A novel probe (DNSBN) towards biothiols on the basis of 4-hydroxynaphthalimide as fluorophores and 2, 4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyloxy group as specific recognition site was designed and synthesized.The result of absorption and fluorescence spectral analyses indicated that the probe had high sensitivity and selectivity towards cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH), and the detection was not affected by other 17 kinds of natural amino acids.Meanwhile, it was confirmed that DNSBN was a ratiometric probe through the fluorescence titration experiment, and the fluorescent intensity at 555 nm had a high linear relationship with biothiols concentration in the range of 0-20 μmol/L.The detection limits (3σ) of Cys, Hcy and GSH were 25.9, 92.0 and 77.9 nmol/L, respectively.The absorption, emission and mass spectra indicated that biothiols could be engaged in nucleophilic substitution reaction with 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonate, which induced the sulfonic esters decomposed.With the departure of receptor unit, the d-PeT progress (donor-excited photoinduced electron transfer) was blocked with an obvious colorimetric and fluorescence change.Finally, HeLa cell imaging experiments verified that DNSBN had good biocompatibility and could be used to detect exogenous biothiols.

Objective To develop a machine simultaneously integrating mechanized environmental cleaning and automatic mollusciciding and to evaluate its effectiveness of field application,so as to provide a novel Oncomelania hupensis snail control technique in the large?scale marshlands. Methods The machine simultaneously integrating mechanized environmental clean?ing and automatic mollusciciding,which was suitable for use in complex marshland areas,was developed according to the mech?anization and automation principles,and was used for O. hupensis snail control in the marshland. The effect of the machine on environmental cleaning and plough was evaluated,and the distribution of living snails was observed at various soil layers follow? ing plough. The snail control effects of plough alone and plough followed by mollusciciding were compared. Results The ma?chine could simultaneously complete the procedures of getting vegetation down and cut vegetation into pieces,plough and snail control by spraying niclosamide. After plough,the constituent ratios of living snails were 36.31% ,25.60% ,22.62% and 15.48% in the soil layers at depths of 0-5,6-10,11-15 cm and 16-20 cm respectively,and 61.91% living snails were found in the 0-10 cm soil layers. Seven and fifteen days after the experiment,the mortality rates of snails were 9.38% and 8.29% in the plough alone group,and 63.04% and 80.70% in the plough + mollusciciding group respectively(c27 d = 42.74,c215 d =155.56,both P values < 0.01). Thirty days after the experiment,the densities of snails were 3.02 snails/0.1 m2 and 0.53 snails/0.1 m2 in the soil surface of the plough alone group and the plough + mollusciciding group,which decreased by 64.92% and 93.60% ,respectively,and the decrease rate of snail density was approximately 30% higher in the plough + mollusciciding group than that in the plough alone group. Conclusions The machine simultaneously integrating mechanized environmental cleaning and automatic mollusciciding achieves the integration of mechanical environmental cleaning and automatic niclosamide spraying in the complex marshland areas,which provides a novel technique of field snail control in the large?scale setting in Chi?na.

Objective To explore and integrate the key techniques used in the surveillance and forecast of schistosomiasis in the water regions along the Yangtze River,so as to provide technical support for identifying rapidly the risk of schistosomiasis transmission and implementing control measures targeting the risk. Methods According to the distribution of water systems and water regions along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province,the demonstration sites for surveillance and forecast of schistoso? miasis were set across the province,where the integration and demonstration of the techniques regarding monitoring of Schistoso?ma japonicum infection in sentinel mice,human and animal activities,release of forecast information,and emergency treat?ment of water regions at risk of infection were performed. The pattern of human and animal activities was compared with the S. ja?ponicum infection in sentinel mice in the demonstration sites,and the operability of the release of information and emergency treatment of the risk of S. japonicum infection was evaluated. Results A total of 50 demonstration sites for surveillance and forecast of schistosomiasis were set in fixed anchor points,opening of the navigation lock to the Yangtze River,freight terminal, agritainment places,ferry,large construction places,and places for guaranteeing the Youth Olympic Games in 23 counties(dis?tricts)of 5 cities,Jiangsu Province. During the period between May and September,2014,the infectivity of water body was monitored by using 5 batches of sentinel mice,with a 99.06%(4 954/5 001)gross recovery rate of mice. S. japonicum infection was detected in a demonstration site,and an infected mouse was found,with a 0.02%(1/4 933)gross positive rate of sentinel mice. The field survey showed 2 088 person?times contacting water,including 91.95%(1 920/2 088)contacting water due to the production such as capturing fish,harvesting and cultivating crops,and repairing and building boats,and 8.05%(168/2 088)contacting water due to the life activity,such as fishing,washing vegetables and playing with water. The people contacted water predominantly in August and September(49.57%). A total of 859 boats containing 1 877 boatmen were observed,68.22%(586/859)of which were fishing boats containing 1 306 fishermen(69.58%). There were 32 sheep found in 4 demonstration sites,and 3 sheep were seen in the demonstration site with infected sentinel mouse. Four blue forecasts(emergence of water con?tact)and one orange forecast(S. japonicum?infected sentinel mouse detected)were released across the province,with one fore?cast map released which showed 5 sites with fishing and one site with sheep grazing,one emergency response system initiated, mollusciciding implemented in 10 hm2 high?risk regions,120 sheep grazed in fence,and 35 fishermen given health?education materials,schistosomiasis examination and preventive therapy. In addition,no acute schistosomiasis occurred in the demonstra?tion site with S. japonicum?infected sentinel mice. Conclusions The integration and demonstration of the techniques regarding monitoring of S. japonicum infection in sentinel mice,human and animal activities,release of forecast information,and emer?gency treatment of water regions at risk of infection provides an effective approach for the large?scale surveillance and forecast of schistosomiasis.

Objective To establish the surveillance and risk assessment system of schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province,so as to provide technical support for timely understanding of the risk of schistosomiasis transmission and implementation of target-ed control measures. Methods The surveillance sites of schistosomiasis were assigned according to the epidemic status and en-demic type of schistosomiasis as well as the characteristics of the water system,and the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum in humans and domestic animals,and snail status were investigated. In addition,the quality control of serum detection of S. japon-icum infections was performed. The prevalence of human and animal S. japonicum infections,snail status and missing diagnosis of serum detection were analyzed and compared among regions. Results A total of 27 surveillance sites of schistosomiasis were set up in 26 counties of 10 cities,Jiangsu Province,including 14 sites in transmission-interrupted villages and 13 sites in trans-mission-controlled villages,and 15 sites in marshland and lake regions,9 sites in plain regions with water network and 3 sites in mountainous region. In the 27 surveillance sites,a total of 16 617 residents were screened for S. japonicum infection by using dipstick dye immunoassay(DDIA),and 326 were sero-positive,with a sero-prevalence of 1.96%(2.17%for men and 1.8%for women). Of the 326 individuals undergoing parasitological examination,2 positive cases were detected in the marshland and lake region,with a S. japonicum human prevalence of 0.01%. Of the 762 floating population detected,10 were positive for blood test,with a sero-prevalence of 1.31%,and no egg-positive individuals were detected. No infection was found in the 476 do-mestic animals. Of the 746 settings surveyed,a total of 240.7 hm2 snail area was detected,with a mean snail density of 0.06 snails/0.1 m2,and no infected snails were found. There were 780 quality-control sera detected in 26 surveillance sites of schisto-somiasis,and the gross coincidence rate was 95.13%,with misdiagnosis rate of 1.28%and missing diagnosis rate of 19.23%. Conclusion The surveillance sites of schistosomiasis show reasonable distribution in Jiangsu Province,and the endemic situa-tion of schistosomiasis appears a low level in the whole province.

Objective To analyze the characteristics and changes of Oncomdania snail distribution in regions with different epidemic types and degrees of Jiangsu Province,so as to provide the evidence for implementing the feasible schistosomiasis control strategy.Methods A retrespeetive survey was performed,and the 5-year database of snail status in Jiangsu Province was established based on the collected reports of snail habitat cards and schistosomiasis control in Jiangsu Province from 2004 to 2008.The changes of snail areas,infected snail aroas,infection rates of snails in different years were analyzed,and tIIe annual vailations of snail areas,infected snail areas and infection rates of snails in areas with different epidemic types and degrees were eomparedI Results The actual snail areas and infected snail areas decreased by 3 799.86 hm~2 and 2 006.35 hm~2.respectively in Jiangsu Province.2006-2008.with the annual meaan decreasing rates of 9.64% and 18.83%.Among them,the actual snail areas in marshland and lake regions,water net regions and mountainous regions decreased by 3 546.10.209.19 hm~2 and 44.57 hm~2,respectively,with the annual meall decreasing rates of 9.59%,10.29% and 11.18%,respectively.An area of 22.02 hm~2 of new snail habitatswas detected during the 5 years,and thewater net regions accounted for 89.24%.Theproportions of actual snail areas in historical snail ale,as were between 2.77% and 5.36%.Among them.the proportions of actual snail areas in historical accumulative snail area8 in transmission-uncontrolled.trailsmission-controlled and transmission-interrupted areas were 13.29%-22.82%,0.88%-3.54% and 0.14%-0.32%,respectively,and there were significant differences among them(P<0.01).The constituent ratios of the actual snail areaswere 93.79%-95.60%.3.67%-5.45% and 0.73%-1.01%, respectively in marshland and lake regions,water net regions and mountainous regions from 2004 to 2008.The infection rate of snails in Jiangsu Province reduced from 0.15% in 2004 to 0.02% in 2008,with a reduction rate of 85.50%(P<0.01).The constituent ratios of infected snail areas in transmission-uncontrolled, transmission-controlled and transmission-interrupted areas were 98.15%-100%,0-0.81%, and 0-1.43%,respectively.Conclusions As a whole,there is a decreasing tendency of snail areas and infected snail areas in Jiangsu Province.and the snail control has been consohdated step by step in transmission-interrupted areas.The effective control of snails in marshland and lake regions and infected snails in transmission-uncontrolled areas are the key points in the future schistosomiasis control of Jiangsu Province.

OBJECTIVESTo perform GIS spatial analysis on malaria transmission patterns in Jiangsu after setting up a malaria database and developing GIS model of malaria transmission in Jiangsu province.

METHODSThe epidemiological GIS database of malaria in Jiangsu province was established using ArcView 3.0a software. The climate data covering Jiangsu province and its peripheral area were extracted from the FAOCLIM database, the total growing degree days (TGDD) for Plasmodium vivax were calculated, and spatial distribution for TGDD was analyzed by ArcVeiw 3.0a.

RESULTSThe predicted malaria distribution map based on TGDD was created, which showed that the transmission of malaria decreased gradually from west to east, which can be divided into three belts according to the degree of transmission. The 14-year mean morbidity distribution map of malaria in Jiangsu showed that the middle and west parts of Jiangsu is the most serious endemic area. The morbidity in the areas along the Taihu valley, such as Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou, as well as Nantong and a few of northern counties are the lowest. The morbidity of other places is at the middle level. The 14-year mean morbidity distribution map of malaria is correlated with predicted malaria distribution map for TGDD.

CONCLUSIONIt is possible to monitor the malaria transmission by GIS predicted model based on TGDD.

AIM　To extend the approach of the act ion of ganoderma polysacchride on intracellular signal events in T cells. METHODS　Laser scanning confocal microscope imaging of the calcium and p H fluorescent indicator dye Fluo-3/AM and SNARF-1/AM were used to determine th e kinetic changes of ［Ca2+］i and ［pH］i in murine T cells induced b y a ganoderma polysacchride,designated GLB7. RESULTS　It was fou nd that GLB7(20 mg*L-1) could increase ［Ca2+］i and ［pH］i at 1 min were 334.7%±16.4%(n=3)、171.6%±10.4%(n=3) respectively. T he increase in ［Ca2+］i induced by GLB7 was due to the influx of extr acellular Ca2+ and intracellular Ca2+ release through both IP3-se nsitive and IP3-insensitive Ca2+ stores, and increase in ［pH］i indu ced by GLB7 was relative to Na+/H+ exchange systems and ［Ca2+］i. GLB 7 did not influence ［Ca2+］i and ［pH］i in murine T cells induced by Con A(3 mg*L-1). CONCLUSION　Stimulation of the increase in ［Ca2+］i and ［pH］i may be an important channel for gano derma polysacchrides to achieve their pharmacological actions.

AIM：To investigated the effects of Ganoderma polysaccthride(GLB7)on protein kinase A(PKA) and protein kinase C(PKC) activitives in murine T cells.METHODS：A new ion-pair reversed-phase high liquid chromatography method was used to determinate the activities of PKA and PKC in T cells.RESULTS：GLB7 could markedly increase the activities of PKA and PKC in murine T cells in a dose-dependent manner.The peak time was at 5 min and 20 min and the activities of PKA and PKC returned to basic level at 20 min and 1.5h respectively.GLB7 could induce translocation of PKC and antagonize the inhibition effect of staurosporine(10μ mol· L-1) on PKC in T cells.CONCLUSION：The immunopotentiating and antitumour effects of Ganoderma polysacchride may be associated with its activation on PKA and PKC in murine T cells.

Objective To study the impact of environmental temperature on the development of Schistosoma japonicum larvae within the Oncomelania hupensis. Methods Oncomelania snails, collected from the field and free of S. japonicum infection, were exposed to miracidiae of S. japonicum in a ratio of 1∶20 and raised at 30 ℃, 27 ℃, 24 ℃, 21 ℃ and 18 ℃, respectively. The prepatent period of larvae within the Oncomelania hupensis and the developmental velocity were determined, of which the relationship with the temperature was analysed. Results The average prepatent period of cercariae in snail was (128.89?16.05) d,(95.00?21.03) d,(71.93?12.74) d and (62.74?14.19) d at 21 ℃, 24 ℃, 27 ℃, 30 ℃, respectively. The regression formulation between prepatent period and temperature was y =730.68x -0.8918 (r=0.9976, P

Objective To determine the de ve lopmental zero and effective accumulated temperature of Oncomela nia eggs under con stant temperature. Methods The eggs were cultur ed under different constant temperature, and their development duration and effe ctive accumulated temperature were studied. The zero accumulated temperature (℃ ) was obtained by using an estimation mode, and the effective accumulated temp erature was obtained by effective accumulated mode of K=N(T-C). [WT5”H Z] Results The average development duration was (27.29?17 .2 9) d under 15-30 ℃, the development zero temperature was 11.79 ℃ and 38.22 ℃ u nder low and high temperature respectively, and the average development temperat ure and effective accumulated temperature were (557.76?198.95) DD and(236 .02 ?68.20) DD.Conclusion The suitable developme nt temperature of eggs is 27 ℃, the development speed and effective accumulated t e mperature of eggs increases with the temperature under given condition, but too high temperature may have negative impact on the development of eggs. The resul t can be considered as the basic biological parameter of the snail.