Background: The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Mongolia was reported on November 11, 2020. In response, the government imposed a nationwide lockdown, which significantly impacted the population’s mental health. Heightened levels of stress, anxiety, loneliness, and depression during the pandemic altered individuals’ psychological stability and behavior. Personality traits—defined as relatively stable patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior—play a key role in stress responses and emotional regulation under pressure. Emerging evidence suggests that these psychological factors may influence the immune system’s responsiveness, including vaccine-induced antibody production. Aim: To evaluate the association between post-vaccination antibody responses and personality types following two doses of COVID-19 vaccines. Materials and Methods: A total of 738 participants who received two doses of COVID-19 vaccines (AstraZeneca ChAdOx1, n=29; Pfizer-BioNTech, n=119; Sinopharm BBIBP, n=590) and had no prior SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled. Serum samples were collected 21–28 days after the second dose, and SARS-CoV-2 RBD (S) IgG antibodies were measured using ELISA (Proteintech Inc., USA). Personality types were assessed using a 56-item temperament questionnaire developed by A. Belov, categorizing individuals into classical temperament types (choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine, melancholic). Logistic regression and ROC analysis were used to examine associations between personality types and antibody response. Results: The presence of an antibody response was significantly higher among individuals with a melancholic temperament, and significantly lower among those with a phlegmatic temperament. Furthermore, antibody titers were higher in participants with melancholic and sanguine temperaments and lower in those with a phlegmatic type. Conclusions 1. During the early period following the second dose of COVID-19 vaccination, the antibody response was higher in individuals with a pure melancholic temperament, while it was lower in those with a phlegmatic temperament. 2. After the second dose of the Sinopharm BBIBP COVID-19 vaccine, antibody titers were higher in individuals with pure melancholic and sanguine temperaments, and lower in those with a phlegmatic temperament.

Background: Since ancient times, humans have used medicinal plants for medicinal purposes, and they have been recognized as beneficial to health. The basis of the treatment of these plants is phytochemical substances and in modern times, with the development of science and technology, the substances contained in these plants are extracted and medicinal substances and drugs are produced to treat many diseases. There are more than 800 medicinal plants in Mongolia, and their chemical structure and properties are studied in detail, biological activity and main features are discovered, and new medicines are produced. From the Thalictrum squarrosum plant, 25 compounds have been identified, such as triterpenoids with 17 carbon atoms in the cycloartane type ring, saponins, oleic acid glycosides, phytosterols and their glycosides etc., and the structures of 7 new compounds have been determined and the research on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity has been limited, which is the basis for this research. Aim: Determination of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Thalictrum squarrosum. Materials and Methods: Total phenolic compounds were determined spectrophotometrically using Folin-Chicolte color reagent in 1.0 raw material of the Thalictrum squarrosum. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH, FRAB and ABTS in sub-extracts of 4 groups. Results: The total phenolic compounds of Thalictrum squarrosum were determined to be 1.9±0.001%. In the study of biological activity of Thalictrum squarrosum plants, the antioxidant activity of 4 groups of sub-extracts was tested by DPPH method, and the IC50 of total alkaloids (pH 9-10) was 201.58±0.1 μg/ml, ethyl acetate sub-extract 94.34±0.66 μg/ml, aqueous extract 824.18±0.08 μg/ml, and butanol sub-extract 128.75±0.58 μg/ml. When tested by ABTS method, the IC50 of total alkaloids (pH 9-10) was 35.83±0.44 μg/ml, ethyl acetate sub-extract 90.45±0.62 μg/ml, aqueous extract 104.19±0.93 μg/ml, dichloromethane sub-extract 156.44±0.48 μg/ml, and butanol sub-extract 170.03±0.61 μg/ml. When tested for antioxidant activity at 800 μg/ml by the FRAB method, the ethyl acetate sub-extract was 8946.16±14.79 μg/ml, the dichloromethane sub-extract was 1670.12±39.28 μg/ml, the butanol sub-extract was 4863.97±25.98 μg/ml, and the total alkaloids (pH 9-10) were 4897.99±58.12 μg/ml. Conclusion The ethyl acetate extract of the plant Thalictrum squarrosum has been found to be highly antioxidant active and total phenolic compound was 1.9±0.001%.

Background: From the perspective of traditional medicine, researchers believe that the individual’s innate quality has a reciprocal effect on the physiological level. The study of body-specific quality differences is important for improving disease risk prediction, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. Therefore, explaining the features of traditional medicine with some physiological parameters and establishing the relationship between them is clinically significant and important for predicting disease risk and developing individualized treatment methods, which is the basis of this research. Aim: To establish the correlation between an individual’s innate unique constitution and specific biochemical indicators. Materials and Methods: The innate unique constitution of individuals was determined using electronic data, and the relationships between their characteristics and levels of uric acid, creatinine, urea, and glucose in the blood were analyzed. Results: A total of 102 participants were included in the study. Among them, the Shar-Khi constitution was the most prevalent, with 28 cases (27.45%), while the Khi-Badgan constitution was the least common, with 13 cases (12.75%). Individuals with the Khi-Shar constitution exhibited the highest urea level at 4.47 ммоль/л, whereas those with the Badgan-Shar constitution had the lowest at 4.15 ммоль/л. The uric acid level was highest in individuals with the Shar-Khi constitution at 316.15 µmol/L and lowest in those with the Badgan-Shar constitution at 261.36 µmol/L (p<0.001). Furthermore, individuals with the Badgan-Khi constitution had the highest creatinine level at 73.51 µmol/L, while those with the Badgan-Shar constitution had the lowest at 63.97 µmol/L (p<0.001). The blood glucose level was highest in individuals with the Khi-Badgan constitution at 4.59 ммоль/л and lowest in those with the Khi-Shar constitution at 4.21 ммоль/л. Kidney function indicators, particularly creatinine, significantly correlated with blood glucose levels (r=0.67, p<0.01). Higher uric acid and creatinine levels were associated with elevated blood glucose levels. These findings suggest that variations in urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels among different unique constitutions could be utilized to predict the risk of kidney disease or diabetes. Conclusion Depending on the individual characteristics of traditional medicine, kidney and blood sugar parameters are different and related to each other, and can assess the state of diabetes and kidney disease. Determining the inherent characteristics of an individual is considered important for improving the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diabetes and kidney disease.

Background: In traditional medicine, the Shimshin-6 formulation, which consists of Rheum undulatum L., Hippophae rhamnoides L., Zingiber officinalie Roscoe, Saussurea Lappa C.B.Clark, Sal ammoniacum, Tronae veneni, is recommended for women experiencing menstrual retention disorders. In recent years, Shimshin-6 has been widely used to promote postpartum uterine involution for women and our study aimed to evaluate and determine the acute and chronic toxicity effects of Shimshin-6. Aim: To evaluate and substantiate the acute and chronic toxicity effects of Shimshin-6. Materials and Methods: The acute toxicity of Shimshin-6 was evaluated using the rapid method described by V.B. Prozorovsky (1978) by administering intraperitoneal injections of the medicinal extract in white mice to determine the lethal dose. The active dose was determined following the methodology of I.P. Zapadnyuk (1983). Chronic toxicity was evaluated in Wistar rats according to the OECD 407 (2008) guidelines. The test animals were administered Shimshin-6 in tablet form (90 mg/kg and 180 mg/kg) and decoction form (tang) (162 mg/kg) daily for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, biochemical and complete blood analyses were conducted, along with histopathological examination of major organs. The study was conducted with ethical approval granted by the Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS) on October 25, 2024. Results: The LD50 for Shimshin-6 tablets was 4.47 (3.39–5.1) g/kg, indicating low acute toxicity based on the K.K. Sidorov classification. The LD50 for the decoction form was 8.1 (7.1–9.4) g/kg, suggesting it is non-toxic. Regarding chronic toxicity, platelet count was significantly reduced compared to the healthy control group: Shimshin-6 tablet group: 46% reduction at 90 mg/kg and 29.7% reduction at 180 mg/kg. Shimshin-6 decoction group: 60.5% reduction at 162 mg/ kg. Additionally, hemoglobin levels in the decoction group (162 mg/kg) decreased by 15.7% (p<0.05). Biochemical analysis showed a 36.3% reduction in total cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in the tablet group (180 mg/kg) and decoction group (162 mg/kg) compared to the control (p<0.05). Conclusion Shimshin-6 tablets showed low acute toxicity in experimental mice. However, long-term administration may lead to a reduction in platelet count.

Background: In Mongolia, 80.1% of women of reproductive age suffer from vitamin D deficiency. This deficiency is associated with an increased risk of rickets, osteomalacia, weakened immunity, hypertension, diabetes, and infectious diseases.Currently, Mongolia imports vitamin D-containing pharmaceutical products, and no research has been conducted on the pharmaceutical formulation technology of orally administered vitamin D3 products. Vitamin D3 is highly sensitive to environmental factors such as ultraviolet (UV) light, oxidation, and temperature changes, leading to its degradation. Therefore, improving its stability in pharmaceutical formulations is essential. The need for a stable vitamin D3-containing pharmaceutical product serves as the basis for this study. Aim: To develop a tablet formulation containing cholecalciferol. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in collaboration with the Department of Pharmaceutical Technology at the School of Pharmacy, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, and the drug development laboratory of “Monos Pharm” LLC. To enhance the stability and technological properties of cholecalciferol, a spray-drying technique was used to prepare five different emulsions containing various excipients. Microencapsulation was performed to improve stability, and the most suitable formulation and technological parameters were selected. From the microencapsulated cholecalciferol, tablet formulations were developed using both direct compression and wet granulation techniques. The quality parameters of the tablets were assessed according to the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), and the optimal technological process for tablet production was determined. Results: A stable microencapsulated cholecalciferol formulation was successfully developed, and suitable excipients were selected. The quantitative content of cholecalciferol was determined to be 1791 IU, with variations ranging from -8.38% to -11.38%. Conclusion The study identified appropriate excipients and technological parameters for obtaining microencapsulated cholecalciferol. Additionally, the optimal formulation and processing parameters for developing a tablet dosage form containing microencapsulated cholecalciferol were established.

The Jerusalem Artichoke (JA) (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is an annual plant native to North America and widely distributed in Europe and Central Asia. The tuber of JA contains 80% water, 15% polysaccharide (Inulin etc.), 2% protein, and a small amount of starch and fat. Inulin is a polysaccharide that is widely used as a prebiotic, fat substitute, and sugar substitute. This substance has high biological activity and is contained in large quantities.
The purpose of this study was to standardize the quality and safety of dried tubers of JA. Standardization includes parameters such as microscopic analysis, identification, quantification, validation of methods following the guidelines issued by ICH guidelines, and quality, including safety analysis (appearance, moisture, mechanical impurities, heavy metals, microbiological purity).
The content of inulin was 64.17±1.25%. The mean relative standard deviation of method validation (RMS%) was 1.27%, 1.18%, 1.22%, and the relative mean standard deviation (RMS) of method precision was 1.94%. The specific absorbance was 307 nm. The correlation coefficient R2=0.9998 was obtained for the reference curve of the standard substance. The detection limit of the method was 2.64 μg/ml, and the detection limit was 7.99 μg/ml.
The method mentioned above has been confirmed to be suitable for the quantitative determination of inulin in the tuber of JA. Moreover, Microbiological purity and heavy metal requirements are met.

Background: Specifically, stomach cancer ranks as the fifth leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early-stage detection significantly improves survival rates, with over 90% of patients diagnosed at stages I and II living beyond five years. To improve the early detection of gastric cancer, it is necessary to complement the conventional method of endoscopic examination with biomarker analysis. We aimed to compare biomarkers such as pepsinogen C (PGC), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), and the cell proliferation marker Ki-67 with immunohistochemical analysis. Purpose: A comparative study and evaluation of biomarkers for the early detection of gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using a retrospective cohort design. Research ethics issues were discussed at the meeting of the Medical Ethics Control Committee of the Ministry of Health on October 13, 2023, and permission to start the research was obtained (Resolution No. 23/051). The information was gathered based on the criteria for K29.3, K29.4, K31, and C1 diagnoses according to the international ICD 10 classification, and participants were selected accordingly. Proteins such as PGC, MMP2, MMP9, and Ki-67 were examined using a tissue microarray kit and evaluated through immunohistochemical analysis. Results: Negative gastric tumor markers PGC, Ki-67, MMP2 and MMP9 were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. The mean PGC protein staining values were 6.20±2.61 for chronic superficial gastritis, 5.45±2.47 for atrophic gastritis, 3.61±2.0 for metaplasia, and 3.31±1.75 for gastric cancer, with statistically significant differences between the groups (P<0.001). The mean Ki-67 protein staining values were 0.1 ± 0.4 for chronic superficial gastritis, 0.33 ± 0.55 for atrophic gastritis, 0.09 ± 0.39 for metaplasia, and 2.62 ± 0.78 for gastric cancer, also showing statistically significant differences (P<0.001). The mean MMP2 and MMP9 protein staining values were 0.2±0.76 and 1.2±2.04, respectively, for chronic superficial gastritis; 0.28±0.52 and 3.28±2.82 for atrophic gastritis; 0.35±1.04 and 1.12±1.45 for metaplasia; and 1.38±2.11 and 5.29±2.51 for gastric cancer, with all differences being statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusion PGC protein, a negative tumor marker, decreases during the transition from a gastric cancer precursor to cancer. MMP2 protein, a marker of cell migration and metastasis, has little diagnostic value, while the expression of MMP9 and the Ki 67 are highly effective in gastric cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis of endoscopic biopsy tissue to detect the negative tumor marker PGC, the positive marker Ki-67, and MMP9 can be used for early detection of gastric cancer.

Introduction : Women’s age and reproduction system are always changed from many factors such as communicative and non- communicative diseases, pregnancy and menopause et cetera. Especially, the kinds of vaginal microflora and their proportions are changed too. In the world, the expansion of women’s vaginitis from bacteria was over 29.2% in 2021. For our country, 7486 as 6.9% vaginitis cases occurred within 10,000 people and 3683 as 26.3% cervical inflammation cases occurred by 2019. Vaginitis is asymptomatic for 50-75% of women. Sometimes it is not easy to diagnose vaginitis from bacteria because the fact that it doesn’t create a single type of bacteria. To diagnose vaginitis from bacteria in practice, Amsel’s criteria and Nugent testing methods are mostly used. The methods need much time, doctors’ skills and laboratory devices. It is a disadvantage of these methods. Thus, it needs to find a special method it meets people’s satisfaction, money-saving and more effective. Goal: Comparative research on the traditional and automatic testing methods for vaginal secretion Materials and Methods: We included 47 women in menopause age in analytic study design. All test of participants was tested with Nugent score and automatic analyzer. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 version interpreted according to frequency distribution and percentage. A chi – square test and risk test was used to determine significant association wherever applicable with a p-value of less than 0.05 regarded as significant. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of Automat analyzer were calculated, and each component of Automat analyzer was compared to the Nugent scoring system.
This study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of “Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences” university. Results: Evaluating the vaginal discharge from participants in the research by Nugent score, 17% (8/47) of them had bacterial vaginitis, 34% (16/47) was uncertain or they needed to be tested again, 17% (9/47) was normal. But evaluating their test of vaginal discharge by GMD-S600 automatic analyzer, 17% (8/47) had Fungal vaginitis, 57,4% (27/47) had Bacterial vaginitis, 25,5% (12/47) lost their uterus acidic balance. Evaluating the reason of vaginitis with device test by Nugent test, it fits 17%. The test diagnoses it very effective in statistics. Conclusion Comparing traditional method to automatic analyzer testing method for vaginal secretion, the automatic analyzer method is more effective to diagnose and it has an advantage of detecting vaginal abnormality. Also, working unhealthy condition, smoking, making wash are the defends of having vaginitis.

Background: TED (thyroid eye disease) is an inflammatory disease of the orbit caused by autoimmune diseases of the thyroid, which adversely affect the vision, appearance, and quality of life. Exophthalmos and eyelid retraction are the main features of TED, which can lead to ocular motility, diplopia, optic neuropathy, and permanent vision loss. The study aims to determine the most common clinical signs of TED in Mongolians and define whether there is a correlation with the levels of thyroid autoantibodies. Methods: The study involved 102 patients with TED and 81 patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy. The clinical features of TED were identified and evaluated by activity score (CAS) and severity of GO using the European Group of Graves’ Orbitopathy (EUGOGO). Results: The mean age of TED patients was 42.6±11.2, which was younger than GD patients (P=0.012). The current smoker was 24 patients (23.5%) with TED, which is relatively higher than GD (P=0.0001). The most common ocular signs were eyelid retraction 80 (78.4%), proptosis 77 (75.5%), diplopia 14 (13.7%) and 4% vision loss. There were no differences in proptosis between the right (18 mm, median) and left eye (17.8 mm, median) (P>0.05). The mean CAS score was 3.09±1.72 and varied depending on gender and smoking. According to EUGOGO, 62.7% of the patients were moderately severe. Only 7 % of the patients were in the sight-threatening stage, presenting optic neuropathy and corneal breakdown. The mean TSI level in patients with TED was 37.95 ± 35.41 IU / ml, which was 2.7 times higher than the mean in patients with GD. Conclusions Eyelid retraction and exophthalmos are the most common clinical signs of TED. Early diagnosis of these features can prevent complications of the disease. Determining serum TSI levels will help in the treatment and monitoring of TED.

Introduction: Vaccination is a cost-effective intervention to prevent major illnesses that contribute to child mortality in the country. Increase in parental knowledge abour vaccination will lead to increase in vaccination rates of children. The main aim of our study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of vaccination. People’s knowledge about immunization and their attitudes toward them are likely influence uptake. Goal: The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of the population towards measles and to clarify their satisfaction and understanding of the measles immunization program. Materials and Methods: We conducted cross-sectional study, involved participants from 3 aimags and 6 districts covered voluntarily. Total participants were 509. We used to online model and with the participant’s self-answer closed questionnaire. Results: 76% of the respondents were female and 24% were male. 64.1% of respondents who have children of 0 to 5 years of age, had little or bad knowledge towards immunization schedules against measles. Overall, the general attitude towards vaccines was positive, but the knowledge about significance of vaccines was weak. Further, district and province family doctors need to pay particular attention to increasing awareness and knowledge on importance of vaccines among families with young children. It is necessary to conduct extensive, long-term research and training among population to evaluate their knowledge and attitude towards measles, its vaccine and prevention, and to identify causes of lack of knowledge. Conclusion Our study shows the importance of good physician–patient communication in improving knowledge attitude and practice of parents towards their children’s vaccination.