ObjectiveTo establish a geographical origin identification model for Foeniculi Fructus from Haiyuan， providing a new technical reference for the protection of Haiyuan's geo-authentic medicinal materials and its designation as a national geographical indication agricultural product. MethodsSamples of Foeniculi Fructus were collected from eight producing areas， including Minqin （Gansu）， Bozhou （Anhui）， Qingdao （Shandong）， Dezhou （Shandong）， Urumqi （Xinjiang）， Nujiang （Yunnan）， Gutuo （Inner Mongolia）， and Haiyuan （Ningxia）. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry （GC-IMS） was used to detect the volatile organic compounds （VOCs） in samples from these geographic origins. VOCs were qualitatively analyzed through dual matching with the National Institute of Standards and Technology （NIST） mass spectral database and the IMS drift time database. Using the Reporter module and Gallery Plot visualization tools within the LAV analytical platform， VOC fingerprint profiles characterizing geographic origins were constructed. A non-targeted analytical strategy was adopted， and 97 VOCs detected via GC-IMS were subjected to principal component analysis （PCA） and partial least squares discriminant analysis （PLS-DA） based on their differential distribution patterns to construct an origin identification model for Foeniculi Fructus from Haiyuan region. Key discriminative markers were screened using variable importance in projection （VIP） values greater than 1. ResultsA total of 97 VOCs were identified， including alcohols， aldehydes， ketones， esters， organic acids， terpenoids， ethers， alkenes， and benzenes. The PLS-DA model， based on VOCs data obtained by GC-IMS， effectively distinguished Foeniculi Fructus in Haiyuan region from those of other origins. During cross-validation， the model achieved a prediction parameter （Q²） of 0.976 and a goodness-of-fit parameter （R²） of 0.936， with no overfitting observed in permutation testing. Twelve key flavor markers with VIP > 1 were identified as characteristic indicators of Haiyuan origin. ConclusionA stable and highly predictive origin identification model for Foeniculi Fructus from Haiyuan was successfully established using GC-IMS technology， PLS-DA， and VIP-based marker screening. This model provides a novel technical strategy for accurately distinguishing Foeniculi Fructus in Haiyuan region from other regional varieties and offers new technical support for its protection as a geo-authentic medicinal material and a nationally designated geographical indication agricultural product in China.

ObjectiveTo establish a geographical origin identification model for Foeniculi Fructus from Haiyuan， providing a new technical reference for the protection of Haiyuan's geo-authentic medicinal materials and its designation as a national geographical indication agricultural product. MethodsSamples of Foeniculi Fructus were collected from eight producing areas， including Minqin （Gansu）， Bozhou （Anhui）， Qingdao （Shandong）， Dezhou （Shandong）， Urumqi （Xinjiang）， Nujiang （Yunnan）， Gutuo （Inner Mongolia）， and Haiyuan （Ningxia）. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry （GC-IMS） was used to detect the volatile organic compounds （VOCs） in samples from these geographic origins. VOCs were qualitatively analyzed through dual matching with the National Institute of Standards and Technology （NIST） mass spectral database and the IMS drift time database. Using the Reporter module and Gallery Plot visualization tools within the LAV analytical platform， VOC fingerprint profiles characterizing geographic origins were constructed. A non-targeted analytical strategy was adopted， and 97 VOCs detected via GC-IMS were subjected to principal component analysis （PCA） and partial least squares discriminant analysis （PLS-DA） based on their differential distribution patterns to construct an origin identification model for Foeniculi Fructus from Haiyuan region. Key discriminative markers were screened using variable importance in projection （VIP） values greater than 1. ResultsA total of 97 VOCs were identified， including alcohols， aldehydes， ketones， esters， organic acids， terpenoids， ethers， alkenes， and benzenes. The PLS-DA model， based on VOCs data obtained by GC-IMS， effectively distinguished Foeniculi Fructus in Haiyuan region from those of other origins. During cross-validation， the model achieved a prediction parameter （Q²） of 0.976 and a goodness-of-fit parameter （R²） of 0.936， with no overfitting observed in permutation testing. Twelve key flavor markers with VIP > 1 were identified as characteristic indicators of Haiyuan origin. ConclusionA stable and highly predictive origin identification model for Foeniculi Fructus from Haiyuan was successfully established using GC-IMS technology， PLS-DA， and VIP-based marker screening. This model provides a novel technical strategy for accurately distinguishing Foeniculi Fructus in Haiyuan region from other regional varieties and offers new technical support for its protection as a geo-authentic medicinal material and a nationally designated geographical indication agricultural product in China.

Grooming,as an evolutionarily conserved repetitive behavior,is common in various animals,including humans,and serves essential functions including,but not limited to,hygiene maintenance,thermoregulation,de-arousal,stress reduction,and social behaviors.In rodents,grooming involves a patterned and sequenced structure,known as the syntactic chain with four phases that comprise repeated stereotyped movements happening in a cephalocaudal progression style,beginning from the nose to the face,to the head,and finally ending with body licking.The context-dependent occurrence of grooming behavior indicates its adaptive significance.This review briefly summarizes the neural substrates responsible for rodent grooming behavior and explores its relevance in rodent models of neuropsychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases with aberrant grooming phenotypes.We further emphasize the utility of rodent grooming as a reliable measure of repetitive behavior in neuropsychiatric models,holding promise for translational psychiatry.Herein,we mainly focus on rodent self-grooming.Allogrooming(grooming being applied on one animal by its conspecifics via licking or carefully nibbling)and heterogrooming(a form of grooming behavior directing towards another animal,which occurs in other contexts,such as maternal,sexual,aggressive,or social behaviors)are not covered due to space constraints.

Dyslipidemia stands as an autonomous peril in the realm of atherosclerotic cardiovascular maladies. Prompt identification and timely intervention in the case of dyslipidemia hold promise for substantially curbing the onset and fatality rates associated with coronary heart disease. Traditional lipid surveillance metrics employed in clinical settings, such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, exhibit notable limitations. Conversely, lipid-derived parameters emerge as formidable contenders, demonstrating a capacity to amalgamate and quantify disparate risk factors and multifactorial etiologies inherent in a given disease. By encompassing a broader spectrum of information than singular indices, these parameters offer a more profound insight into disease progression by virtue of their grounding in the physiological intricacies of lipid metabolism. Drawing upon extant domestic and international guidelines and research, this discourse delineates and synthesizes four lipid-derived parameters with promising clinical applications: atherogenic index of plasma, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, apolipoprotein B/A1 ratio, and lipoprotein combine index, and forwards a perspective grounded in current strides in clinical research.

Background::Hyperglycemia frequently induces apoptosis in endothelial cells and ultimately contributes to microvascular dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Previous research reported that the expression of integrins as well as their ligands was elevated in the diseased vessels of DM patients. However, the association between integrins and hyperglycemia-induced cell death is still unclear. This research was designed to investigate the role played by integrin subunit β5 (ITGB5) in hyperglycemia-induced endothelial cell apoptosis.Methods::We used leptin receptor knockout (Lepr-KO) ( db/ db) mice as spontaneous diabetes animal model. Selective deletion of ITGB5 in endothelial cell was achieved by injecting vascular targeted adeno-associated virus via tail vein. Besides, we also applied small interfering RNA in vitro to study the mechanism of ITGB5 in regulating high glucose-induced cell apoptosis. Results::ITGB5 and its ligand, fibronectin, were both upregulated after exposure to high glucose in vivo and in vitro. ITGB5 knockdown alleviated hyperglycemia-induced vascular endothelial cell apoptosis and microvascular rarefaction in vivo. In vitro analysis revealed that knockdown of either ITGB5 or fibronectin ameliorated high glucose-induced apoptosis in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). In addition, knockdown of ITGB5 inhibited fibronectin-induced HUVEC apoptosis, which indicated that the fibronectin-ITGB5 interaction participated in high glucose-induced endothelial cell apoptosis. By using RNA-sequencing technology and bioinformatic analysis, we identified Forkhead Box Protein O1 (FoxO1) as an important downstream target regulated by ITGB5. Moreover, we demonstrated that the excessive macroautophagy induced by high glucose can contribute to HUVEC apoptosis, which was regulated by the ITGB5-FoxO1 axis. Conclusion::The study revealed that high glucose-induced endothelial cell apoptosis was positively regulated by ITGB5, which suggested that ITGB5 could potentially be used to predict and treat DM-related vascular complications.

Dyslipidemia stands as an autonomous peril in the realm of atherosclerotic cardiovascular maladies. Prompt identification and timely intervention in the case of dyslipidemia hold promise for substantially curbing the onset and fatality rates associated with coronary heart disease. Traditional lipid surveillance metrics employed in clinical settings, such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, exhibit notable limitations. Conversely, lipid-derived parameters emerge as formidable contenders, demonstrating a capacity to amalgamate and quantify disparate risk factors and multifactorial etiologies inherent in a given disease. By encompassing a broader spectrum of information than singular indices, these parameters offer a more profound insight into disease progression by virtue of their grounding in the physiological intricacies of lipid metabolism. Drawing upon extant domestic and international guidelines and research, this discourse delineates and synthesizes four lipid-derived parameters with promising clinical applications: atherogenic index of plasma, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, apolipoprotein B/A1 ratio, and lipoprotein combine index, and forwards a perspective grounded in current strides in clinical research.

A clinically serious illness with a high death and morbidity rate is sepsis.Electro-acupuncture is a significant adjuvant treatment for sepsis,lowering the inflammatory response to sepsis,regulating the patient's immunological function,and preventing multi-system organ damage.However,no comprehensive study has been published.In order to review the clinical application of electro-acupuncture in the field of sepsis and its complications,analyze its clinical efficacy,and summarize effective acupuncture point prescriptions,we systematically compiled the clinical research literature on electro-acupuncture in the treatment of sepsis and its complications by searching PubMed,CNKI,and other databases.It was found that effective clinical evidence had been gathered for the administration of electro-acupuncture in uncomplicated sepsis as well as in sepsis aggravated by gastrointestinal,pulmonary,cardiac,and brain injury.The following successful acupoint prescriptions were indicated:①Simple sepsis was treated with"Zusanli+Guanyuan"or"Zusanli+Tianshu+Shangjuxu+Xiajuxu";②Combined gastrointestinal injury was treated with"Zusanli+Shangjuxu+Tianshu"or"Zusanli+Tianshu+Shangjuxu+Xiajuxu";③ Combined lung injury was treated with"Zusanli+Chize";④Combined myocardial injury was treated with"Neiguan+Zusanli+Shenmen+Taichong+Xuehai+Geshu+Sanyinjiao+Hegu";⑤Combined brain injury was treated with"Baihui+Shuigou".The study's findings can offer preliminary clinical direction for using electro-acupuncture to treat sepsis and associated complications in patients.

Objective:To explore the role of SUMOylaiton of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in diabetes mellitus prompted inflammation and atherosclerosis in vascular and endothelial cells.Methods:From September 2014 to January 2017, 32 Sprague-Dawley rats in 14 weeks-old were divided into sham operated group, artery injured without diabetes group, artery injured with diabetes group and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9 (UBC9) transfection group (Group D) by random digits table method with 8 rats each. Model of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and rat carotid artery balloon injury was made in the assigned group. One rat was excluded because of model failure in each group. Systolic and diastolic common carotid artery diameter and intimal thickness of injured and healthy common carotid artery were evaluated by vascular ultrasound, and the standardized common carotid artery diastolic diameter (sCADD) was calculated. Histological tests and immunohistochemical staining were performed to evaluate intimal hyperplasia, and the ratio of intimal area to media area was calculated when the media area was equal. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were cultured 24 h in high glucose medium with different duration and concentration, and the expression levels of interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-1β mRNA were determined by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the expression level of UBC9 was determined by Western blot method, SUMOylation assay kit was used to evaluate SUMOylation of PPARγ. HUVEC was cultured in vitro and PPAR was stimulated by high glucose at different concentrations and different times PPARγ SUMOylation level. UBC9 was overexpressed by lentivirus in vivo and in vitro, and the PPARγ SUMOylation level was detected.Results:The intimal thickness, intimal area and ratio of intimal area to media area 8 weeks after carotid artery injuring in sham operated group, artery injured without diabetes group and artery injured with diabetes group were increased respectively: (0.026 ± 0.018), (0.084 ± 0.007) and (0.264 ± 0.022) mm; (0.18 ± 0.09) × 10 6, (0.32 ± 0.06) × 10 6 and (1.64 ± 0.22)×10 6 μm 2; 0.345 ± 0.073, 0.570 ± 0.080 and 2.710 ± 0.220, the sCADD was decreased respectively: 0.903 ± 0.084, 0.800 ± 0.071 and 0.330 ± 0.036, and there were statistical differences ( F = 10.40, 9.40, 8.20 and 8.60; P<0.05). After HUVEC was cultured in high glucose for 24 h, the IL-8 mRNA at sugar concentrations of 10, 20 and 40 mmol/L was 1.00 ± 0.11, 3.57 ± 0.22 and 4.07 ± 0.40, the IL-1β mRNA was 1.00 ± 0.07, 3.32 ± 0.29 and 5.13 ± 0.19, and there were statistical differences ( F = 73.05 and 205.80, P<0.05). The level of PPARγ SUMOylation and UBC9 in artery injured with diabetes group were significantly lower than those in artery injured without diabetes group (0.46 ± 0.25 vs. 1.00 ± 0.21 and 0.45 ± 0.02 vs. 1.00 ± 0.07), and there were statistical differences ( P<0.05); there was no statistical difference in PPARγ between 2 groups (0.94 ± 0.07 vs. 1.00 ± 0.04, P>0.05). The UBC9 and PPARγ SUMOylation at sugar concentrations of 0, 10, 20 and 40 mmol/L were decreased respectively (0.99 ± 0.05, 0.80 ± 0.06 and 0.62 ± 0.05; 1.00 ± 0.05, 0.57 ± 0.13 and 0.55 ± 0.08), and there were statistical differences ( F = 21.02 and 14.31, P<0.05); there was no statistical difference in PPARγ (1.00 ± 0.03, 0.90 ± 0.04 and 0.91 ± 0.05; F = 3.11, P>0.05). In HUVEC cultured in high glucose medium (20 mmol/L) for 6, 12, 24 and 48 h, the UBC9 and PPARγ SUMOylation were downregulated progressively (1.00 ± 0.09, 0.75 ± 0.05, 0.70 ± 0.08, 0.38 ± 0.04 and 0.35 ± 0.03; 1.00 ± 0.03, 0.86 ± 0.01, 0.59 ± 0.01, 0.51 ± 0.11 and 0.35 ± 0.08), and there were statistical differences ( F = 36.06 and 33.13, P<0.05); but there was no statistical difference in PPARγ (1.00 ± 0.03, 1.14 ± 0.02, 1.18 ± 0.17, 0.98 ± 0.01 and 1.04 ± 0.05; F = 1.90, P>0.05). After overexpression of UBC9 in rats with diabetes, histological analysis showed that UBC9 in artery injured without diabetes group, artery injured with diabetes group and UBC9 transfection group was 1.53 ± 0.18, 1.00 ± 0.22 and 3.62 ± 0.35, there was statistical difference ( F = 5.64, P<0.05). Ultrasonic test results show that in artery injured without diabetes group, artery injured with diabetes group and UBC9 transfection group intimal thickness was increased respectively: (0.077 ± 0.015), (0.216 ± 0.007) and (0.125 ± 0.014) mm, and there was statistical difference ( F = 27.18, P<0.05). Histological analysis showed that intimal area in artery injured without diabetes group, artery injured with diabetes group and UBC9 transfection group was (0.335 ± 0.066) ×10 6, (1.053 ± 0.103) ×10 6 and (0.544 ± 0.040) ×10 6 μm 2, the ratio of intimal area to media area was 0.63 ± 0.063, 2.03 ± 0.052 and 0.93 ± 0.100, there were statistical differences ( F = 13.58 and 53.96, P<0.05). Conclusions:Diabetes mellitus could inhibit the PPARγ SUMOylaiton and prompt inflammation and atherosclerosis in vascular and endothelial cells. Upregulation of PPARγ SUMOylaiton though UBC9 overexpressioncould play a protecting role in diabetes mellitus prompted atherosclerosis.

Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is one of the most common causes of drug-resistant epilepsy. Dysmorphic neurons are the major histopathological feature of type II FCD, but their role in seizure genesis in FCD is unclear. Here we performed whole-cell patch-clamp recording and morphological reconstruction of cortical principal neurons in postsurgical brain tissue from drug-resistant epilepsy patients. Quantitative analyses revealed distinct morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of the upper layer dysmorphic neurons in type II FCD, including an enlarged soma, aberrant dendritic arbors, increased current injection for rheobase action potential firing, and reduced action potential firing frequency. Intriguingly, the upper layer dysmorphic neurons received decreased glutamatergic and increased GABAergic synaptic inputs that were coupled with upregulation of the Na⁺-K⁺-Cl^- cotransporter. In addition, we found a depolarizing shift of the GABA reversal potential in the CamKII-cre::PTEN^flox/flox mouse model of drug-resistant epilepsy, suggesting that enhanced GABAergic inputs might depolarize dysmorphic neurons. Thus, imbalance of synaptic excitation and inhibition of dysmorphic neurons may contribute to seizure genesis in type II FCD.
Animals ; Drug Resistant Epilepsy/surgery* ; Epilepsy/pathology* ; Malformations of Cortical Development/pathology* ; Malformations of Cortical Development, Group I ; Mice ; Neurons/pathology* ; Seizures/pathology*

Objective: To explore the relationship between behavioral problems and accidental injuries among preschoolers, and to provide evidence for the targeted prevention of children s accidental injuries. Methods: During September to October 2019, parent of 2 062 children aged 3 to 6 selected from 8 kindergartens in Hefei through stratified clustering method were investigated. The prevalence of accidental injuries and behavioral problems among preschoolers was collected by questionnaire survey. Results: The prevalence of accidental injury during the past year was 14.55%(300), and behavioral problems 14.21%(293). Total rate of behavioral problems and rate of each dimensions in children with accidental injury were 32.67%, 2.33%, 19.67%, 15.00%, 2.00%, 1.00 % and 5.00%, compared to 11.07%, 0.45%, 6.41%, 4.88%, 0.40%, 0.17% and 0.79% in children without accidental injury ( χ 2=98.11, 12.54, 58.90, 44.12, 10.51, 6.08, 32.68, P <0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that psychosomatic problems( OR =3.13, 95% CI =2.11-4.66), learning problems( OR =2.73, 95% CI =1.86-3.99), abnormal hyperactivity index ( OR =3.16, 95% CI =1.40-7.14) and left behind children ( OR =1.53, 95% CI =1.13-2.07) were associated with higher risk of accidental injuries( P <0.05). Conclusion Behavioral problems are significantly associated with unintentional injuries among preschool children, which deserved further attention and intervention when formulating prevention and control measures for childhood accidental injury.