type, 17 eyes were treated with surgery and 11 eyes with drug treatment, respectively. Five eyes with turbid type were only treated with drugs. In 40 patients, 33 patients participated in follow-up. The follow-up time after treatment was (18.78±9.44) months. The improvement of BCVA was observed. The number of eyes with different BCVA before and after treatment was compared by χ2 test or Fisher's test. Results:At the first visit, the BCVA ranged from light perception to 0.6, including 20 eyes with BCVA <0.1, 13 eyes with BCVA 0.1-0.3, and 7 eyes with BCVA >0.3. The posterior vitreous anterior limiting membrane was thickened in 24 eyes (60.0%, 24/40). There were 27 eyes (67.5%, 27/40) with lamellar vitreous opacity and 22 eyes (55.0%, 22/40) with peripheral/posterior pole granulomas. Among 25 eyes examined by CDFI, 14 eyes (56.0%, 14/25) showed characteristic stratified or diffuse opacity in vitreous body. Of the 26 eyes examined by FFA, 15 eyes (57.7%, 15/26) had "fern-like" leakage of retinal capillaries, and the lesion had a patchy non-perfused area. In 26 eyes examined by OCT, epiretinal membrane, cystoid macular edema and vitreoretinal traction were 8 (30.8%, 8/26), 5 (19.2%, 5/26) and 2 (7.7%, 2/26) eyes, respectively. At the last follow-up, compared with before treatment, the BCVA of 5 eyes with turbid type increased, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). In 28 eyes with peripheral type, posterior pole type and hybrid type, 17 eyes with surgical treatment improved BCVA, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=6.258, P<0.05). In 11 eyes only treated with drugs, BCVA remained unchanged, and the difference was not statistically significant ( χ2=0.594, P>0.05). Conclusions:OT patients are mostly children; retinal granulomas, gray-white hyperplastic membrane behind lens or vitreous stratified opacity are specific characteristics. OT is mainly treated by glucocorticoid drugs and vitrectomy.

Objective:To investigate the effect of Duhuo Jisheng Decoction on early cartilage destruction markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with kidney-qi deficiency and cold syndrome.Methods:A total of 64 patients with rheumatoid arthritis in our hospital from March 2019 to March 2020 who met the inclusion criteria were divided into 2 groups, according to the random number table method, with 32 in each group. The control group was given conventional western medicine therapy, and the observation group was given Duhuo Jisheng decoction on the basis of the control group. Both groups were treated for 8 weeks. TCM syndrome scores were performed before and after treatment, serum CRP, IL-6, cartilage oligosaccharide protein (COMP) and β-catenin were detected by ELISA method, and adverse eventns during treatment were observed and compared. The clinical efficacy was evaluated.Results:The total effective rate was 87.5% (28/32) in the observation group and 65.6% (21/32) in the control group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( χ2=4.27, P=0.039). After treatment, the main symptoms, secondary symptoms and tongue and pulse scores of the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( t=7.11, 3.11, 2.41, P<0.01 or P<0.05); serum CRP and IL-6 levels were significantly lower than those in the control group ( t=3.04, 4.56, P<0.01); serum COMP [(12.37±1.68) μg/L vs. (14.24±1.88) μg/L, t=4.20], β-catenin [(1.35±0.24) μg/L vs. (1.68±0.31) μg/L, t=4.76] levels were significantly lower than those in the control group ( P<0.01). During the treatment, the incidence of adverse events was 25.0% (8/32) in the observation group and 18.8% (6/32) in the control group, and there was no significant difference between the two groups ( χ2=0.37, P=0.546). Conclusion:The Duhuo Jisheng Decoction can help to reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokines and early cartilage destruction markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and improve the clinical efficacy safely.

Objective:To carry out the clinical observation and research of OPT intense pulsed light combined parameters in the treatment of lip hairiness.Methods:A total of 94 female patients with lip hairiness who were treated with OPT intense pulsed light depilation were collected, of which 22 were treated with single parameter and 72 were treated with combined parameters, both once a month for 7 months. The treatment effects of the two groups were compared. From October 2013 to October 2019, the patients were collected from the Department of Medical Cosmetology, the Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University.Results:With the increase of treatment times, the curative effect of patients gradually appeared, and the χ 2 value was 10.87 in the single parameter group and 105.25 in the combined parameter group. The difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). There was no statistical significance in the single parameter array between the two comparisons of different treatment times; there was statistical significance in the combined parameter group. The χ 2 value of treatment (1 vs. 3) times was 26.05, (1 vs. 7) times was 73.3, (3 vs. 7) times was 23.82 ( P<0.017). There was significant difference in the constituent ratio and total effective rate between the two groups after 3 and 7 times of treatment. The total effective rate of 3 times of treatment was 36.36% in single parameter group and 70.83% in combined parameter group; The total effective rate of 7 times of treatment was 59.09% in the single parameter group and 81.94% in the combined parameter group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Combined parameters OPT intense pulsed light therapy has better effect on lip hairiness than single parameter, and the treatment is safe and has good clinical application value.