Background: In the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis, in addition to mechanical plaque control, the use of chemical plaque control such as mouth rinses for a certain period has shown a positive effect on treatment outcomes and prognosis. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of a probiotic mouthwash in the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial was designed for a period of 2 weeks on 45 systemically healthy subjects between 20 and 25 years having plaque-induced gingivitis. The study population was divided into three groups. Group 1-15 subjects were advised experimental (probiotic) mouthwash. Group 2-15 subjects were advised positive control (chlorhexidine) mouthwash and Group 3-15 subjects into a negative control group. Oral prophylaxis was done for all groups at baseline. After the proper oral hygiene instructions, groups 1 and 2 were instructed to rinse their mouth with 15 ml of their respective mouthwashes, for 1 min twice daily, 30 min after brushing. Clinical parameters such as Full mouth plaque score (FMPS), Full mouth bleeding score (FMBS) were assessed at baseline, 2 weeks respectively. Results: At baseline, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of FMBS and FMPS mean values (p=0.174, p=0.887). At day 14, the FMPS, FMBS mean values were significantly reduced by all treatment modalities ranking probiotic and chlorhexidine is greater than negative control group (p<0.001, p<0.001). Conclusion The probiotic mouthwash was effectively used as an adjunct to mechanical plaque control in the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis.

Background: Meniere's disease is a condition caused by disturbances in the auditory and vestibular systems. It is characterized by symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and tinnitus. In the United States, the prevalence of Meniere's disease has been found to be 84 cases per 100,000 women and 56 cases per 100,000 men. Regionally, it is more common in less populated areas, and research has confirmed that the prevalence increases with higher household income. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of traditional medicine treatments and therapies for Meniere's disease. Results: The patient is a 43-year-old male, with symptoms of dizziness, vomiting, and tinnitus. Since 2023, he has sought care at the Central Hospital of Mongolian Medicine, where he received traditional medicine treatments including herbal therapy and other traditional therapies on three occasions. As a result, the frequency of dizziness has decreased and other clinical symptoms have improved. Conclusion Traditional medicine treatments have been shown to be effective in managing Meniere's disease by extending the interval between relapses, improving quality of life, and significantly reducing clinical symptoms.

Background: Rhododendron adamsii (Sagaan Dalya) is a medical plant widely distributed in the Altai region, Mongolia, and Russia. It is traditionally used for its calming, restorative, and immune-boosting properties. Inflammation is a complex immune response against pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, involving macrophages, fibroblasts, mast cells, and neutrophils. These cells release inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, and IL-1β. In collaboration with the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, a project was initiated to investigate the bioactive fractions of Rh. rosea (L.) and Rh. adamsii and their effects on the production of TLR4 signaling end products and associated protein activation. Previous studies within this project have shown that certain bioactive fractions exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. Specifically, fraction 7.11 suppressed NO production and inflammatory signaling molecules in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, while fractions 7.46 and 7.52 influenced the phosphorylation of proteins such as ERK1/2, JNK, and IRF3. These findings suggest the need for further investigation into the effects of Rh. adamsii bioactive fractions on inflammatory signaling pathways. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the effects of bioactive fractions derived from Rhododendron adamsii on the production of TLR4 signaling end products in RAW264.7 macrophage cell cultures. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using RAW264.7 macrophage cell cultures and bioactive fractions extracted from Rh. adamsii, dividing the experiments into three groups. After stabilization, RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL LPS. Based on previous studies, non-toxic concentrations of bioactive fractions (10 µg/mL) were applied. NO production was measured using the Griess assay, while TNF-α and IFN-β cytokine levels were evaluated using ELISA. Each experiment were repeated three times, and data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 25.0, applying One-way ANOVA and Independent Samples T-test. Results: The NO production in the positive control group was significantly higher compared to the negative control. In contrast, the experimental groups showed a statistically significant reduction in NO production, suggesting a potential inhibitory effect on TLR4 signaling in macrophages. However, fraction 7.48 reduced TNF-α levels while increasing IFN-β production, but these changes were not statistically significant. Similarly, fraction 7.55 slightly reduced TNF-α and IFN-β levels, but the effect was also statistically unsignificant. Conclusion The bioactive fractions 7.48 and 7.55 of Rh. Adamsii reduced nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated macrophage cell line cultures, suggesting that they may inhibit TLR4 signaling. However, their lack of effect on TNF-α and IFN-β production indicates that they do not influence TLR4 signaling mediated by these cytokines. Instead, they may affect the final product output through other pathways or different stages of signal transduction.

Introduction: In 2020, the prevalence of respiratory system diseases in the population of Gobi-Altai province is 1339.5 cases per 10,000 population, which is 4% (52) more than the average of the provinces and 20% (223.8) more than the national average. In 2021, the number of deaths due to respiratory system diseases was 2.9 per 10,000 population, increasing by 1.1 from 2020 (1.8). Pneumonia-related deaths account for 60.7% of all respiratory system-related deaths. As of 2022, there are 7,281 simple stoves, 248 low-pressure and steam boilers, and 18,207 automobiles in the Gobi-Altai province as sources of air pollution. 63.1% of the total coal is consumed by water heating boilers with a capacity of more than 101 kW, 20.5% by households, and 16.4% by small and medium enterprises. Goal: Determining the relationship between the incidence of pneumonia in the population of Gobi-Altai province and the common air pollutants. Material and Method: According to the rotation research model, the common external air pollutants SO₂, NO₂, PM₁₀, climate parameters, temperature, pressure, humidity, and population pneumonia measurements and registration data of Altai Sum, Gobi-Altai Province in 2020-2021 were analyzed using SPSS-24 software. statistical processing was calculated for non-parametric parameters. Result: The annual average value of sulfur dioxide (SO₂ ) measured in 20 minutes in Gobi-Altai province is 25.2 ± 13.7 μg/m³, the annual average value of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) measured in 20 minutes is 36.329±29 μg/m³, and the annual average concentration of PM₁₀ particles is 35.2 ± 28,264 μg/m³, which is the standard level of MNS4585:2016. But the 20-minute average concentration of SO₂ (r=0.81, p=0.005), the average concentration of NO₂ (r=0.089, p=0.008), and the average concentration of PM₁₀ (r=0.089, p=0.002) is directly related to the incidence of pneumonia. It is also inversely correlated with air temperature (r=-142, p=0,000). Conclusion Common outdoor air pollutants in Yesunbulag sum, Gobi-Altai Province are related to pneumonia in children aged 0-5 years.

Introduction: This field assessment was performed to ensure the effective implementation of Order No. A/142 of the Deputy Prime Minister of Mongolia dated 30^th December 2021 and Order No. A/01 of the Head of the National Committee for Reducing Environmental Pollution dated 3^rd January 2022 and to monitor the level of indoor air pollutants emitted from traditional stoves and standard stoves. Purpose: To determine the level of indoor air pollutants emitted from briquette combustion and to develop recommendations by comparing various types of stoves and dwellings. Materials and Methods: Through analytical cross-sectional designs, three households from Songinokhairkhan district and one household from Chingeltei district were selected to participate in this assessment as they use briquettes for heating, vary in their dwelling types (ger (traditional Mongolian tent), house) and their stove types (traditional, standard), stay home during the day and chose to participate in the assessment. 24-hour continuous measurements were conducted for each dwelling and before taking measurements, we calibrated and adjusted the air suction velocity of the measuring instrument at the Central Metrology Laboratory. The monitor was placed at a distance of 0.5m from the stove and a height of 0.5-1.0m from the floor. The results were then compared with the Mongolian National Standard “General air quality and technical requirements MNS4585:2016” and WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality 2021. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 24.0 software, mean, ANOVA test, and if the p-value is less than 0.05, our results are statistically significant. Results: The concentration level of SO₂ in houses with “Dul” stoves was within the level specified in the Mongolian standard MNS4585: 2016 and WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality 2021, while 24-hour SO₂ concentration in gers and houses with traditional stoves was 1.3-2.92 times higher than the standards. The 24-hour average concentration of nitrogen dioxide in houses with traditional stoves was 1.73 times higher than the Mongolian air quality standard MNS4585: 2016. There were statistically significant differences in the emission levels of SO₂ and NO₂ depending on dwelling and stove types (df=4, f=4.04, p=0.008 and df=4, f=17.17, p=0.001, respectively.). The 8-hour average (10,000 μg/m3) CO concentration was statistically significant for various types of dwellings and stoves (df=4, f=45.17, p=0.001), whereas there was a statistically significant difference in CO concentrations in gers with traditional stoves and gers with standard stoves in terms of morning, afternoon, and evening hours (df=3, f=33.17, p=0.001). Conclusion Indoor air pollutants in the households except for houses with “Dul” stoves have been determined to exceed the air quality standards set by the Mongolian air quality standards and WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality 2021.

Rationale: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas produced by carbon-containing substances, most commonly incomplete fuel and biomass combustion. Carbon monoxide deprives the human body of oxygen, leads to severe poisoning and death. In 2017, there were 137 new cases of carbon monoxide poisoning per 1,000,000 people worldwide, and 4.6 deaths per 1,000,000. The global incidence of carbon monoxide poisoning has remained steady over the previous 25 years, while mortality has decreased by 36-40%. Every year in Mongolia, 700-840 persons are hospitalized for carbon monoxide poisoning. Also, there has been a lack of study into the prevalence and causes of carbon monoxide poisoning and death. Goal: Study the dynamics of morbidity and mortality cases caused by carbon monoxide poisoning in Mongolia. Objectives:
To analyze the carbon monoxide poisoning morbidity recorded in Mongolia between 2016-2020.
To analyze the carbon monoxide poisoning mortality reported in Mongolia between 2016-2020. Material and Methods: The survey was conducted utilizing data from outpatient and inpatient poisoning and deaths reported in 2016-2020 with the goal of studying carbon monoxide poisoning and mortality in Mongolia. Workplace exposure poisoning was excluded from quantitative data on carbon monoxide poisoning (fires, suicidal, accidental and domestic explosions, accidents, external effects).The statistics analysis was performed using 23 versions of the SPSS program, to estimate a distribution of new cases and fatalities per 10,000 population depended on age, sex, average number of hospital days, and standard error. ArcGIS version 10.8 was used to map the locations. Results: Acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Carbon monoxide poisoning was 0.01-0.31 cases per 10,000 population during 2016 and 2018. Between 2019 and 2020, it increased to 1.5-1.9 cases per 10,000 population, with up to 37% of those admitted to hospitals. In the last five years, carbon monoxiderelated deaths have been reported in 0.1-0.3 cases per 10,000 population. The amount of hours firing of the households increases every year in September, when the colder season begins. Incidences of death and intentional poisoning were reported in Arkhangai, Uvurkhangai, Khuvsgulaimags, and Ulaanbaatar. The average age of poisoning patients admitted to the hospital was 33 ± 19.5 years old (minimum 2 months, maximum 81). In terms of gender, women registered for 58.4 (734) percent of all cases. The average number of days spent in the hospital was 3.4± 3.7 days.
Carbon monoxide poisoning-related mortality. During the previous five years (2016-2020), 353 people died in Mongolia as a result of carbon monoxide poisoning, although 1.4 percent, or five people, died in hospitals, one case in Bayan-Ulgii, Zavkhan, and Uvs aimags, and two cases in Ulaanbaatar. However, 98.6 percent of them died prematurely at home or in poisoned places due to a lack of access to health care. The average age of carbon monoxide poisoning deaths cases was 35 ± 19.9 years old, and 71.7 (253) percent were male. The Ulaanbaatar, Selenge, Uvs, and Dornod aimags had the lowest death rate of 0.08-0.21 per 10,000 population, while Khuvsgul and Arkhangai aimags had the highest death rate of 0.96-1.57 per 10,000 population. Conclusions Carbon monoxide poisoning among the population rises during the winter season, however, in the previous five years, 96.5 percent of cases have been poisoned accidentally, particularly 82.6 (1035) percent of cases reported in Ulaanbaatar. According to socioeconomic factors, 41.6 (529) of the cases were male, with an average age of 36.5±15.4 years.
During the preceding five years, carbon monoxide-related mortality in Mongolia was between 0.2 per 10,000 people. Without medical attention, 99.2% of cases died at the exposed location or area. The death rate in Khuvsgul aimags was low, whereas it was high in Ulaanbaatar city. The average age of premature deaths was 35±19.9 years, and 71.7 (253) percent were male.

Introduction: Beginning 15 May 2019, the consumption of raw coal in Ulaanbaatar has been replaced by the consumption of briquette fuel for the improvement of air quality according to Governmental Resolution No.62 adopted in 2018. Since after this resolution has been in placed the number of CO poisoning has been increased as of 18 December 2019, nine persons were died and 1394 people get a health care service due to CO poisoning. However, it has been not been assessed briquette affect to the indoor air quality and its health impact. Thus, it is need urge to define the indoor air quality effect of briquette and its heath impact. Goal: To assess the indoor air quality of the household using the “improved briquette” and identify the causes of the risk. Material and Method: This a cross-sectional survey, conducted from January 31, 2020 to April 31, 2020, data were obtained by quantitative, qualitative (observation, interview) and direct indoor air quality measurement. The survey sampling frame was 40 households in central 6 districts of Ulaanbaatar that used improved fuels (20 households with a history of carbon monoxide poisoning and 20 households that were not affected), and 14 households in the Nalaikh district that used raw coal, in total of 54 households were participated. Indoor air quality was measured by PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, and microclimate per household for 24 hours during a week.
The statistical data analysis was done by the SPSS-23 program and preformed required parametric and non-parametric tests. The normality of the data was checked by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The most of data was not normally distributed. So, thus we used median and used relevant non-parametric tests. The average level of microclimate indicators, and air quality indicators were defined as mean, median and its IQR and standard deviation. The 95% confidence intervals of mean and frequencies were determined and used to differentiate group differences.
The Ethical permission to start the survey was approved by the 2nd meeting of the Ministry of Health on February 4, 2020. The committee was reviewed and approved the research methodology based on whether data collection technique and tools are considered the ethical issues, and whether provided accurate information for make decisions to enroll to the survey for respondents. Results: According to the health statistic, from October 2, 2019 to March 31, 2020, a total of 2,768 people from 837 households were exposed to carbon monoxide poisoning. Of the total reported cases, 10 were drunk, and 2 were due to other disease complications, and a total of 2,756 cases were confirmed diagnosis as carbon monoxide poisoning.
Emissions of CO were recorded every 15 seconds and the results were calculated by conducting continuous measurements per household for 24 hours a week. The level of CO emitted into the indoor environment of households exposed by carbon monoxide had increased during the following time from 7 am to 9 am in the morning, from 13 pm to 15 pm, from 18 pm to 20 pm in the evening, and from 22 pm to 24 pm at night. During this period of time, the indoor air CO level had increased from the WHO mild poisoning recommendation level. Conclusion It has been defined that the carbon monoxide emits to the indoor air households which are using an improved fuel according to measurement the 30 minutes, 31-60 minutes, and 61-120 minutes after burning.

ABSTRACT. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, or RAS, is common oral disorder of uncertain etiopathogenesis for which only symptomatic therapy is available. This article reviews the current clinical features of RAS among study patients and the result of therapeutic effects of the herbal preparation Akhizunber. Over the past four years we have treated 61 RAS patients with different clinical forms by herbal preparation Akhizunber or Alumekatin. The distribution of clinical forms RAS RAS among study patients were minor aphthae -75.4%, major aphthae -16.4% and herpetiform ulcers -8.2% respectively. The healing time of treated Akhizunber was in minor aphthae -9.28±4.82 days, major aphthae -14 days and herpetiform ulcers -12 days. Of the total study participants, the patients treated by Akhizunber reported a rapid and complete recovery from RAS during treatment compared with treated patients by Alumekatin. Treatment with herbal preparation Akhizunber can be effective for patients suffering from RAS in any clinic form, regardless of their ulcer number and size.

BACKGROUND. Over 5% of the world’s population or 466 million people have disabling hearing loss (432 million adults and 34 million children). Profound sensorineural hearing loss and deafness can be treated successfully with a cochlear implant. A cochlear implant (CI) stimulates the auditory nerve, bypassing the defective cochlea, and provides auditory information to the developing brain, thus improving oral language. Children, who receive an early diagnosis of deafness and proper speech rehabilitation, and undergo early cochlear implantation, are able to develop auditory and linguistic skills at par with their hearing peers. METHOD. 6 deaf patients who underwent unilateral Cochlear Implantation at the NCMCH from January 2017 to June 2018 were included in the study. Participants were divided into 3 groups on the basis of age at which participants underwent implantation. RESULTS. Pre-op average MAIS was 1,6/40, Category of Auditory Performance (CAP) - 0,77 and SIR - 0,7/5 in all implanted age groups. Score increased over time to attain average score MAIS -29.6/40, CAP- 3.3/7 SIR-2.7/5 in all implanted groups at one year after implantation. CONCLUSION. There is a need for more research on patient age and gender composition, and outcomes of cochlear implantation and hearing devices in this study population. A robust set of study measures would provide statistical significance. Parent-child relationships affect hearing and speech therapy results, so there’s a need to improve parents’ knowledge regarding these therapies.

Justification: Researchers highlighted an importance of health professionals’ participation (1), (2), a role on behavior change in primary health care services (3)evidence based health policy and program (4)(5) байгааг and health promotion to reduce a prevalence of both communicable and non-communicable diseases in Mongolia. Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences trains public health researchers and health social workers in the last ten years. It has been developed a guideline of required compulsory professional competence in which, students of SPH should acquire knowledge, skills including behavior change strategy and implement interventions, behavior change assessment at individual, family, group and community levels. Purpose: Aim of this research is to identify key words and content of "health Behavior" and "health Promotion" in undergraduate courses of School of public health (SPH) and compare with a content of compulsory professional competence requirements. Methodology and Materials: We used a summative content analysis [6] to identify key words and content of ‘’health behavior’’ and ‘’health promotion’’ in 140 courses between 2009 and 2016 and compared with 17 required compulsory professional competence in blue print guideline [7]. Results: Planned academic hours of ‘’health behavior and promotion’’ in courses of health social work was insufficient and they covered several theories with no content of implementation, application, evidence based practices and examples. For students of public health researchers, there are required compulsory 8 skills of health behavior, however skills and knowledge were slightly covered in courses of ”food safety”, “health of kids and adolescent” and “occupational health”. Conclusion Undergraduate courses for health social workers and public health researchers were based solely on “individual health behavior theories’’. The included content of the theory, application of organization and community behaviors was insufficient in the existing “health behavior” course.