Objective: To investigate the nutritional status and influencing factors among Tibetan and Mongolian children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in high-altitude regions, so as to provide evidence for early prevention and control of malnutrition in this population. Methods: From May to June 2022, a cluster sampling method was employed to recruit 1 019 Tibetan and Mongolian children and adolescents aged 7-18 years from two primary and secondary schools in Golmud City. Physical examinations, dietary frequency questionnaires, and physical activity assessments were conducted. Nutritional status was classified as obesity, combined overweight/obesity, underweight, or central obesity according to national standards including Screening for Overweight and Obesity among School-age Children and Adolescents, Screening Standard for Malnutrition of School-age Children and Adolescents, Blue Book on Obesity Prevention and Control in China. Chi-square tests, t-test and Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with different nutritional statuses. Results: The detection rates of obesity, combined overweight/obesity, underweight, and central obesity were 8.0%, 18.1%, 5.2%, and 19.7%, respectively. The height of children and adolescents across all age groups was generally lower than the national standard values. Tibetan participants exhibited significantly lower height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ)(9-10, 13-17 years, Z =2.01, 2.78, 4.16, 3.38, 4.12, 3.63, 3.00) and BMI-for-age Z-scores (BAZ) compared to Mongolian participants ( Z =-2.95, -2.47, -2.31, -2.89, -2.14, -2.17)( P < 0.05 ). Multivariate Logistic regression revealed that Mongolian children and adolescents had higher risks of obesity ( OR =2.20) and combined overweight/obesity ( OR = 2.18 ) ( P <0.05). Additionally, insufficient moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was associated with an increased risk of central obesity ( OR =1.48, P <0.05), compared with children and adolescents who meet the standard of MVPA. Conclusions The rates of overweight and obesity among Tibetan and Mongolian children and adolescents in Golmud City are higher, influenced by multiple factors. Nutrition interventions and physical activity strategies tailored to ethnic characteristics should be implemented, with emphasis on promoting MVPA to improve nutritional outcomes in this population.

Objective: To investigate the incidence trend of diabetes among children and adolescents in Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province from 2011 to 2021, so as to provide the basis for the prevention and control of diabetes among children and adolescents. Methods: Data on diabetes incidence among children and adolescents aged 0 to 18 years in Ningbo City were collected through the Diabetes Monitoring Platform of the Ningbo Chronic Disease Collaborative Management System from 2011 to 2021. Crude incidence rates were calculated and standardized using data from the Sixth National Population Census in 2010. The trend of incidence rates were analyzed by average annual percent change (AAPC). Results: A total of 701 cases of diabetes among children and adolescents were reported in Ningbo City from 2011 to 2021. The crude and standardized incidence rates were 6.86/105 and 7.27/105, respectively, showing upward trends (AAPC=5.886%, 7.147%, both P<0.05). The crude and standardized incidence rates of type 1 diabetes mellitus were 3.36/105 and 3.35/105, respectively, with no significant trend observed (AAPC=1.229%, 1.449%, both P>0.05). The crude incidence rate was higher in children and adolescents aged 10 to <15 years (4.56/105) than in other age groups (all P<0.05). The standardized incidence rate was higher in females than in males (3.49/105 vs. 3.04/105, P<0.05). The standardized incidence rate was higher in urban areas than in rural areas (3.60/105 vs. 3.15/105, P<0.05). The crude and standardized incidence rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus were 3.43/105 and 3.87/105, respectively, showing upward trends (AAPC=4.904%, 7.579%, both P<0.05). The crude incidence rate was higher in children and adolescents aged 15 to 18 years (10.53/105) than in other groups (all P<0.05). The crude incidence rates in children and adolescents who aged 10 to <15 years and 15 to 18 years showed upward trends (AAPC=15.030%, 6.637%, both P<0.05). The standardized incidence rate was higher in males than in females (4.01/105 vs. 3.57/105, P<0.05). The standardized incidence rate was higher in urban areas than in rural areas (4.57/105 vs. 3.34/105, P<0.05). Conclusions From 2011 to 2021, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus showed an upward trend, with cases mainly concentrated in children and adolescents aged 15 to 18 years, males, and those living in urban areas. The incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus remained stable, with cases mainly concentrated in children and adolescents aged 10 to <15 years, females, and those living in urban areas.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect of Tibetan medicine Sanguo decoction on hyperlipidemic rats based on the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and its related mechanisms. METHODS Forty-eight male SD rats were randomly divided into six groups: the normal control group, the model control group, the simvastatin group(3.5 mg·kg−1), and the Tibetan medicine Sanguo decoction low, medium, and high dose groups(0.43 , 0.86 , 1.72 g·kg−1), with eight rats in each group. The normal control group was fed a basal diet, and the remaining groups were fed the H10060 high-fat diet to prepare a hyperlipidemic rat model. At the same time, each treatment group was given corresponding drugs by gavage once a day. The normal control group and model control group were given an equal volume of physiological saline(once a day) by gavage for 6 consecutive weeks. After 6 weeks, serum levels of lipids[totalcholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), low density lipoprotein(LDL) and high density lipoprotein(HDL)] and oxidative parameters[malondialdehyde(MDA), superoxide dismutase(SOD), and glutathione(GSH)] were measured by reagent kit. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1(HO-1), Keap1, and quinone oxidoreductase(NQO1) protein expression in liver tissues were analyzed by Western blotting. The correlation of lipid and oxidative indices was investigated by person correlation. RESULTS Compared with the normal control group, the model control group showed a significant increase in body weight, significantly higher serum levels of TC, TG, LDL, and MDA, significantly lower serum levels of HDL, and significantly lower SOD and GSH activity. Compared with the model control group, each administration group showed a decrease in body weight and serum TC, TG, LDL, and MDA levels. In comparison with the model control group, the body weight was reduced, the serum levels of TC, TG, LDL, and MDA were significantly lower, the serum levels of HDL were significantly higher, and the SOD and GSH activities were significantly higher. Keap1 protein level expression was significantly up-regulated compared with the normal control group, and Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 protein level expression were significantly down-regulated in the model control group. Keap1 protein level expression was significantly down-regulated compared to the model control group, and Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 protein level expression were significantly up-regulated in the liver tissues of low and high doses of Sanguo decoction. The expressions of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 were significantly up-regulated. Correlation analysis showed that TG was negatively correlated with SOD, HO-1, and NQO1, and positively correlated with Keap1, while TC was negatively correlated with SOD, HO-1, GSH, and Nrf2, and positively correlated with Keap1 and MDA. CONCLUSION The Tibetan medicine Sanguo decoction can improve body weight and blood lipid levels in hyperlipidemic rats, and the mechanism may be related to the regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and the improvement of oxidative stress.

Objective: To explore the drug resistance of Isolated From Blood Culture Escherichia coli (E. coli) in a hospital in Qinghai over the past seven years, to evaluate the ability of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to analyze the homologous origin of E. coli, and to establish a protein fingerprint library to match with it, adjuvant clinical experience medication so as to provide the basis for the prevention and control of hospital-acquired infections. Methods: Retrospective analysis of blood cultures sent to hospitals from January 2016 to December 2022. Drug resistance and resistance changes in E. coli.A total of 1 841 E. coli strains were isolated from Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital from January 2016 to December 2022; all strains were identified by MALDI-TOF MS, and the VITEK2.0 drug sensitivity analyzer was applied for drug sensitivity analysis of the strains, and the mass spectrometry homology analysis and self-constructed protein fingerprint library were carried out by MALDI-Biotyper software; the protein fingerprint library was built by using WHONET5.6 software was used to statistically analyze the drug sensitivity results, SPSS23.0 software was used to analyze the relationship between fingerprint typing and drug sensitivity, and the χ² test was used for intergroup comparisons. Results: A total of 1 841 strains of E. coli were detected in 4 582 positive blood culture specimens from January 2016 to December 2022, with a detection rate of 40.17%; the resistance rate of E. coli from blood sources to piperacillin/tazobactam and ceftriaxone was on the rise, and it was slightly decreased to cefepime, amikacin, levofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole, and there was not much change to the rest of the drugs; After MALDI-Biotyper clustering analysis, the 1841 E. coli strains from Isolated From Blood Culture were classified into two major clusters and five subtypes, of which type Ⅰa1 accounted for about 40%, type Ⅰa2 accounted for about 2.7%, type Ⅰb accounted for about 3.8, type Ⅱa accounted for about 46%, and type Ⅱb accounted for about 7.5%. The detection rate of type Ⅰa1 E. coli was higher in general surgery (50.45%) and emergency surgery (50.92%), and the detection rate of type Ⅰb E. coli was higher in emergency medicine(10.05%)than in other departments. The drug sensitivity results of different subtypes were compared with each other, the resistance rate of type Ⅰa1 E. coli to cefepime was 21.3% higher than that of the remaining four types, and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=37.74,P=0.000); the resistance rate of type Ⅱ E. coli(>60%) to sulfamethoxazole was higher than that of type Ⅰ (<60%) as a whole, and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=15.248,P=0.004); and a preliminary database of homologous protein fingerprints of E. coli has been established E. coli homologous protein fingerprint library and validated. The drug susceptibility results of 1 288 E. coli strains in the validation set were statistically analyzed and compared with those in the training set. There was no significant difference(P>0.05). Conclusion: In recent years, the resistance rate of E. coli isolated from a hospital in Qinghai province to piperacillin/Tazobactam, cefepime, amicacin and other antibiotics has changed greatly. A fingerprint database of E. coli homologous protein was established, and it was found that the drug sensitivity data of E. coli were different among different fingerprint types. According to drug sensitivity, drug use could assist clinical experience and provide evidence for prevention and control of hospital illness.
Humans ; Blood Culture ; Escherichia coli ; Cefepime ; Retrospective Studies ; Drug Resistance ; Sulfamethoxazole ; Piperacillin ; Tazobactam

Objective: To explore the drug resistance of Isolated From Blood Culture Escherichia coli (E. coli) in a hospital in Qinghai over the past seven years, to evaluate the ability of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to analyze the homologous origin of E. coli, and to establish a protein fingerprint library to match with it, adjuvant clinical experience medication so as to provide the basis for the prevention and control of hospital-acquired infections. Methods: Retrospective analysis of blood cultures sent to hospitals from January 2016 to December 2022. Drug resistance and resistance changes in E. coli.A total of 1 841 E. coli strains were isolated from Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital from January 2016 to December 2022; all strains were identified by MALDI-TOF MS, and the VITEK2.0 drug sensitivity analyzer was applied for drug sensitivity analysis of the strains, and the mass spectrometry homology analysis and self-constructed protein fingerprint library were carried out by MALDI-Biotyper software; the protein fingerprint library was built by using WHONET5.6 software was used to statistically analyze the drug sensitivity results, SPSS23.0 software was used to analyze the relationship between fingerprint typing and drug sensitivity, and the χ² test was used for intergroup comparisons. Results: A total of 1 841 strains of E. coli were detected in 4 582 positive blood culture specimens from January 2016 to December 2022, with a detection rate of 40.17%; the resistance rate of E. coli from blood sources to piperacillin/tazobactam and ceftriaxone was on the rise, and it was slightly decreased to cefepime, amikacin, levofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole, and there was not much change to the rest of the drugs; After MALDI-Biotyper clustering analysis, the 1841 E. coli strains from Isolated From Blood Culture were classified into two major clusters and five subtypes, of which type Ⅰa1 accounted for about 40%, type Ⅰa2 accounted for about 2.7%, type Ⅰb accounted for about 3.8, type Ⅱa accounted for about 46%, and type Ⅱb accounted for about 7.5%. The detection rate of type Ⅰa1 E. coli was higher in general surgery (50.45%) and emergency surgery (50.92%), and the detection rate of type Ⅰb E. coli was higher in emergency medicine(10.05%)than in other departments. The drug sensitivity results of different subtypes were compared with each other, the resistance rate of type Ⅰa1 E. coli to cefepime was 21.3% higher than that of the remaining four types, and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=37.74,P=0.000); the resistance rate of type Ⅱ E. coli(>60%) to sulfamethoxazole was higher than that of type Ⅰ (<60%) as a whole, and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=15.248,P=0.004); and a preliminary database of homologous protein fingerprints of E. coli has been established E. coli homologous protein fingerprint library and validated. The drug susceptibility results of 1 288 E. coli strains in the validation set were statistically analyzed and compared with those in the training set. There was no significant difference(P>0.05). Conclusion: In recent years, the resistance rate of E. coli isolated from a hospital in Qinghai province to piperacillin/Tazobactam, cefepime, amicacin and other antibiotics has changed greatly. A fingerprint database of E. coli homologous protein was established, and it was found that the drug sensitivity data of E. coli were different among different fingerprint types. According to drug sensitivity, drug use could assist clinical experience and provide evidence for prevention and control of hospital illness.
Humans ; Blood Culture ; Escherichia coli ; Cefepime ; Retrospective Studies ; Drug Resistance ; Sulfamethoxazole ; Piperacillin ; Tazobactam

OBJECTIVE To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of 10 rhubarb anthraquinones in Compound gentian sodium bicarbonate tablets and the content of rhaponticin，which are the characteristic components of artifacts，and to use the method to evaluate the quality of compound preparation containing Rheum officinale. METHODS The ultra-performance liquid chromatography （UPLC） method was adopted to determine the contents of 10 rhubarb anthraquinones （aloe-emodin-8-O-glucoside， rheinic acid-8-O-β-D-glucoside，emodin-8-O-glucoside，chrysophanol-8-O-β-D-glucoside，emodin monomethyl ether-8-O-β-D-glucoside， aloe-emodin，rheinic acid，emodin，chrysophanol，emodin monomethyl ether） and rhaponticin in 40 batches of Compound gentian sodium bicarbonate tablets from 8 manufacturers. The determination was performed on the Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 column with a mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid solution （gradient elution） at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min； the column temperature was set at 30 ℃ ，and the injection volume was 5 μL. Combining principal component analysis and cluster analysis to synthesize the results of content determination，the quality of samples from different manufacturers was evaluated. RESULTS All of above 11 components showed favorable linear relationships with peak areas in their respective mass concentration ranges （r≥0.999 3），with RSDs of precision，repeatability and stability 296261547@qq.com less than 3% （n＝6）； average sample recoveries ranged 96.82%-98.92% （RSD≤1.74%，n＝6）； their contents were 0971-8247794。E-mail：304436784@qq.com 0.011 7-0.252 0，0-0.323 3，0.131 3-1.236 6，0.081 1-1.056 2，0.015 2-0.189 8，0.001 8-0.152 3，0-0.255 2，0.001 9-0.223 4，0.054 3-0.303 0，0.022 7-0.172 2，0-2.835 9 mg/g，respectively. The cumulative variance contribution of the first three principal components was 95.533%； the 40 batches of samples can be clustered into 4 categories：samples from enterprises a and d were in a category of their own，samples from enterprises f，b，g and e were in a category，and samples from enterprises c and h were in a category. There were large differences in the content of rhubarb anthraquinone in the samples from 8 manufacturers，and rhaponticin was only detected in the sample from one enterprise. CONCLUSIONS Established UPLC method is stable and reliable； it can be used for the content determination of 10 rhubarb anthraquinones and rhaponticin in Compound gentian sodium bicarbonate tablets.

Objective: To explore the relationship between extracellular enzymes activity and virulence of Candida glabrata clinical isolates based on the infection model of Galleria mellonella larvae. Methods: Using experimental research methods, 71 strains of non-repetitive Candida glabrata were collected from Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital from June 2021 to January 2022. Bovine serum protein agar medium, egg yolk agar medium, sheep blood agar medium, Tween-80 agar medium and triglyceride agar medium were used to detect the aspartyl protease activity, phospholipase activity, hemolysis activity, esterase activity and lipase activity of Candida glabrata. Median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) was calculated by using 1.25×10⁸ CFU/ml,2.50×10⁸ CFU/ml,3.75×10⁸ CFU/ml,5.00×10⁸ CFU/ml suspension of Candida glabrata ATCC2001 to infect Galleria mellonella larvae. Histopathological and etiological analysis was performed to determine whether the infection model was successfully established. The clinical isolates of Candida glabrata were configured to infect Galleria mellonella larvae with LC₅₀ concentration to detect the pathogenicity of Galleria mellonella larvae.Spearman test or Pearson test were used to analyze the correlation between the extracellular enzyme activity of Candida glabrata clinical isolates and the pathogenicity of Galleria mellonella larvae. Results: 71 strains of Candida glabrata isolated clinically were detected to have low hemolytic activity after 2 days of culture. Aspartyl protease was detected after 4 days of culture, among which 7 strains (9.86%), 19 strains (26.76%) and 45 strains (63.38%) showed low, medium and high aspartyl protease activity. After 7 days of culture, 71 strains did not detect phospholipase, esterase and lipase activities. Candida glabrata on Galleria mellonella larvae of LC₅₀=2.5×10⁸ CFU/ml Fungal spore were found in the intestinal tissue pathological section of Galleria mellonella larvae in the experimental group, and Candida glabrata was identified by the microbial Mass Spectrometry after culture, while no fungi were found in the pathological section and culture of the control group. Spearman test shows that, there was a linear positive correlation between aspartyl protease activity and the survival rate of Galleria mellonella larvae (r = 0.73, P<0.01), the difference was statistically significant.Pearson test shows that, there was no significant linear relationship between hemolytic activity and survival rate of Galleria mellonella larvae (r = 0.16, P = 0.34), the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The clinical isolates of Candida glabrata in this study had aspartyl protease activity and low hemolytic activity, but no phospholipase, esterase and lipase activity. The activity of aspartyl aspartyl protease of Candida glabrata was positively correlated with the pathogenicity of Galleria mellonella larvae.
Animals ; Sheep ; Larva/microbiology* ; Virulence ; Candida glabrata ; Agar ; Moths/microbiology* ; Esterases ; Aspartic Acid Proteases ; Lipase

Quantity is the key factor to ensure the safety and effectiveness of medicines. It is very important to study and determine the traditional measuring units and their quantity values of Tibetan medicine. Based on the literature records of Tibetan medicine and combined with modern experimental verification and investigation research, this study determined the reference, name, and conversion rate of traditional measuring units of Tibetan medicine. Meanwhile, through large sample sampling and repeated quantification of refe-rence of basic units, its weight and volume were clarified. The modern SI volume and weight unit values corresponding to the traditional volume and weight units of Tibetan medicine were deduced, and the correctness, reliability, and practicability of these determination results were demonstrated. This study also put forward some specific suggestions and reference values for formulating the standards of measuring units of weight and volume of Tibetan medicine. It is of great significance in guiding the processing, production, and clinical treatment of Tibetan medicine, and promoting the standardization and standardized development of Tibetan medicine.
Medicine, Tibetan Traditional ; Reproducibility of Results

Three new ursane-type triterpenoids, 3-oxours-12-en-20, 28-olide (1), 3β-hydroxyurs-12-en-20, 28-olide (2) and 3β-hydroxyurs-11, 13(18)-dien-20, 28-olide (3), were isolated from a potent anti-inflammatory and antibacterial fraction of the ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis. Their structures were elucidated by a combination of extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments, MS data and comparisons with literature reports. Compounds 1-3 exhibited significantly inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated mouse RAW264.7 macrophages, but no antibacterial activity was found at a concentration of 128 μg·mL^-1.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Mice ; Molecular Structure ; Rosmarinus ; Triterpenes/chemistry*

Two new neolignans and one new lignan (1-3) were obtained from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora. Their structures were unambiguously elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, and the calculated and experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Compound 1 was a racemic mixture and successfully resolved into the anticipated enantiomers via chiral-phase HPLC. Compound 3 demonstrated moderate inhibitory activity against human carboxylesterase 2A1 (hCES2A1) with an IC₅₀ value of 7.28 ± 0.94 μmol·^-1.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Humans ; Lignans/chemistry* ; Paeonia ; Plant Roots/chemistry* ; Stereoisomerism