In recent years, with the rapid development of digital technology, the application of oral virtual patients in prosthodontics, orthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and other disciplines has gradually increased. Although the focus on oral virtual patients varies in different disciplines, the application of oral virtual patients in assisting the prediction of treatment effects and the formulation of treatment plans will have good prospects. The construction accuracy and presentation effects of oral virtual patients can be influenced by the source of three-dimensional (3D) image, and methods of registration. Based on the studies and clinical experiences of our team, researches of other teams, the source of 3D images, the construction methods, and the clinical applications of virtual patients in prosthodontics will be presented, so as to provide a reference for normalized application and development of oral virtual patients and to offer a future development direction of oral virtual patients.
Humans ; Prosthodontics/methods* ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Orthodontics ; Surgery, Oral

China has entered an aging society. The incidence rate of dental defects, dentition defects and edentulism in elderly patients is high, and the number of patients is increasing. The physiological and pathological conditions are complex for the elderly. Moreover, the expectation of dental restoration is also increasing, which is a great challenge in clinic. Currently, few relevant guidelines or standards have been issued nationally or internationally. The Society of Prosthodontics, Chinese Stomatological Association, based on extensive solicitation of opinions and reference to relevant literature, has set an application guideline after extensive discussions and revisions. The guideline covers the common clinical treatment scenarios for prosthetic dentistry in elderly patients. The present guideline consists of general principles, basic workflows and important considerations to provide reference for prosthodontist and relevant medical practitioners.
Aged ; China ; Humans ; Oral Medicine ; Prosthodontics

Zirconia is widely used in the field of dentistry because of its superior mechanical and esthetic characteristics. However, the tetragonal zirconia polycrystal restorations commonly used in clinics will degrade at low temperatures in the oral environment, resulting in increased surface roughness, microcracks, and decreased mechanical properties. Low-temperature degradation of zirconia can be affected by grain size, stress, stabilizer content and type, surface treatment, sintering conditions, and other factors. Through a literature review and analysis, this review summarizes the research progress on the low-temperature degradation of zirconia in prosthetic dentistry to provide references for the improvement of zirconia in clinical and research applications.
Ceramics ; Dental Materials ; Esthetics, Dental ; Materials Testing ; Prosthodontics ; Surface Properties ; Temperature ; Yttrium/chemistry* ; Zirconium

Based on evidence-based clinical and material researches, the Society of Prosthodontics, Chinese Stomatological Association organized a panel of experts to write a recommended application guideline via in-depth discussion and literature reviewing. This guideline formulates the standardized operation procedures for the clinical usage of chairside computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) rehabilitation with resin-ceramic composites, aiming at guiding and specifying this clinical technique. This guideline will help to improve the quality, the clinical efficacy, and the long-term success rate of chairside CAD/CAM rehabilitation with resin-ceramic composites via standardizing this restoration technique. At the same time, this guideline will contribute to the clinical promotion of this technique.
Ceramics ; Composite Resins ; Computer-Aided Design ; Dental Prosthesis Design ; Prosthodontics

With the rapid development of digital techniques and the lack of reference standards for chairside computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) operation and application, it is imperative to draft guidelines for chairside CAD/CAM restoration techniques for all ceramics. Therefore, the Society of Prosthodontics, Chinese Stomatological Association recruited experts to compose a recommended application guideline based on the relevant literatures and clinical experiences, including the selection of indications, tooth preparation, optical impression making and other key steps. This guideline is aimed at providing a standardized operation procedure to improve the quality and long-term success rate of chairside CAD/CAM rehabilitation for all ceramics.
Dental Prosthesis Design ; Computer-Aided Design ; Ceramics ; Prosthodontics ; Dental Porcelain

The correct implant site design and placement are the basic clinical techniques that must be known for implant restoration. For a long time, most implants have been placed by free hands, and the choice of site is mostly dependent on the accumulation of long-term experience of the surgeon. The selection of implant site guided by this experience analogy logic is often based on the surgeon's level of experience,which often makes it very easy to produce complications related to the implant restoration of the incorrect site. In contrast, a clinical program using digital guidance and real-time measurable verification has emerged based on the restoration-oriented implantation concept, which marks the formation of an accurate, measurable and verifiable whole-process digital implant prototype. Furthermore, from the perspective of surveying, the numerical requirements that digital implant restoration relies on are actually incomplete to the four elements of measurement, which leading to the doubts about its authenticity. This article will question the numbers in implant restoration, and conduct a preliminary demonstration, and propose a new reliable actual measurement and verification method of the correct location and the numerical requirements of the restoration space and a new clinical program that relies on numbers from the perspective of the evolution of digital restoration, guided implantology and actual measurement technology. And this article further discusses the current mainstream implant restoration technology based on experience analogy which cannot effectively support the whole process of digital implant restoration and provides a new logical cognitive basis for the final realization of the entire process of digital implant restoration.
Computer-Aided Design ; Dental Implantation, Endosseous ; Dental Implants ; Humans ; Prosthodontics

Tooth preparation is a common operation in dental clinical practice. This procedure is irreversible and invasive from the point of view of tooth preservation. Conditions of the abutment tooth, treatment methods, and restoration materials for target restoration affect tooth preparation. To achieve the goals of tooth tissue preservation, dental pulp protection, and periodontal health, dentistry professionals agreed on the importance of minimizing the amount of tooth reduction. The foundations for realizing this consensus are as follows. First, the available restoration materials with improved comprehensive performance need less target restoration space. Next, teeth can be prepared under a digital guide, and the real-time measurement of restoration space can be verified due to the invention of digital technologies for the analysis of the quantity and shape of the prepared tooth and tooth measurement. Moreover, guiding methods for preparation have been developed from freehand operation under the naked eye based on accumulated personal experience to digital-guidance jointing microscope. These innovations indicate the creation of a prototype of guided prosthodontics that is precise and applies real-time measurement throughout the process of tooth preparation. From the perspective of the evolution of digital, guided, and micro prosthodontics, this article raised seven questions about the numerical value and quantitative data transfer of tooth preparation and evaluated the authenticity of existing numerical requirements from the perspective of the four elements of measurement. Identifying unified measuring methods and developing measuring tools with a precision of hundred or ten microns will be the key to solving the problem about the authenticity of numerical measurement. Furthermore, this paper summarizes the methods of how to control tooth reduction and explains in depth why the currently dominant tooth preparation technology, which is based on empiricism, cannot effectively achieve the goals in digital prosthodontics. Therefore, we strongly call for rebuilding the digital foundation of prosthodontic treatment immediately.
Prosthodontics ; Tooth ; Tooth Preparation

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the clinical performance of the intraoral digital impression (IDI) in the fixed prosthodontics. METHODS: Databases of Medline (Ovid), EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and CNKI were searched for randomized controlled trial (RCT) on the use of IDI in fixed prosthodontics until May 2020. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. A Meta-analysis was conducted when available. RESULTS: Eleven RCTs involving 618 patients were included in this study. A total of 2 and 3 studies had low and high risks of bias, respectively, and other included studies had a medium risk of bias. Results illustrated that the IDI group could shorten the impression-taken time [SMD=-5.63, 95%CI (-11.25, -0.01), CONCLUSIONS Evidence indicated a good clinical performance of IDI for fixed prosthodontics. Notably, high-quality studies are expected to further support the conclusion.
Dental Care ; Humans ; Prosthodontics

Tooth preparation is the primary and core operation technique for prosthodontics. Microscopic tooth preparation can improve the accuracy and efficiency of the operation. Experts from Society of Prosthodontics, Chinese Stomatological Association formulated the standard operating procedure for microscopic tooth preparation, so as to standardize its design points and operating procedures, highlight the difference between this novel technique and the traditional naked eye tooth preparation and promote the application of microscopic tooth preparation.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Humans ; Oral Medicine ; Prosthodontics ; Reference Standards ; Tooth Preparation

ABSTRACT Globally, non-syndromic tooth agenesis is commonly seen in clinical practice. However, its management is often complex and requires a multidisciplinary team approach for the maximal outcome. While various treatment options are possible, considerations for the treatment are not only based on the dentofacial conditions but also cultural and social background and personal preference of the patient. Thus, patientcentred care approach should always be practised for an optimal outcome. In the present case, a patient with established craniofacial growth presenting with bilateral agenesis of maxillary lateral incisors and over-retained deciduous maxillary left canine sought for aesthetic improvements. The patient did not prefer any orthodontic treatment citing a prolonged treatment duration and sub-optimal motivation as a hindrance. Thus, a prosthodontic only approach was taken by providing a conventional cantilever bridge and ceramic veneers to achieve the aims of treatment. This article discusses the possible limitation of such prosthodontic only solution in managing tooth agenesis.
Prosthodontics ; Anodontia