The hippocampus and its circuits play crucial roles in human learning, memory, and emotional regulation. Whether it is vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) or Alzheimer's disease (AD), damage to the hippocampus is a prominent pathological feature. This review summarizes the recent advance in multimodal magnetic resonance imaging in anatomy, blood supply, structure and function of the hippocampus and the circuits related to VCI and AD in recent years, aiming to provide help in early recognizing and differentially diagnosing VCI and AD.

OBJECTIVE To establish the specific chromatogram of Qianghuo Shengshi Tang(QHSS) reference sample, clarify the key quality attributes of QHSS, providing reference for the quality evaluation of QHSS reference sample. METHODS The SilGreen C18 column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) was used. The mobile phase consisted acetonitrile and 0.2% formic acid aqueous solution. The detection wavelength was 328 nm. Established an HPLC characteristic spectrum analysis method for the reference sample of QHSS. A variety of chromatographic columns and different instruments were applied to investigate the adaptability of the system. HPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS was used to identify the specific peaks of the QHSS reference samples in positive ion mode. RESULTS There were 14 peaks in the specific chromatogram, which belonged to Notopterygii Rhizoma Et Radix, Angelicae Pubescentis Radix, Ligustici Rhizoma Et Radix, Chuanxiong Rhizome, Viticis Fructus, respectively. Ferulic acid(peak 3) was reference peak. A total of 22 compounds were identified by mass spectrometry, including coumarin and flavonoids. CONCLUSION The established specific chromatogram method of QHSS is simple, stable and reproducible. The material basis of QHSS reference sample is basically determined, providing a reference for the development and quality control of QHSS.

Cerebral small vascular disease (CSVD) is an important risk factor for stroke, cognitive impairment, and death, but its exact pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. Recent studies have shown that as an important part of pathophysiological mechanisms of CSVD, immunoinflammation may affect the progression and prognosis of CSVD. This article reviews the role of immunoinflammation in CSVD.

Objective:To explore the effect of a nursing model based on Watson humanistic care theory in patients with end-stage heart failure (ESHF) .Methods:From January 2017 to January 2020, convenience sampling was used to select ESHF patients who underwent treatment in the Chengbei District of Hangzhou First People's Hospital as the study subject. Patients were randomly divided into an observation group ( n=135) and a control group ( n=123). The control group received routine nursing model, while the observation group received nursing model based on Watson humanistic care theory. The intervention effect was evaluated using the Self-Care of Heart Failure Index (SCHFI), Heart Failure Knowledge Test (HFKT), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) . Results:After intervention, the HFKT and SCHFI scores of the observation group were higher than those of the control group, and the SAS and SDS scores were lower than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.01) . Conclusions:The nursing model based on Watson humanistic care theory can improve the knowledge and self-care ability of ESHF patients, and relieve their anxiety and depression.

Trigeminal neuralgia(TN)is a common neurological disease in clinical practice,which often causes unbearable pain to patients.This paper reported a rare case of idiopathic TN after external carotid artery stenting(ECAS)and analyzed the cause.It is considered to be related to the compression and impact to the trigeminal nerve from the blood flow of the maxillary artery which had been improved after ECAS.TN was effectively relieved after treatment with carbamazepine,and not any discomfort was observed at 1-week follow-up after discharge.Currently,TN of this patient has been well controlled.Since there are no any relevant reports in clinical practice,this case report is provided to clinical physicians for reference and discussion.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of a death case of meningococcal meningitis in Hengyang city, Hunan Province in 2024.Methods:Epidemiological investigation of the death case was performed, and samples from the patient and close contacts were collected. Following cultivation and isolation, Neisseria meningitidis ( Nm) strains were analyzed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and whole-genome sequencing for analyzing epidemiological and etiological characteristics. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using core genomic multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). Results:The case was a 16-year-old high school boarding student with fulminant meningococcal meningitis. He had shock symptoms, and died within 24 h of the onset of symptoms. Six Nm strains were isolated from the patient and his roommates, belonging to two distinct clades. Isolate 144569 from the patient was highly homologous to isolate 144572 from a close contact, both belonging to the highly pathogenic sublineage L44.1 of CC4821. The typical molecular features was C: P1.7-2, 14: F5-101: ST4821 (CC4821). The two strains carried the antimicrobial resistance genes of gyrA-71 and penA-552, indicating reduced susceptibility to quinolone and penicillin, which was with their resistance phenotype. The isolates from four close contacts clustered within the same clade, characterized by the molecular features of B: P1.18-25, 9-18: ST5829 (UA). Conclusions:The death case is caused by Nm serogroup C from highly pathogenic sublineage L44.1 of CC4821. The spread of this isolate has the potential risk of outbreaks of invasive meningococcal disease. It is necessary to enhanced the molecular epidemiological surveillance, particularly focusing on the transmission of multiple serogroups of Nm among adolescents and the increasing exposure risk.

Objective To explore the application value of heparin binding protein(HBP),neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio(NLR),lymphocyte to monocyte ratio(LMR),and platelet to lymphocyte ratio(PLR)in the evaluation of immune function reconstruction in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infected individuals/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS)patients.Methods Collect 138 HIV/AIDS patients from the Outpatient Department of Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University from January 1,to June 30,2023.According to CD4+T lymphocyte counts after antiretroviral treatment,categorize patients into groups with good immune function reconstruction(n=108)and poor immune function reconstruction(n=30).Compare the levels of HBP,NLR,LMR,and PLR between two groups,receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to evaluate the application value of HBP,NLR,LMR,and PLR in the reconstruction of patient immune function.Results The NLR and PLR of group with good immune function reconstruction was significantly higher than that of group with poor immune function reconstruction(P＜0.05).The LMR of group with good immune function reconstruction were significantly lower than those of group with poor immune function reconstruction(P＜0.05).The HBP between two groups was no significant differences(P＞0.05).LMR had the best efficacy in evaluating whether immune function reconstruction was good in HIV/AIDS patients area under the curve(AUC)=0.803,PLR was the second(AUC)=0.796,NLR was poor(AUC)=0.728.Conclusion NLR,LMR,and PLR are closely related to the immune function of HIV/AIDS patients and can be used as detection indicators to evaluate whether the immune function reconstruction of HIV/AIDS patients is good.

Objective To explore the association between the single nucleotide polymorphism（SNP）of the core clock genes（ARNTL rs6486122 and PER1 rs2253820）of the circadian molecular clockwork and the incidence of ischemic stroke. Methods Candidate SNP genotypes were determined using the SNaPshot method. Genotypes were set as categorical variables. Logistic regression analysis was performed to compare genotypes and genetic models between the disease group and the control group，adjusting for related risk factors including age，sex，dyslipidemia，and past medical history，and the adjusted odds ratios（OR）and 95% confidence intervals（CI）of different genotypes and genetic models were calculated. Results The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of stroke increased significantly with the age of subjects（OR=6.704，95%CI 5.188-8.644，P<0.001）；patients with hypertension had a 2.565-fold increased risk of ischemic stroke compared with individuals without hypertension（OR=2.565，95%CI 1.971-3.338，P<0.001）；patients with dyslipidemia were 1.700 times more likely to have ischemic stroke than individuals with normal blood lipid levels（OR=1.700，95% CI 1.230-2.348，P=0.001）；and increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels also increased the risk of stroke. For the rs2253820 locus of the PER1 gene，using the wild-type homozygous TT genotype as the reference，the CT genotype，CC genotype，and dominant genetic model significantly increased the risk of stroke（CT vs TT：OR=1.552，95% CI 1.194-2.018，P=0.001；CC vs TT： OR=1.295，95% CI 1.035-1.621，P=0.024；and the dominant model：OR=1.563，95% CI 1.215-2.012，P=0.001，respectively）. For the rs6486122 locus of the ARNTL gene，there was no significant association of any genotype or the genetic model with the incidence of ischemic stroke after adjustment（P > 0.05）. Conclusion Genetic variation at PER1 rs2253820 can increase the risk of ischemic stroke，where the C allele poses a higher risk of ischemic stroke. There is no significant association between ARNTL rs6486122 and the occurrence of ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVE To compare anti-ischemic stroke （IS） effect of different extraction parts from Gastrodia elata， and to provide reference for screening the anti-IS effective parts of G. elata. METHODS G. elata was extracted and separated by ethanol reflux extraction and ethyl acetate extraction. The rat model of diffuse cerebral thrombosis was induced by internal carotid artery injection of arachidonic acid （AA）； the anti-IS effect of G. elata powder， ethanol extract of G. elata， residue of ethanol extract of G. elata， ethyl acetate extract of G. elata， residue of ethyl acetate extract of G. elata， gastrodin and aspirin （positive control drug） were investigated with the content of Evans blue （EB） in the ischemic brain tissue as index. RESULTS Compared with model group， aspirin， ethanol extract of G. elata and ethyl acetate extract of G. elata could significantly decrease the content of EB in the ischemic brain tissue of model rats （P＜0.05）. G. elata powder had the tendency to reduce the content of EB in the ischemic brain tissue of model rats， without statistical significance （P＞0.05）. The residue of ethanol extract of G. elata， residue of ethyl acetate extract of G. elata and gastrodin had little effect on the content of EB in the ischemic brain tissue of model rats. CONCLUSIONS Both ethanol extract of G. elata and ethyl acetate extract of G. elata have anti-IS effects， which are stronger than that of G. elata powder.

Objective:To explore the therapeutic characteristics of population with gout achieving treat-to-target (T2T) indicators through real-world research and evaluate their safety.Methods:A total of 3 287 patients diagnosed with gout by rheumatologists in 21 first-class tertiary hospitals in 10 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in China from January 2015 to December 2021 were included in this polycentric cross-sectional study. The database included patients′ general information, disease characteristics, and clinical application of traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment measures. SPSS and Excel software were used for data analysis. Frequency analysis, cluster analysis, and factor analysis were used to summarize the characteristics and rules of treatment measures for patients with gout who achieved the target after treatment. The occurrence of adverse events (AE) was recorded during treatment.Results:After treatment, 691 visits (7%) achieved the serum urate (SUA) target, and the most frequent use of urate-lowering therapy (ULT) was febuxostat, followed by benzbromarone. The most common treatment options were following: GroupⅠ: traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) decoction-TCM external treatment-physical exercise-proprietary Chinese medicine; GroupⅡ: ferulic acid-nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); Group Ⅲ: allopurinol-sodium bicarbonate-benzbromarone; Group Ⅳ: glucocorticoid-colchicine; Group Ⅴ: febuxostat. A total of 5 898 visits (60%) chieved manifestations of joint pain VAS scores target, and the most frequently used drug to control joint symptoms was NSAIDs. The frequency of use of drugs to control joint symptoms were 2 118 times (usage rate reached 35.9%), while the frequency of ULT were 2 504 times (usage rate reached 42.5%), which was higher than the joint symptom control drug. The most common treatment options were following: Group Ⅰ: proprietary Chinese medicine-TCM decoction-TCM external treatment-physical exercise; Group Ⅱ: NSAIDs-colchicine hormones; Group Ⅲ: allopurinol, Group Ⅳ: benzbromarone; Group Ⅴ: febuxostat. A total of 59 adverse events occurred during treatment.Conclusion:The proportions of gout patients who reach target serum urate level & good control of joint symptoms are both very low, and ULT and anti-inflammatory prescription patterns are very different from international guidelines, so it is necessary to strengthen the standardized management of gout patients. At the same time, life intervention measures account for a certain proportion of the treatment plans for the T2T population, and further exploration is needed.