Background: In 2008, the Department of Health (DOH) issued Administrative Order 2008-0023 that called for an “effective and efficient monitoring system that will link all patient safety initiatives”. However, there are still no explicit and harmonized targets to measure effectiveness and to provide benchmarks that assess whether previous efforts were helpful. Objective: The study aimed to describe the status of patient safety performance measures and indicators on the international patient safety goals (IPSGs) in select hospitals in the Philippines. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional design was used to investigate currently used performance measures and indicators. Data collection included administration of a Hospital Patient Safety Indicators Questionnaire (HPSIQ) that summarized the currently used patient safety measures and indicators in the sampled Level 2 and level 3 hospitals and triangulation by review of documents such as hospital databases, protocols on reporting, and manuals for information gathering regarding patient safety. Performance measures were categorized using the Donabedian framework. Core indicators were identified through review of standards that cut across the six IPSGs and evaluation of overarching processes and concepts in patient safety. Results: Forty-one level 2 and 3 hospitals participated in the study. Most performance indicators were process measures (52%), while structure (31%) and outcome measures (17%) accounted for the rest. There is an obvious lack of structural requirements for patient safety in the hospitals included in this study. Less than half the hospitals surveyed implement risk assessment and management consistently. Reporting of events, near- misses, and patient safety data are widely varied among hospitals. Data utilization for quality improvement is not fully established in many of the hospitals. Patient engagement is not integrated in service delivery and performance measurement but is crucial in promoting patient safety. Conclusion Mechanisms to improve hospitals’ capacity to monitor, anticipate, and reduce risk of patient harm during the provision of healthcare should be provided. Having a unified set of definitions and protocols for measurement will facilitate reliable monitoring and improvement. Leadership and governance, both internal (e.g., hospital administrators) and external (e.g., DOH) that recognize a data-driven approach to policymaking and improvement of service delivery are crucial in promoting patient safety
Patient Safety ; Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care

Background: Universal newborn hearing screening is mandated in the Philippines through the Universal Newborn Hearing Screening and Intervention Act of 2009 (RA 9709). Newborn hearing screening (NBHS) centers are required to perform screening tests, compile and submit data on screened newborns, and advise parents on the subsequent steps after NBHS. Objective: The study aimed to conduct a survey of the implementation of the Universal Newborn Hearing Screening and Intervention Program (UNHSIP) in the different regions of the country; and assess the information technology (IT) capabilities of hearing centers. Methods: Fifty-one NBHS centers across twelve regions were surveyed through on-site inspections in 2016. Data was gathered on the centers’ testing capability, staffing, access to specialists, use of local protocols, connectivity, and IT capabilities. Results: All surveyed centers followed the recommended protocols of the Manual of Operations of the Universal Newborn Hearing Screening and Intervention Act of 2009 (RA 9709). Among the 12 regions visited, only five (41.67%) had Category C centers with confirmatory testing and early amplification services as recommended. Majority of facilities (96.1%) were staffed by trained and certified personnel. A small percentage had access to subspecialists such as clinical audiologists (39.2%) and speech-language pathologists (23.5%). All facilities had computer access, but only 58.8% had internet access. Majority (94.1%) of the centers visited were not using the recommended data submission methods, specifically the use of registry cards and the online registry. Only 27.5% of centers had data on newborns who underwent confirmatory testing or early intervention. Conclusion Facilities were found to be compliant to NBHS screening protocols and majority complied with certification requirements for staff; but were found to be non-compliant with use of registry cards or the online registry. Majority of centers were able to contact the parents of neonates who did not pass newborn screening, but had no system to track outcomes. Lack of confirmatory and early intervention services in identified areas emphasize the need for development of regional centers. It is recommended that measures to improve the utilization of the online registry are taken.
Neonatal Screening

Objectives: The celiac trunk (CT) is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta and typically gives rise to the left gastric artery (LGA), common hepatic artery (CHA), and splenic artery (SA), which supply blood to the abdominal viscera. Variations in the branching pattern of the CT exist and knowledge of such is crucial when performing surgical, laparoscopic, and angiographic procedures. The aim of this study is to determine the anatomic variations of the CT in adult Filipino cadavers and to compare the proportions of these with those reported in the foreign literature. Methods: Adult Filipino cadavers from the University of the Philippines College of Medicine Anatomy Laboratory were dissected by first year medical students from 2014-2019. The CT and its branches were identified, drawn on a separate piece of paper, and confirmed to be correct and accurate by an anatomist. The data collected from that period was reviewed. Percentages were calculated for the branching patterns identified. A Z-test of Two Populations was used to compare the results of the current study to that of Pinal-Garcia (2018), Pillay (2020) and Venieratos (2013). Results: A total of 107 drawings based on 107 dissected preserved cadavers were reviewed. Ninety-two specimens (85.98%) showed typical branching into the LGA, CHA, and SA. The CT presented as a true tripod (tripus Halleri) in 75 specimens (70.09%) and as a bifurcation with one of the three arteries arising first along the trunk (false tripod) in 17 specimens (15.89%). Nine cadavers (8.41%) showed additional branches arising from the CT and four (3.74%) showed bifurcation of the CT with the third branch arising from a different artery. Conclusion The most common configuration of the CT among Filipino adult cadavers is a true tripod, followed by a false tripod, additional branching, and bifurcation of the CT with the third branch arising elsewhere. The present study most closely resembles the results of the study of Venieratos.

Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of significant morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization worldwide including the Philippines. Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (C-TGA) occurs when the right atrium enters the morphological left ventricle which gives rise to the pulmonary artery and the left atrium communicates with the right ventricle which gives rise to the aorta. Heart failure can occur in C-TGA especially if associated with other heart defects. Ideal management is anatomic correction via surgery to prevent or address heart failure. Peritoneal dialysis has been used as a therapeutic intervention for patients with refractory heart failure and kidney injury with or without kidney failure due to its gentler fluid removal compared to conventional ultrafiltration resulting in less myocardial stunning and neurohormonal activation. We present the case of a patient with heart failure who started on peritoneal dialysis (PD) as an adjunct therapy for fluid management after failing to satisfactorily achieve volume control with diuretics. The patient is a 56-year-old man with C-TGA admitted for decompensated heart failure. He was initially treated with intravenous diuretics on the first admission but was readmitted after 3 months for decompensation this time with borderline low blood pressure making diuresis difficult. The patient was given loop diuretics, tolvaptan, and angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) but still with decreasing trends in urine output and inadequate symptom control. PD was initiated before discharge with subsequent improvement in heart failure symptoms. The patient was on regular follow-up for PD maintenance and titration of heart failure medication. In this case report, we have shown how PD can be an effective adjunct to guideline-directed medical therapy in patients with severely symptomatic heart failure who have an unstable hemodynamic status and for which volume management cannot be satisfactorily achieved with diuretics.
peritoneal dialysis ; heart failure ; congenital heart disease ; congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries ; diuresis ; ultrafiltration

Objectives. The Association of Philippine Medical Colleges (APMC) responded to the global call for transformative learning by conducting a series of Faculty In-service Training. This study was commissioned to determine faculty trainees' perceptions of the program in terms of relevance, comprehensiveness, and quality. It also described their applications of the program in their delivery of instruction, assessment, organization, and management skills.

Methods. This is a sequential explanatory mixed-method research. The quantitative phase refers to the analysis of the rating scale accomplished by participants as feedback. The qualitative phase includes analysis of focus group discussion results and actual course syllabi used by selected participants, including medical schools' documents. Both data were integrated using a combination of descriptive statistics, measures of central tendency and dispersion, as well as joint displays.

Results. APMC conducted six in-service trainings from 2015 to 2018. Themes focused on medical teachers' roles as instructional designers, facilitators, assessors of learning, and as leaders and managers. Respondents perceived the programs as most relevant, comprehensive, and interesting. The syllabi, instructional resources, and assessment instruments and practices were consistent with the standards of the Commission on Higher Education. Medical teachers showed that they use innovative teaching and assessment strategies, and are dealing with medical education's continuous challenges.

Conclusion. Faculty participants perceived the APMC in-service training programs most favorably for capacitating them to enhance their teaching skills and inculcate the culture of quality in medical schools. APMC's training also reflects the organization's commitment to social accountability.

Education, Medical

Objectives: The celiac trunk (CT) is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta and typically gives rise to the left gastric artery (LGA), common hepatic artery (CHA), and splenic artery (SA), which supply blood to the abdominal viscera. Variations in the branching pattern of the CT exist and knowledge of such is crucial when performing surgical, laparoscopic, and angiographic procedures. The aim of this study is to determine the anatomic variations of the CT in adult Filipino cadavers and to compare the proportions of these with those reported in the foreign literature. Methods: Adult Filipino cadavers from the University of the Philippines College of Medicine Anatomy Laboratory were dissected by first year medical students from 2014-2019. The CT and its branches were identified, drawn on a separate piece of paper, and confirmed to be correct and accurate by an anatomist. The data collected from that period was reviewed. Percentages were calculated for the branching patterns identified. A Z-test of Two Populations was used to compare the results of the current study to that of Pinal-Garcia (2018), Pillay (2020) and Venieratos (2013). Results: A total of 107 drawings based on 107 dissected preserved cadavers were reviewed. Ninety-two specimens (85.98%) showed typical branching into the LGA, CHA, and SA. The CT presented as a true tripod (tripus Halleri) in 75 specimens (70.09%) and as a bifurcation with one of the three arteries arising first along the trunk (false tripod) in 17 specimens (15.89%). Nine cadavers (8.41%) showed additional branches arising from the CT and four (3.74%) showed bifurcation of the CT with the third branch arising from a different artery. Conclusion The most common configuration of the CT among Filipino adult cadavers is a true tripod, followed by a false tripod, additional branching, and bifurcation of the CT with the third branch arising elsewhere. The present study most closely resembles the results of the study of Venieratos.
Cadaver

The inferior trapezius flap (ITF) is useful as a primary means of head and neck reconstruction or as a salvage flap when a previous flap has failed. This report illustrates a neck bypass modification technique which places the pedicle external and lateral to the neck, thereby 1) increasing the flap's reach and 2) decreasing compression from subcutaneous tunneling. It also describes the authors' experience with this technique.

Superficial Back Muscles ; Surgical Flaps

Acquired intraabdominal arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a rare disorder where the communication most commonly occurs between the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava. Ilioiliac AVF has been reported previously, but is exceedingly rare. We present a case of acquired arteriovenous fistula of the right common iliac artery and left common iliac vein with extensive collateralization (ilioiliac AVF) in a 36-year-old female who presented with symptoms of high output congestive heart failure 18 years after sustaining an abdominal gunshot wound.

Human ; Female ; Adult ; Cardiac Output, High ; Heart Failure ; Arteriovenous Fistula ; Venous Thrombosis ; Wounds, Gunshot ; injuries ; Wounds and Injuries

A 42-year-old male was admitted at the University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital (UP-PGH) for a 3-month history of non-healing wound in the medial side of his right leg in spite of multiple antibiotics. The wound worsened with multiple ulcerations and draining sinuses. The wound was shown to have suppurative and granulomatous infiltrates that yielded Mycrobacterium tuberculosis. An algorithm in the approach to a chronic or non-healing wound is discussed.

Human ; Male ; Adult ; Hospitals, General ; Anti-bacterial Agents ; Suppuration ; Tuberculosis ; Communicable Diseases ; Lower Extremity

This a case of a 39-year-old Filipino male with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) diagnosed in 2006, presenting with a 3-month history of non-healing wound on his right lower leg. This paper will discuss the etiologies of a non-healing wound and present an algorithm to guide the approach to diagnosis and management.

Human ; Male ; Adult ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic ; Algorithms