Background: The continuous annual increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) poses significant challenges not only within our nation but also globally in the control and management of tuberculosis. Aim: This study aimed to determine the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) residing in six central districts of Ulaanbaatar and to investigate associated factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed. Participants aged 18 years and older diagnosed with T2DM and receiving care at endocrinology clinics in six central districts of Ulaanbaatar were selected using systematic random sampling. Presumptive TB cases were identified through a structured questionnaire and chest X-ray. Sputum specimens were collected and subjected to smear microscopy and Xpert MTB/RIF assay for tuberculosis detection. Cases confirmed by laboratory diagnosis, currently undergoing tuberculosis treatment and previously treated cases as per questionnaire data were classified as tuberculosis cases, and prevalence was calculated. Results: A total of 1,644 individuals with T2DM were enrolled in the study, of whom 836 (50.9%) were female, with a mean age of 58 years (range 19–89). The overall prevalence of presumptive TB cases was 10.5% (n=172; 95% CI, 9.0–12.0). Among 112 suspected cases from whom sputum samples were obtained, 10 (8.9%; 95% CI, 4.9–15.7) were laboratory-confirmed for M.tuberculosis. Notably, 7.2% (6 cases; 95% CI, 3.4–14.9) of asymptomatic individuals with abnormal X-ray findings were diagnosed with tuberculosis. According to questionnaire responses, 9 participants (0.5%; 95% CI, 0.3–1.0) were undergoing tuberculosis treatment, and 53 (3.2%; 95% CI, 2.5–4.2) reported a previously treated TB cases. The overall prevalence of tuberculosis among individuals with diabetes was 4.4% (n=72; 95% CI, 3.5–5.5). Stratification by age and sex revealed a significantly higher prevalence among males (5.9%; n=48; 95% CI, 4.5–7.8) compared to females (2.9%; 95% CI, 1.2–4.2) (p=0.002), indicating a twofold increased risk of tuberculosis in males. Although no statistically significant differences in tuberculosis prevalence were observed across age groups (p>0.05), a declining trend in prevalence with older age was noted. Conclusion The prevalence of tuberculosis among individuals with type 2 diabetes was 4.4% (n=72; 95% CI, 3.5–5.5), with a significantly higher rate in males (p=0.002) and a decreasing trend with increasing age. Among asymptomatic individuals exhibiting radiographic abnormalities, 7.2% were confirmed to have tuberculosis via laboratory testing

Background: For the past few years, the number of non-communicable diseases and accident-related injuries have been rising which has been heavily influenced by the technology advancement and urbanization. According to the World Health Organization, osteoporosis comes in fourth after cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes in terms of spread. In 2018 at Saran-Elit Clinic in Darkhan-Uul province, 43 patients were selected to participate in a clinical study that was conducted by examining bone essence’s waste and/or fingernails. Methods: Participants’ radial’s dentistry of bones was examined thoroughly by Sunlight, Miniomni, (Beammed, Israel), an equipment with SOS and T-score. Results and conclusions The average age of the participants was 38.6918.08. The dentistry of bones of the participants were 3704 m/s-4399 m/s which showed that most of the participants were already experiencing osteoporosis. According to the statistics, when fingernails were studied by the traditional method, osteoporosis in the skull, neck and shoulder blades bones took up to 43%, higher risk of developing osteoporosis in the upper extremity to the right hand bones, and equal amount of risks in both lower extremities (p<0.05). When bones dendistry is determined by the equipment, 25.8% showed healthy, 30.9% was in the range of early osteoporosis and the remaining 43.3% was in the range of osteoporosis. As a conclusion, equipment testing is expensive and time consuming vs. the traditional method is free of charge, time efficient and easier to analyze the signs and results etc.

Introduction: It has been found that morphological changes of elastic and elastic-muscular arteries wall are the main role in elevation of systolic blood pressure. Furthermore, Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) has been found that to be associated with cerebral stroke, myocardial infarction and heart failure. And according to national study of prevalence of risk factors on non-communicable disease, it found that risk of CVDs (cardiovascular diseases) is a high among Mongolian and one fifth has more than 3 risk factors of atherosclerosis. The researchers found that atherosclerosis begins relative in young people and endothelial dysfunction is without clinical signs of CVD among Mongolian. Purpose : To determine the atherosclerotic changes and associated with some risk factors of subjects with Isolated systolic hypertension. Materials and Methods: We used hospital-based cross-sectional study design. Data collection was conducted using questionnaire, body measurement, and laboratory methods. A standardized questionnaire was used according to the methodology from the “STEPs” Survey on the prevalence of Non-communicable disease and injury risk factors, body weight, height and blood pressure were measured by standard method. Results : In group with ISH, maximal IMT of CCA was 1.46±0.44mm, systolic diameter was 5.89±0.68mm, diastolic diameter was 6.34±0.73mm respectively which were significantly higher than normotensive group (1.21±0.28mm, 5.58±0.59mm, 5.99±0.58mm) (p<0.05). Furthermore we studied plaques of carotid artery, and atherosclerotic plaques were revealed in 69.2 percent of subjects with ISH which was significantly higher compared with normotensive subjects (p=0.003). And resistive, pulsative and stiffness indexes were significantly higher in group with ISH which represents vascular resistance of CCA. But end-diastolic velocity of CCA significantly reduced in group with ISH (p=0.015). We found that atherosclerotic index increases every year by 6.5 percent, every one mm Hg of systolic blood pressure by 3.7 percent and every year of increasing blood pressure by 10.5 percent respectively. Conclusion
1. Atherosclerotic changes were revealed more in subjects with ISH compared to subjects with normotensive.
2. Advancing age, long duration of smoking, a high level of systolic blood pressure, having a high systolic blood pressure level for a long time and high consumption of salt intake are accelerating atherosclerotic changes of carotid artery.
3. According to increasing atherosclerotic change, blood stream velocity of carotid artery is decreasing and resistive and pulsative indexes are increasing.

Background Mongolia has been undergoing an epidemiological transition since 1990s. As a result, lifestyle and health behavior related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer and injuries are growing steadily and have become the leading causes of population mortality. According to the Mongolian STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of NCD Risk Factors (2009), the summary of combined NCD risk factors demonstrates that 1 in 5 (26.4%) Mongolian adults have three or more common modifiable NCD risk factors and consumption of alcohol in the past 30 days was reported by 38.6% of the population. Goal The goal of the survey was to determine the prevalence of alcohol consumption among Bugat soum population of Bulgan province. Materials and Methods The cross-sectional survey used a questionnaire of the WHO STEPS survey and adapted it to the local specifics. Alcohol consumption was assessed using the concept of “standard drinks”. A total of 201 randomly selected 15-64 year old residents of both sexes of Bugat soum were involved in the survey. The survey data was collected in September, 2011. The survey data was fully collected using small handled computers (PDAs). Results The survey respondents, 30.3% consisting of males (16.9%) and females (41.2%) were past 12 months abstainers. Of the alcohol users, 69.7% (males 83.1% and females 58.8%) reported drinking during the past 12 months and 47.3% were current drinkers or reported alcohol use during the past 30 days. In contrary, 60.9% of males and 36.8% of females were current drinkers or reported alcohol use during the past 30 days. In terms of the frequency of alcohol use by respondents reporting drinking in the past 12 months, 39.3% drank occasionally, 21.4% drank alcohol for 1-3 days a month, 2.5% drank 1-4 days a week, 4.5% drank 5-6 days a week, and 2.0% reported daily consumption of alcohol. Conclusions The survey results showed that current drinking or consumption of alcohol in the past 30 days was reported by 47.3% in herdsmen of Bugat soum. Of these 60.9% are men and 36.8% are women. As for the quantity of consumption, the current drinkers consumed 13.3 standard drinks for men and 5.0 for women. Frequency of alcohol drinking was higher in males compared to females. The prevalence of binge drinking was 2.5% in men and 0.4% in women, and binge drinking was 6 times more common in males compared to females.

Study objective is to determine the mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DPB), prevalence of hypertension (HTN), treatment status, and respective trends in Mongolian population during 2005-2009.Two independent cross-sectional population-based surveys were carried out in 2005 and 2009 to monitor cardiovascular risk factors in men and women aged 15-64 years. The surveys were conducted according to the WHO STEP wise approach.

Aim and objectives of the study: to establish of NumrugtBanzdoo segment nucleus liner DNA, to observes a nucleus DNA nucleotuds, to constrastBanzdoo of growing in Mongolia. Plant DNA isolated, use amplification of oligonucleotide primers for the Polymerase chain reaction, products were sequenced by Genotec, Inc. From the result to constrast of NumrugtBanzdoo and Banzdoo growing in Mongolia NumrugtBanzdoo is distinct genetical, a like of other NumrugtBanzdoo. NumrugtBanzdoo segment nuclear liner DNA nucleotide sequence information; Length 811bp, Singlestranded weight 248.31 kDa, Double-stranded weight 495.739kDa, Adenine-175, Cytosine-226, Guanine- 243, Thymine-167, ORF-3 (positive-1, negative-2). Now comparative Mongolian’s NumrugtBanzdoo

We present the fi rst 2 cases of cochlear implantation in Mongolia using “SONATA” type implant of “MED-EL” Company, Austria. CASE 1: A six years old, female had been diagnosed with bilateral congenital profound hearing loss and had been fi tted with hearing aids for 5 years and received little benefi t from her hearing aids and developed very poor speech and language, used lip reading and have had vocabulary of approximately 10 words. A radiological evaluation showed normal cochlea and auditory nerve. Cochlear implant team including speech therapists and audiologists based on the informed consent of patient’s parent decided that family able to participate in follow-up, speech habilitation programme. Patient implanted with SONATA of MED-EL on 4 August, 2009. Electrodes were inserted fully. After 10 days of switch on of the speech processor the patient showed signs of initial hearing of loud sounds. After 5 months of Auditory Verbal Therapy the vocabulary increased up to 50 words. Hearing, cognition and responses are increasing simultaneously. CASE 2: A 2 years old female. Congenitally deaf in both ears. Fitted with hearing aid for 3 months before the surgery and there was no benefi t from hearing aid. Physically and mentally healthy. Patient implanted with SONATA of MED-EL on 4 August, 2009. Electrodes were inserted fully. On 25th days of switching on of speech processor the patient showed initial hearing of loud sounds. Currently, after 5months of treatment her vocabulary is 2 short words and can recognize 4 syllabeles. She is very active, repeats actions and has open nature, feels comfortable with CI.