Tuberculosis(TB)is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB).Autophagy plays an im-portant role in eliminating MTB which can interfere with host autophagy through a variety of mechanisms,therefore,escape the killing of macrophages to survive and reproduce in the host cells for a long time.There are many kinds of differential expressed non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs)in macrophages upon MTB infection.These ncRNAs can affect the elimination of MTB by regula-ting the expression of autophagy-related genes in multiple processes of autophagy.Elucidating these regulatory networks are of great significance for the development of new anti-TB drugs.Therefore,the known mechanisms of ncRNAs that regulates the autophagy of MTB infected macrophages were summarized,and the process of autophagy and the main regulatory functions of ncRNAs were introduced in this review,in order to provide new perspectives for the pathogenesis of TB and the development of anti-TB drugs.

Objective:To investigate the role and molecular mechanism of sensory neuron-derived exosomes (nExo) in mediating intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD).Methods:A rat IDD model was constructed, with nExo injected into the intervertebral disc. After 4 weeks, the degenerative grades of operated discs were evaluated using histological staining, while the senescent phenotype of nucleus pulposus stem cells (NPSC) in the tissue was evaluated using immunofluorescence staining. For in vitro experiments, 24 hours after the treatment of nExo to NPSC, immunoblotting, flow cytometry, or senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining was applied to evaluate the senescent phenotype of NPSC. Transcriptomics analysis was applied to identify the key molecules that mediate nExo-induced cells senescence. After 4 weeks of injecting nExo and TXN into the rat tail disc degeneration model.Results:nExo increased the degenerative grades of IDD and increased the proportion of TEK +p16 + and TEK +p21 + cells (from 36.32% ±4.04%, 33.69% ±4.56% in IDD group to 56.41% ±5.26%, 50.14% ±8.49% in IDD+nExo group, respectively; t=7.420, P<0.001; t=4.184, P<0.0019, respectively) in the disc tissue. Besides, nExo promoted the expression of p16 and p21 in NPSC and increased the percentage of cells with positive senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining (from 7.32%±1.73% to 58.22%±11.38%, t=7.658, P=0.002), while the percentage of G2/M cells was downregulated (from 18.10%±1.32% to 1.60%±0.67%, t=19.290, P<0.001). Transcriptomic analysis showed that the differential genes of CTRL vs. nExo were closely related to cell senescence, and TXN was screened by intersecting the differential gene set with the cellular senescence gene sets from the published database. Furthermore, we verified that nExo decreased the content of TXN in NPSC, while exogenous TXN downregulated the expression of p16 and p21 in NPSC, reduced the positive cell rate of senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining (from 58.84%±3.99% to 21.68%±8.16%, t=7.048, P=0.021), increased the percentage of G2/M cells (from 1.21%±0.34% to 15.26%±2.60%, t=9.259, P=0.001). TXN significantly reduced the grade of disc tissue degeneration (histological score: 14.33±0.82 in the nExo group; 8.17±1.17 in the nExo+TXN group, t=10.590, P<0.001), significantly increased the content of extracellular matrix (from 10.94±4.35 μg/mg to 50.55±12.16 μg/mg, t=7.512, P<0.001), and reduced the proportion of TEK +p16 + and TEK +p21 + double-positive cells (from 54.92%±4.21% and 60.31%±9.02% to 27.93%±3.26% and 33.75%±8.07%, respectively; t=12.430, P<0.001; t=5.375, P<0.001, respectively). Conclusion:nExo promotes cell senescence and IDD by downregulating TXN in NPSC.

Chondrosarcoma(CHS)is the second most common primary bone malignancy in human.Recurrence and metasta-sis are common among patients,and the efficacies of radiotherapy and chemotherapy are limited.The development of CHS treat-ment method has stagnated in the past 30-40 years,and surgical treatment is still the dominant option.Research on the patho-genesis mechanism of CHS is still not clear,and there is no specific drug.Therefore,it is of great significance to explore the pathogenesis of CHS,so as to find new treatment methods and drug targets for clinical treatment.Some studies have shown that epigenetic factor play an important role in the pathogenesis of CHS.Epigenetics refers to changes in the expression level and function of a gene without the change in its DNA sequence,leading to a heritable phenotype.The mechanisms of epigenetics mainly include DNA methylation,non-coding RNA regulation,histone modification,and chromatin remodeling.In this review,the recent progress in the field of epigenetics in CHS is summarized,which provides a direction for further research on CHS and searching for new therapeutic targets.

Objective To investigate the effect of folic acid-modified liposome quercetin(FLQ)on the proliferation and apoptosis of triple negative breast cancer(TNBC)cells and explore its underlying mech-anism.Methods CCK-8 was used to detect the effect of FLQ on TNBC cell viability.Colony formation assay was conducted to detect the effect of FLQ on TNBC cell proliferation.Flow cytometry was performed to detect the effect of FLQ on TNBC cell apoptosis,the levels of intracellular ROS,and mitochondrial membrane potential.Western blot analysis was conducted to detect the expression levels of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway-related and apoptosis-related proteins.Results FLQ inhibited the proliferation and promoted the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells(P=0.023,P<0.001).It promoted mitochondrial membrane potential collapse and increased the intracellular ROS levels of MDA-MB-231 cells(P=0.003,P=0.034);inhibited the phosphorylation levels of JAK2 and STAT3;upregulated the expression levels of the proapo-ptotic proteins Bax,Bak,cytochrome C,and Cleaved-Caspase-3(P<0.001,P<0.001);and downregulated the expression levels of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl2 and Bcl-xL(P=0.037,0.028).Conclusion FLQ inhibits the proliferation and induces the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells.These effects may be related to the activa-tion of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway through the inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Our understanding of facial anatomy has changed significantly over the past decade. With the emergence of numerous minimally invasive facial rejuvenation techniques, facial anatomy theory witnesses continuous development. Nowadays, temporal region-related surgeries are developing towards being with less trauma and higher safety, and further in-depth anatomical studies are conducted on the temporal branch of the facial nerve. Familiarity with the course direction, branch distribution, and position of body surface projection of the temporal branch of the facial nerve is of great importance to protect the temporal branch of the facial nerve and its branches from injury. This article summarizes and analyzes the current relevant literature thus provides critical morphological data for head and neck plastic surgery and aesthetic surgery, along with some guidance in clinical application.

Our understanding of facial anatomy has changed significantly over the past decade. With the emergence of numerous minimally invasive facial rejuvenation techniques, facial anatomy theory witnesses continuous development. Nowadays, temporal region-related surgeries are developing with trends of less trauma and higher safety, and further in-depth anatomical studies are conducted on the temporal branch of the facial nerve. Familiarity with the course direction, branch distribution, and position of body surface projection regarding the temporal branch of the facial nerve is crucial to protect these branches from injury. This article summarizes and analyzes the current relevant literatures thus provides critical morphological data for head and neck plastic surgery and aesthetic surgery, along with some guidance in clinical application.

Our understanding of facial anatomy has changed significantly over the past decade. With the emergence of numerous minimally invasive facial rejuvenation techniques, facial anatomy theory witnesses continuous development. Nowadays, temporal region-related surgeries are developing towards being with less trauma and higher safety, and further in-depth anatomical studies are conducted on the temporal branch of the facial nerve. Familiarity with the course direction, branch distribution, and position of body surface projection of the temporal branch of the facial nerve is of great importance to protect the temporal branch of the facial nerve and its branches from injury. This article summarizes and analyzes the current relevant literature thus provides critical morphological data for head and neck plastic surgery and aesthetic surgery, along with some guidance in clinical application.

Our understanding of facial anatomy has changed significantly over the past decade. With the emergence of numerous minimally invasive facial rejuvenation techniques, facial anatomy theory witnesses continuous development. Nowadays, temporal region-related surgeries are developing with trends of less trauma and higher safety, and further in-depth anatomical studies are conducted on the temporal branch of the facial nerve. Familiarity with the course direction, branch distribution, and position of body surface projection regarding the temporal branch of the facial nerve is crucial to protect these branches from injury. This article summarizes and analyzes the current relevant literatures thus provides critical morphological data for head and neck plastic surgery and aesthetic surgery, along with some guidance in clinical application.

Osteosarcoma is a malignant tumor with extreme invasiveness and metastasis as well as dismal prognosis. It is critical to rapidly find a unique therapy strategy capable of significantly improving the prognosis of osteosarcoma. Tumor immunotherapy has the potential to reawaken the immune system, restart and sustain the tumor-immune cycle in the body, resulting in the death of tumor cells. CD8+ CTL, CD4+ T cells, NK cells and NKT cells all play critical roles in tumor immunity, while humoral immunity may not only inhibit tumor growth but also enhance it. Researchers have devised various strategies to boost the immune system in recent years based on tumor immune response studies. This paper highlights and examines osteosarcoma immunotherapy from two perspectives: (1) boosting the response of patient's own immune system to the tumor; (2) exogenously improving the patient's immunological function.

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of bone cement type artificial bipolar femoral head replacement for the treatment of bone metastases in the proximal femur. Methods: Medical records of 54 patients who underwent bone cement type artificial bipolar femoral head replacement at the Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from January 2012 to June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Scoring for pain by visual analogue scale (VAS), musculoskeletal tumor society (MSTS) function score, international society of limb salvage (ISOLS) score, Harris function score, Karnofsky performance status (KPS) scale, and Nottingham health profile (NHP) score were used to evaluate patients' pain, limb function and the overall quality of life after surgery, and the Kaplan-Meier estimate was used for computing the survival over time. Results: Patients were followed up for (10-99) months, with an average of 42.17 months. The average operative time and the intraoperative blood loss were (79.68±6.17) min and (524±39.25) mL, respectively. The VAS score and the NHP score decreased significantly whereas the MSTS score, ISOLS score, Harris score, and KPS score improved significantly at 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery than the pre-surgery scores (P<0.05); however the differences in VAS score, limb function scores and quality of life score at all post-surgical follow-up visits at 3, 6 and 12 months were comparable (P>0.05). Six cases of complications were reported during the follow-up period. The mean survival time of the patients was 19.46 months, and the 6-month, 1-year and 3-year survival rates were found to be 88.89%, 70.37% and 11.11%, respectively. Conclusions: Bone cement type artificial bipolar femoral head replacement used in patients with bone metastases in the proximal femurcan effectively relieve pain, improve limb function and quality of life, and prolong survival.