This review article aims to explore the major challenges that the healthcare system is currently facing and propose a new paradigm shift that harnesses the potential of wearable devices and novel theoretical frameworks on health and disease. Lifestyle-induced diseases currently account for a significant portion of all healthcare spending, with this proportion projected to increase with population aging. Wearable devices have emerged as a key technology for implementing large-scale healthcare systems focused on disease prevention and management. Advancements in miniaturized sensors, system integration, the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, 5G, and other technologies have enabled wearable devices to perform high-quality measurements comparable to medical devices. Through various physical, chemical, and biological sensors, wearable devices can continuously monitor physiological status information in a non-invasive or minimally invasive way, including electrocardiography, electroencephalography, respiration, blood oxygen, blood pressure, blood glucose, activity, and more. Furthermore, by combining concepts and methods from complex systems and nonlinear dynamics, we developed a novel theory of continuous dynamic physiological signal analysis-dynamical complexity. The results of dynamic signal analyses can provide crucial information for disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Wearable devices can also serve as an important bridge connecting doctors and patients by tracking, storing, and sharing patient data with medical institutions, enabling remote or real-time health assessments of patients, and providing a basis for precision medicine and personalized treatment. Wearable devices have a promising future in the healthcare field and will be an important driving force for the transformation of the healthcare system, while also improving the health experience for individuals.
Humans ; Artificial Intelligence ; Wearable Electronic Devices ; Monitoring, Physiologic/methods*

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of brain plasticity after lower limb amputation, and the electroencephalogram (EEG) energy changes during motor imagery. MethodsFrom April to October, 2021, 21 lower limb amputees and 18 healthy subjects were selected to perform motor imagery task, while the 256-EEG were recorded synchronously. The power spectrum of EEG at C3 and C4 electrodes in α (8~13 Hz) and β (13~30 Hz) frequency bands were compared. ResultsThe power of C4 electrode in β frequency band was stronger in the amputees than in the healthy subjects as imagery of movements of left and right legs, and left foot. ConclusionEEG power increases in the amputees as motor imagery, which may relate to phantom limb pain and brain plasticity after amputation.

To achieve continuously physiological monitoring on hospital inpatients, a ubiquitous and wearable physiological monitoring system SensEcho was developed. The whole system consists of three parts: a wearable physiological monitoring unit, a wireless network and communication unit and a central monitoring system. The wearable physiological monitoring unit is an elastic shirt with respiratory inductive plethysmography sensor and textile electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes embedded in, to collect physiological signals of ECG, respiration and posture/activity continuously and ubiquitously. The wireless network and communication unit is based on WiFi networking technology to transmit data from each physiological monitoring unit to the central monitoring system. A protocol of multiple data re-transmission and data integrity verification was implemented to reduce packet dropouts during the wireless communication. The central monitoring system displays data collected by the wearable system from each inpatient and monitors the status of each patient. An architecture of data server and algorithm server was established, supporting further data mining and analysis for big medical data. The performance of the whole system was validated. Three kinds of tests were conducted: validation of physiological monitoring algorithms, reliability of the monitoring system on volunteers, and reliability of data transmission. The results show that the whole system can achieve good performance in both physiological monitoring and wireless data transmission. The application of this system in clinical settings has the potential to establish a new model for individualized hospital inpatients monitoring, and provide more precision medicine to the patients with information derived from the continuously collected physiological parameters.

Chronic Disease ; Communicable Diseases ; Community Health Planning ; Humans

Objective This study aimed to understand the continuous physiological parameters during sleep under the guidance of Chinese medical theory and clinical practice and to establish the method to diagnose the physical and mental status by analyzing nocturnal sleep data.Methods More than 2000 subjects were recruited in the nocturnal sleep examination using the micro-movement sensitive mattress sleep monitoring system.Based on the analysis of the sleep indices and nocturnal physiological parameters combined with clinical data,a hypothesis was put forward that sleep cycle could reflect the circulation status of qi and blood,as well as some preliminary exploration on revealing the status of qi,blood,yin and yang.Results Sleep structure could reflect the status of qi and blood circulation in different meridians according to the traditional Chinese time unit.Sleep structure and sleep cycle could show corresponding changes if there is morbidity in some meridian,zang-viscera and fu-viscera.Heart rate,respiration rate and other physiological parameters could reflect the alternative predominance of yin and yang.Conclusion Interpreting the physiological parameters during sleep could be a supplementary diagnosis method for Chinese medicine syndrome differentiation.

Pain in the cervical region of air force pilots, who are exposed to high G-forces, is a specifically occupational health problem. To minimize neck problems, the cervical muscles need specific strength exercise. It is important that the training for the neck must be carried out with optimal resistance in exercises. The model NSE-1 neck training machine for pilots was designed for neck strengthening exercises under safe and effective conditions. In order to realize the functions of changeable velocity and resistant (CVR) training and neck isometric contractive exercises, the techniques of adaptive hydraulics, sensor, optic and auditory biological feedback, and signal processing were applied to this machine. The training system mainly consists of mechanical parts (including the chair of flexion and extension, the chair of right and left lateral flexion, the components of hydraulics and torque transformer, etc.), and the software of signal processing and biological feedback. Eleven volunteers were selected for the experiments of neck isometric contractive exercises, three times a week for 6 weeks, where CVR training (flexion, extension, right, left lateral flexion) one time a week. The increase in relative strength of the neck (flexion, extension, left and right lateral flexion) was 70.8%, 83.7%, 78.6% and 75.2%, respectively after training. Results show that the strength of the neck can be increased safely, effectively and rapidly with NSE-1 neck training machine to perform neck training.
Aerospace Medicine ; Aircraft ; Equipment Design ; Exercise ; physiology ; Humans ; Military Personnel ; Neck Muscles ; injuries ; physiology ; Neck Pain ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Physical Education and Training ; Posture

The wearable respiratory inductive plethysmograph(RIP) system is a non-intrusive respiratory monitoring system. Sleep monitoring was performed on 9 human subjects suspected of having sleep apnea hypersomnolence syndrome (SAHS) and 7 healthy volunteers using both the wearable RIP system and the conventional polysomnography(PSG), and the sensitivity and specificity of the wearable RIP system were analyzed by comparison with the PSG results. According to the characteristic of the wearable RIP system in detecting sleep apnea/hypopnea event, the diagnostic criteria of sleep apnea/hypopnea event were put forward. All subjects with SAHS diagnosed by the wearable RIP were confirmed by PSG,the sensitivity and specificity of the wearable RIP system for detecting sleep apnea/hypopnea events were 99.0% and 94.6% respectively. The wearable RIP system can be used reliably in detecting sleep apnea/hypopnea events. This system can be used at home for detecting the sleep apnea/hypopnea events non-intrusively.
Equipment Design ; Humans ; Plethysmography ; instrumentation ; methods ; Polysomnography ; instrumentation ; methods ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes ; diagnosis ; physiopathology

BACKGROUND:In some clinical applications or special work conditions,extremely intonse 50 Hz AC intefference exists.As the amplifier's output reaches or is close to saturation,it cannot be suppressed by general anti-interference circuits or software algorithms.Themfore,the hardware circuit must be impreved to suppress this interference,thus obtajning the desired signals.OBJECTIVE:To introduce a biopotential amplifier,which can effectively suppress the impact of 50 Hz AC interference on the weak biomedical signals.DESIGN:Create a circuit model based on the advanced theoretical analysis,then make software emulation and finally design the actual circuit implementation.SETTINGS:the 305 Hospital of Chinese PLA:Institute of Aviation Medicine,Air Force of CIIinese PLA.MATERIALS:The experimentaIinstruments and analytical software were provided by the Institute of Aviation Medicine,Air Force of Chinese PLA:the high-voltage electrical field environment was provided by the 305 Hospital of Chinese PLA.METHODS:The first step was theoretical analysis at the Institute of Aviation Medicine,Air Force of Chinese PLA in 2005,then the 50 Hz anti-reference model was created.After that,the following three anti-reference measures were put forward:①Enhancing the common-mode input impedance of the overall circuit to remove the interference caused by the imbalance electrode impedance;②reducing the equivalent common mode input impedance of the instrument amplifier in the circuit by using a current source controlled by the comlnou mode voltage;③using the driven-right-leg circuit to reduce the common mode voltage.Moreover,emulation analysis was made for the above circuit model by using the circuit emulation software TINA PRO.Through ceaseless improvement of the circuit model,the correct emulation results were obtained.In 2006,the Circuit model helped us realize the electrocardiogram(ECG)amplifier that could suppress the 50 Hz AC intefference effectively in intense interference environments.And that amplifier was put into practical use in the high-voltage electrical field environment produced by the high-voltage electrical field treatment equipment in the 305 Hospital of PLA.The result was satisfying:the 50 Hz AC interference was suppressed effectively and the high-quality ECG signals were obtained.MlAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Common-Mode Rejection Ratio(CMRR)and the frequency spectrum of signals obtained in intense intefference environment,which are used to assess the ability against the 50 Hz AC interference.RESULTS:A 100 ù resistor or a 200 kù resistor were connected in series in the input loop so as to produce the imbalance electrode impedance status.When the imbalalice electrode impedance was 100 ù,the amplifier output was 1.69 Mv,and CMRR was 125.8 Db.When the imbalance electrode impedance was 200 k ù,the amplifier output was 1.78 Mv,and CMRR was 125.3 Db.Two voltage sources(20 Hz,amplitude of peak to peak value 50 ì V,opposite phases)were used to produce differential mode signals.The amplification gain was 1000 times.In the input loop of the circtilt mentioned above,a 200 kù resistor was connected in series to create the inabalance electrode impedance status.The amplifter output the peak-to-peak value 50 Mv.The fast Fourier transform(FFT)frequency spectrum of the output wave contained no 50 Hz spectrum line.CONCLUSION:Through the emulation experiment and the real application.we can all find that the amplifier has good signal amplification performance and anti-interference capabillty in intensive 50 Hz AC interference environments and severe imbalance electrode impedance Status.

Driver fatigue/drowsiness is one of the important causes of serious traffic accidents and results in so many people deaths or injuries, but also substantial directly and indirectly economic expenses. Therefore, many countries make great effort on how to detect drowsiness during driving. In this paper, we introduce the recent developments of driver fatigue/drowsiness detection technology of world wide and try to classify the existing methods into several kinds according to different features measured, and analyzed. Finally, the challenges faced to fatigue/drowsiness detection technology and the development trend are presented.
Accidents, Traffic ; prevention & control ; Automobile Driving ; Electroencephalography ; methods ; Humans ; Mental Fatigue ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Models, Theoretical ; Sleep Stages ; Task Performance and Analysis

Objective To explore the effect of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnoea syndrome(OSAHS)on coronary heart disease in the elder.Methods 27 aged coronary heart disease patients were selected and divided into non-OSAHS,OSAHS groups according sleep apnea-hypopnoea index(AHI).Their age,body mass index,the incidence of myocardial infarction,heart failure,arrhythmia were compared.Results There were significantly higher incidences of heart failure,arrhythmia in OSAHS group than in non-OSAHS group,as well as body mass index.Conclusion OSAHS may aggravate the coronary heart disease in elderly patients.