Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. Over the past two decades, the prevalence of diabetes has been increasing rapidly in Mongolia. Although the national prevalence is not the highest in the region, it is relatively comparable to that of other Asian countries such as South Korea (6.8%) and Japan (6.6%) among adults aged 20 to 79. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is known to be strongly influenced by genetic factors, and in recent years, significant research has focused on identifying associated genetic variants. Among the numerous genes linked to T2DM, the TCF7L2 gene has been extensively studied. TCF7L2 (Transcription Factor 7-Like 2) is located on the short arm of chromosome 10 at locus q25.2 25.3. It consists of 19 exons and encodes a protein comprising 619 amino acids. As a transcription factor, TCF7L2 plays a critical regulatory role in various processes, including pancreatic β-cell function, insulin secretion, insulin receptor activity, and multiple intracellular biochemical signaling pathways. Objectives of the study: Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood samples of individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (ICD-10 code: E11), and a specific region of the TCF7L2 gene was amplified and detected using PCR. Reasearch materials and methods: This study employed an experimental research design and used purposive sampling to recruit 30 participants who had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (ICD-10: E11). A total of 5–10 mL of peripheral blood was collected from each participant in EDTA-containing tubes. Genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from 30 samples, and the DNA yield was quantified using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer. The extracted gDNA was then used as a template for the amplification of an 888 base pair (bp) fragment of the TCF7L2 gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were verified by gel electrophoresis, confirming the presence of the expected 888 bp amplicon. Conclusion Blood samples from 30 individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were analyzed. The extracted DNA showed a purity range of 1.73 to 2.1 (A260/A280), indicating that the samples met the general quality requirements for PCR. DNA concentrations measured using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer ranged from 12.7 to 54.3 ng/µl, which is sufficient for downstream PCR analysis. The TCF7L2 gene, known to be associated with the development of T2DM, was detected in 26% of the total samples.

Myocardial infarction (Ml) is necrosis and death of heart muscle secondary to ischemia and acute coronary artery thrombosis. Ml, commonly known as a heart attack, happens when the oxygen rich blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked for a prolonged period, causing damage or death to the heart tissue. This blockage is most often caused by a buildup of fat, cholesterol, and other substances, which form a plaque in the coronary arteries. Furthermore, patients with cancer constitute a high-risk population for cardiovascular disease and as of the last 5 years, 50% of patients with cardiovascular disease have been diagnosed with cancer, according to World Health Organization. The provision of complete insight into Ml complications along with designing ajpreventive program against Ml seems necessary. The use of medications has been practiced over the years for the prevention of HF. However, some of these medications produce adverse effects and due to high cost are not easily available to every patient. Over the past decades, there has been a significant rise in the use of herbal supplements based on traditional medicine to prevent, avoid, and/or treat different conditions, including cardiovascular disease; this rise results from a natural source, efficiency with few or no adverse effects and low cost. In vivo models of heart failure (HF) and myocardial infarction (Ml) are essential for understanding the pathophysiology of these conditions and for developing new treatments.
These models typically involve inducing heart failure or myocardial infarction in animals, such as rodents to study disease mechanisms and evaluate potential therapies.
In this review, we discuss the most common preclinical models of Ml currently employed in cardiovascular research. Among them, Ml induced heart failure is a method of ligation of the left anterior descending artery of coronary an experimental animal. Its physiological relevance, cost-effective, uncomplicated, and suitable method for evaluating research results. The rat model of myocardial infarction offers numerous advantages that make it a valuable tool for cardiovascular research.

Introduction : Water is a vital resource for human existence and is essential for daily food processing, preparation, washing, hygiene, and sanitation. Furthermore, providing the population with safe drinking water is one of the pressing problems of the world and some regions.
In recent years, population density and the scale of commercial and industrial activities, as well as clean and dirty water consumption were increased in the capital city. As a result of these, ground and surface water resources are becoming scarce and polluted.
Therefore, assessment of daily drinking and residential water consumption of Ulaanbaatar should be determined to use drinking water properly in daily life and water loss. This study assessed the actual amount of households’ daily water consumption. Goal: The purpose of this study is to determine the daily consumption of drinking water for households in ger areas and apartments in Ulaanbaatar. Materials and Method: This study covers 30 households in ger areas and 15 apartment households, in Ulaanbaatar. Household members performed 6-10 types of measurements every day, within 7 days. As a result of these measurements, actual consumption of water quantity used for drinking and household purposes was calculated. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS Version 21 to calculate the true probability of difference between parameters. Result: 67.9% of the households in the ger areas were 4-5 family members. The average daily household consumption of drinking and domestic water were 68.3 ± 3.57 L (95% 61.3-75.3), the minimum consumption was 12 L, and the maximum was 227 L. Average of the household water consumption water was 97.6-108.9 liters during the weekends, and water consumption was statistically higher than weekdays (p=0.001; p=0.01).
The water consumption of residential households with 3 family members accounted for the majority (30.8%) in this study. The average daily consumption of drinking and domestic water was 297.67±19.7 liters. There was no statistically significant difference (p=0.96) in week. The average daily water consumption including drinking and residential was 270.3-335.97 L.
The total daily drinking and residential water consumption per person was 15.57 L for households in ger areas and 90 L for apartment households. Calculating the daily water consumption of households in ger areas, 60.3% of it is used for laundry, washing dishes, food preparation, washing face and hands, and clothes, 31% for drinking, and 8.7% for outdoor water use. While apartment households, approximately 94.1%, were used for household and 5.9% for drinking purposes. Research ethics approval : This study was discussed at the meeting of the Academic Council of the National Center for Public Health. In addition, this study was carried out according to the methods and methods discussed and approved at the meeting of the Medical Ethics Control Committee of the Ministry of Health (Resolution No. 08). Conclusion The total daily consumption of drinking and residential water per person were 15.57 litres for the households in the ger areas and 90 litres for the apartment households. It implies that it does not exceed the WHO recommendations

Relationship between quality of life, depression and burden of mothers with child withсerebral palsy Background: Regular care and treatment of children diagnosed with cerebral palsy can be time-consuming and costly, increasing the risk of burden and depression, and adversely affecting quality of life. So there are many reasons why mothers' quality of life is poor socio-economic status and support related to the family, cerebral palsy from child care techniques and understanding of the disease the quality of life of mothers with sick children depends. There are few studies in Mongolia that assess the quality of life and other factors of mothers with cerebral palsy. We aimed assessing the relationship between quality of life, stress and depression in mothers with children with cerebral palsy. Materials and methods: The survey was conducted to the cross-sectional design of the analytical study based on the NCMCH. The study included 70 mothers with children with cerebral palsy. The survey data were collected using a general demographic questionnaire and three groups of questionnaires (WHOQOL-BREF, Stephen Zarit, Beck’s ). Quality of life and burden were measured as minimum <5, maximum 95 and minimum >20, maximum <88 respectively. Depression score measured as minimum >10, maximum <40. Results: The average quality of life of all mothers was 52.43 ± 11.95, environment was 44.8 ± 15.8. Maternal depression rates were 21 (30%), 90.0% of mothers had burden, and quality of life was statistically likely to be inversely related to depression and stress. Conclusion: The poor quality of life of mothers with children with cerebral palsy, high levels of depression and stress indicate the need for policies to reduce the quality of life.

The result of using the calretinin and BCL-2 markers for diagnosing hirschsprung disease Background: Hirshsprung disease is a congenital malformation by the absence of parasympathetic intramural ganglion cells of submucosal and myenteric plexuses in the rectum and varying lengths of bowel proximal to the rectum,resulting in a functional obstruction. Hirshsprung disease occurs in approximately 1 per 5000 live births. Rectal biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis.Despite the importance of using hematoxilin eosin in the diagnosis of HD, detection of ganglion cells in basic stain section can be a difficult process for the pathologist.The relatively undifferentiated and non neuronal appearance of immature ganglion cells that exist in the sub-mucosa of neonates and infants is frequently cited as a difficulty associated with hematoxilin eosin based diagnosis of HD. According, immunohistochemical and histochemical stain are used to confirm the diagnosis of HD by pathologists.2 years ago we start to use Calretinin and Bcl-2 markers for HD diagnosis at National Center for pathology in Mongolia. We don’t have research which compared hematoxylin eosin and IHC markers. Materials and methods:The study conducted using a cross-sectional model of analytical research. The Department of Pediatric Pathology of the National Center for Pathology conducts studies of rectal biopsies of 54 children who clinically suspected of Hirschsprung's disease between January 2018 and December 2019. The tissue samples stained with hematoxylin-eosin, immunohistochemical Bcl-2, calretinin markers, and the detect of nerve cells compared with the sensitivity and specificity of the test and the compatibility of the diagnosis. Results:In terms of age, 42.6% (n = 23) of infants aged 0–28 days, 38.9% (n = 21) of infants aged 29–365 days, 1.9% (n = 1) of 2 months to 2 years of age, and 7% of aged 3–5 years (n = 13), 6–12 years of age accounted for 3.6% (n = 2). 80.1% of the total surveyed children are infants and lactating children or under 1 year old. In a total of 54 children in the study, absence of ganglion cell was detected in 63% (n = 34) of hematoxylin eosin, 44.4% of calretinin markers (n = 24), and 40.7% of Bcl-2 markers (n = 22). Nerve cells were diagnosed with hematoxylin eosin staining in 37%, calretinin markers in 55.6%, and Bcl-2 markers in 59.0%. Sensitivity was determined as 91.7%, specificity as 60.0%, positive prediction rate as 64.7, negative prediction rate as 90.0, and diagnostic agreement compliance (Kappa = 0.500), (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Hirschsprung's disease diagnosed 44.7%(n-24) in rectal tissue samples. According to the result of the study, calretinin showed the highest reactivity to ganglion cells and proved to be the most specific and sensitive marker for diagnosis of Hirschsprung’s disease.

Background: Iris Tenuifolia and Iris Lactea known for its various medicinal properties are also a natural antichloristic and a kidney protective as agent. Goal: To evaluate the nephrite activity of aqueous extract of Iris Tenuifolia and Iris Lactea in a rodent model of kanamycin induced nephrotoxicity. Materials and Methods: In the experimental design, thirty-six Wistar rats were randomly isolated into four groups of one control and three experimental. Nephrotoxicity in rats induced by intramuscular injection of Kanamycin {250 mg/kg) daily for 5 days⁵. The doses of 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg of aqueous extract of Iris Lactea and dose of 25 mg/kg Iris Tenuifolia Pall were administrated by oral gavages for 14 consecutive days in rats. At 14 days for the rest of them, serum samples were collected for renal function biochemical tests (Creatinine, Creatinine Clearance, Urea UV and GFR-Glomerulus Filtration Rate). Results: All statistical analyses were conducted with SPSS version 20.0 software (IBM, Armork. NY). One-way ANOVA was used to assess statistical significance between experimental groups and control group. Mean values of creatinine, creatinine clearance, urea UV and GFR levels determined in the control and experimental groups. Kanamycin treatment caused nephrotoxicity as evidenced by marked elevation in serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, GFR and urea UV, Iris Tenuifolia 25 mg/kg blood serum creatinine (62.49±1.24 (38%), 56.38±1.41 (4.5% μmol/L), serum creatinine clearance (4.79±0.16 (45%), (5.80±0.36 (6%) ml/minute), serum GFR (191.6±6.58 (45%). (232±14.65 (5.9%) ml/minute), serum urea UV (8.64±0.63 (9.6%), (8.40±0.07 (20.23%), Iris Lactea 75 mg/kg blood serum creatinine 68.92±4.08(31%), 58.87±1.95 (0.4% μmol/L), serum creatinine clearance (5.27±0.67(60%), (5.67±0.28(3.6%) ml/minute), serum GFR (210.9±26.78 (60%), (226.8±11.28 (3.5%) ml/minute), serum urea UV (7.73±0.58 (19.14%), (7.48±0.35 (28.96%) respectively when compared to the control treated groups. Oral administration of Iris Lactea 75 mg/kg extract decreased the rise in these parameters in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion Our studies suggest that aqueous extract of Iris Lactea 75 mg/kg and Iris tenuifolia 25 mg/kg results are shown good effect for anti-inflammatory of renal.

IntroductionKlebsiella spp is a well-known opportunistic pathogen associated with nosocomial infections such asurinary tract, septicaemia and pneumonia number of multi-drug resistant strains and infections causedby Klebsiella has progressively increased, causing treatment limitations.GoalIdentify of phenotype of Klebseilla isolates from ñlinical samplesMaterials and MethodsA total of 112 Klebsiella strains were isolated from clinical samples in State Central First Hospital and StateCentral Third Hospital from July 2015 through December 2015. The bacterial isolates were identifi edaccording to cultural characteristics, biochemical test and API20E. The serum resistance, capsule andhypermucoviscosity, cell surface protein (curly), a-hemolysin and ability to form biofi lm were sought byphenotypic assays. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by diffusion method.ResultA total of 112 Klebsiella samples were collected. The bacterial isolates were identifi ed according tocultural characteristics, biochemical test and API20E, the results revealed that 16.1 percent isolateswere identifi ed as K.oxytoca all of them 83.9 percent isolates were belong to K.pneumonia. Therewere observed for ampicillin (99 percent), nitrofurantoin (53.6 percent), cepalotin (50.6 percent) and51 percent of isolates were considered as a multiple drug resistant. Serum resistance properties ofK.pneumoniae was resistance 89.4 percent, intermediately susceptible 4.3 percent, sensitive 6.4percent and for K.oxytoca resistance 88.9 percent, intermediately susceptible 5.6 percent, sensitive 5.6percent. The hemolysin àalpha was detected in 32.2 percent, and gamma, beta in 66.96 percent, 0.9percent respectively. The capsule was observed in 46.5 percent and hypermucoviscosity in 27.7 percentof isolates. The cell surface protein (curly) and biofi lm were detected in 100 percent.Conclusion:Both K.pneumoniae and K.oxytoca isolates from clinical samples have similar virulent properties, andthe a-hemolysin and hypermucoviscosity positive isolates were more resistance to antibiotics.

GoalTo evaluate the quality, results, and processing of cytology analyses of early detection program ofuterine cervical cancer implemented in Mongolia, which based on Pap test, at Ulaanbaatar city level.Materials and MethodsInformation was collected from the databases of the recalling system of screening program of theCancer registration and information unit of the NCC of Mongolia and districts pathology laboratoreis.Statistical significant level of 1.96 (95% CI) andthe margins of error 0.05 were considered andsample size was calculated by using the information that 10% of unsatisfied results appear onquality assurance of international level. Thus calculations were madefortotal of 1723 (585 positiveand negative 1138) samples, by collecting 287smears from each district.At the district level all the selected slides were reviewed blindly and compared to the previouscytological conclusion. Diagnostic validity was defined by calculating parameters such as specificityand sensitivity, positive and negative predicted values. The Kappa index criteriais used for statisticalcalculation of the cytological diagnosis conclusion matches.ResultsThe target group women coverage of cervical cancer screening program is 40.8%. Out of all positiveresults of early screening cytology, 77% were at an early stage and 23% were at an advanced stage.Thus positive signs were showed with increased detection results in early stage of uterine cervicalcancer (P = 0.05). Positive results of Pap test were follows; ASCUS (53.2%), ASC-H (10.0%), LSIL(19.2%), HSIL (13.4%), CIS (3.4%), and SCC (0, 8%). Out of total slides, 86.7% were as satisfactory.The test results conducted at the district level were90.1% of sensitivity, 88.8% of specificity and9.9% of false negative response. The discrepancy of results of cytology test in districts and repeatedseen is 31.4% (K = 0.749; p = 0.001).ConclusionThe coverage of cervical cancer screening program that has been implementing in our country isnot enough. There are problems at the district level including severe damages of uterine cervix andincomplete diagnosis. The quality of the cytology test is relatively unsatisfied.

Introduction:When a central nervous system disorder (meningitis, encephalitis, hemorrhage, leukemia infltration and other neoplasma) is present, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shows various changes that reflected the condition. Therefore it is essential to test CSF. Different types of CSF tests include cell count; cell differentiation; chemistry; immunology; microbiology and molecular biology. CSF cell count and cell differentiation in particular, are crucial in differentiating diagnosing various CNS disorder needing immediate care and in evaluating the treatment. The patient’s prognosis largely depends on how accurate diagnosis was done and how early treatment was provided. There for CSF test require high precision and accuracy. In Mongolia until now 2st and 3st level hospital using manual method for CSF cell count and cell differentiation test. In this test has 2 actual problems, which is depends on the analytical techniques, skills and sample stability specific problem. But in Japan in 2011 newly designed Sysmex XN Series hematology analyser with body fluid mode (CSF,pleural effusion, peritoneal and synovial fluid). On The First Central Hospital of Mongolia In 2013 frst timeinstalled Sysmex XN-2000 hematology analyser andpossible use of body fluid automatic testing methods.Materials and methods:We evaluated the basic assay performance of the body fluid mode on the automated hematology analyzer XN-2000, which is used for analysis of CSF fluid. We compared between the manual method and XN-2000 analysis for nucleated (WBC), mononuclear (MN) and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells was also randomly studied using 10 CSF samples of inpatient section our hospital.Results:In CSF samples the coeffcient correlation(r) for WBC/µl, MN%, PMN% were respectively 0.83, 0.95 ба 0.95.Discussion:The correlation for MN%, PMN% were between automate and manual method was good, that is similar to the other researchers. Whereas the correlation for WBC/µl slightly low, this was probably correlation relatively weak or show discrepancies. In introduction inscriptive in analysis accuracy can to affect analytical techniques skills, sample stability and specifc many problems. Therefore scientifc studied and proven ability specifcity, sensitivity, reproducibility, quality, personnel low cost and spend less time, automatically Sysmex XN series hematology analyzer is desirable to domesticate an appropriate level of medical laboratories.

Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC), the specialized strains ofE.coli that cause most extraintestinal infections, represent a major but littleappreciated health threat. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that ExPEC is composedof four main phylogenetic groups (A,B1, B2, and D) and that virulent extraintestinalstrains mainly belong to groups B2 and D.In this study, we aimed to assess therelation between adherence virulence and phylogenetic groups of ExPEC.A total of 161 E.coli samples were collected. Out of these 17 (10.6%) werefrom pus, 66 (41 %) from urine, 78 (48.4%) from cervical swab. The phylogeneticgroups and 6 virulence genes (fimH, papC, papGII, papGIII, fa/draBC,andSfa/focDE) encoding adhesins were identified by triplex PCR. Phylogeneticgroups distribution was as follows: B1 10.5%, A 24.7%, B2 25.3%, and D 38.9%. Virulence genes prevalence was fimH 90.1%, papC 23%, papGII 16.8%, papGIII1.9%, Afa/draBC 11.8%, andSfa/focDE 5.6%. The cell surface protein (curli) wasdetected 50,3% by Congo red agar. In conclusion: The most isolated strainsbelonged to the phylogenetic group B2 and D. The phylogenetic groups weresignificantly associated with some genes encoding adhesins (fimH, papC) and cellsurface protein (curli).