OBJECTIVES: To assess the accuracy and influential factors for hypertension prevalence based on questionnaire interview by on-site measurement. METHODS: Data were from the baseline surveys for chronic diseases among residents ages ≥18 years old in 4 districts/counties of Changsha between 2013 and 2014. All surveys adopted multi-stage random sampling to select samples. The Bootstrap resampling method was used to randomly select 1 000 repeated samples with replacement to obtain robust estimate of subgroup prevalence rates. Hypertension prevalence was calculated by using the data from both questionnaire interview and on-site measurement. Using the results of on-site measurement as the golden standard, the accuracy of questionnaire interview and 95% uncertainty interval were estimated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the influential factors for the underestimated hypotension prevalence based on questionnaire interview. RESULTS: The hypertension prevalence from on-site measurement among the residents in the 4 districts/counties of Changsha was significantly higher than that from questionnaire interview (prevalence ratio: 1.26-2.31). Taking the results of on-site measurement as the golden standard, the sensitivity of questionnaire interview on hypotension prevalence range from 41.76% to 74.83% among the 4 districts/counties, and the specificity fell between 98.51% and 99.46%. The underestimation in questionnaire interview was more likely to occur in the youngest age group (18-34 years old), males, and residents were at lower levels of education in all 4 districts/counties. CONCLUSIONS Compared with the on-site measurement, questionnaire interview significantly under-estimate the hypertension prevalence, suggesting that the on-site measurement method should be firstly considered in epidemiological surveys for hypertension prevalence. If only the questionnaire method can be used to collect data due to conditions, it is necessary to make corresponding corrections to the questionnaire results with reference to relevant research evidence.
Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult

Due to the scarcity of resources of Ziziphi spinosae semen (ZSS), many inferior goods and even adulterants are generally found in medicine markets. To strengthen the quality control, HPLC fingerprint common pattern established in this paper showed three main bioactive compounds in one chromatogram simultaneously. Principal component analysis based on DAD signals could discriminate adulterants and inferiorities. Principal component analysis indicated that all samples could be mainly regrouped into two main clusters according to the first principal component (PC1, redefined as Vicenin II) and the second principal component (PC2, redefined as zizyphusine). PC1 and PC2 could explain 91.42%of the variance. Content of zizyphusine fluctuated more greatly than that of spinosin, and this result was also confirmed by the HPTLC result. Samples with low content of jujubosides and two common adulterants could not be used equivalently with authenticated ones in clinic, while one reference standard extract could substitute the crude drug in pharmaceutical production. Giving special consideration to the well-known bioactive saponins but with low response by end absorption, a fast and cheap HPTLC method for quality control of ZSS was developed and the result obtained was commensurate well with that of HPLC analysis. Samples having similar fingerprints to HPTLC common pattern targeting at saponins could be regarded as authenticated ones. This work provided a faster and cheaper way for quality control of ZSS and laid foundation for establishing a more effective quality control method for ZSS.

Objective To evaluate the advantage of uterine appendages lump operation by laparoscopy and the choose of the patient. Methods 215 cases of ovrarian tumor operation and fallpian tubes operation by laparoscopy,50 cases of similar period and similar operation indication were chosen by laparoscopy or by abdorminial operation apiece, blood loss, postoperative analgesic rate, the time of using antibiotics, hospitalization day were compared. Results Uterine appendages lump operation by laparoscopy were all operated successfully, compared with abdorminial operation, the laparoscopy group had less blood loss,less drug after operation,less pain, shortened hospitalization day.Conclusion As long as choosing the appropriate cases before the operation, uterine appendages lump operation by laparoseopy has the advantage of minimal trauma, recovery fastly,less postoperative complication and safety.

Objective To establish the standard of quality control for Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (PCRV) and to identify two kinds of PCRV which are collected in different times. Methods In this article,volatile components and flavonoid in 10 batches of samples which were collected from eight provinces were determined by GC and HPLC-DAD,respectively. Their fingerprints were handled by weighted similarity of range and by principal component analysis (PCA). Results According to the result of similarity and classification,there were obvious differences between the two kinds of PCRV.To know whether the differences have great influences on the pharmacological actions of PCRV, pharmacological studies will be needed. Weighted similarity is suitable for this system which has a high content of similar components. Conclusion These methods are effective and will help us to establish the criterion of quality control for PCRV.

Objective To establish the fingerprints of quaternary ammonium hydrate alkaloids in Radix Zanthoxyli nitidii by means of HPLC and to identify and evaluate the quality of different parts and commercial decoction pieces of Radix Zanthoxyli nitidii.Method The column of Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C_8(4.6?150mm,5?m)was selected.The mobile phase consisted of A:3 % glacial acetic acid-diethylamine(1000:7.8),B:methanol,and C:acetonitrile(non-lin- ear gradient elution).The elution speed was 0.8 mL?min~(-1),the detection wavelength was at 250 nm and 270 nm,and the column temperature was 20℃.Results The HPLC fingerprint of Radix Zanthoxyli nitidii consisted of 21 peaks which were chiefly composed by alkaloids such as Chelerythrine,Nitidine chloride,with a consistent peak-to-peak ratio.The constituents' distribution information provided quality information for assessing medicinal materials.Conclusion It showed that the alkaloids distributed mainly in the cortex of the roots,so the commercial decoction pieces of aged roots shed cortexes are inferior.The stems can not be used equivalently with the roots due to low content distribution of alkaloids.

Objective To study the sample quality of 'whitish' Radix Salvia Miltiorrhiza(the root of a grown-environmental-influenced variant sample of Salvia miltiorrhiza,which cortex and transection is white) grown in Luanchuan Region of Henan Province and normal Radix Salvia Miltiorrhiza by the means of TLC and HPLC chromatographic fingerprints;hence to compare the difference of their constituents.Methods TLC Chromatographic condition: Precoated silica gel F_(254) plate;hydrophilic and lipophilic constituents were developed and derivatizated with different solvent systems and visualization reagents,respectively.HPLC Chromatographic condition: Zorbax SB C_(18) column;hydrophilic and lipophilic constituents were gradient eluted,respectively.Results The 'whitish' Radix Salvia Miltiorrhiza contains lower content of lipophilic compounds,the main diterpene quinones was only trace amount,while the content of hydrophilic constituents was relatively higher.Conclusion The 'whitish' phenomenon suggests that the 'micro'-environmental condition can probably influence negatively the bio-synthesis of diterpene-quinones.The factors of influence still need further study.Such phenomenon would be worth concerning seriously for GAP administration.

Objective To establish TLC fingerprint of TGP for assessing the quality consistency of batch- by- batch of commercial product. Methods Silica gel 60 precoated plate (Merck) was used. Solvent system included chloroform- ethyl acetate- methanol- formic acid (40 ∶ 5 ∶ 10 ∶ 0.2); ∶ 5 % vanillin- sulfuric acid reagent was used as visualizing reagent and the heating temperature at 80 ℃ . Results Consistency among ten batches of TGP was demonstrated by TLC fingerprint image and the profiles generated by digital scanning. Conclusion TLC fingerprint of different batches of TGP confirms that TLC is also a powerful tool for developing chromatographic fingerprint, it can be used as a complementary technique for HPLC. 

Objective To optimize the extraction process for icariin from Herba Epimedii. Methods The content of icariin in the extracts obtained by different extraction methods was determined with HPLC. The effect of solvents, boiling time, extracting time and temperature, and the size of the medicinal powder was observed. Results Different extraction methods had great influence on the extraction rate of icariin. Conclusion This research can provide evidence for the extraction of active component from Herba Epimedii in industrial production.

Objective To study the standardization of similarity evaluation method of chromatographic fingerprints. Methods Computer simulation and HPLC method were used to investigate the characteristics of different similarity evaluation methods and the criteria of characteristic variables selection in chromatographic fingerprints. Results Cosine ratio and correlation coefficient should be the first choice for similarity calculation based on chromatographic peak area. Peak area is recommend to be used as the characteristic variable for chromatographic fingerprints. Conclusion The features of the commonly used chromatographic fingerprint evaluation methods are described and their range of application are defined.

Objective To study the standardization of similarity evaluation method of chromatographic fingerprints. Methods HPLC and computer simulation method were used to analyze the content variation pattern of the characteristic compounds, the construction method of standard fingerprints and the statistical meanings of similarity evaluation respectively. Results The content distribution of characteristic compounds should obey normal probability. It is recommended that content information and median algorism should be used to generate reference fingerprints. The confidence factor of similarity coefficient also should be tested. Conclusion The process of compound sampling, establishment of criteria and result test are described and standardized from statistical aspect.