Human ; Infant, Newborn ; Mass Screening ; Neonatal Screening ; Censuses

Infant, Newborn ; Mass Screening ; Neonatal Screening

Humans ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Endoscopy ; Esophageal Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Risk Factors ; Mass Screening

Objectives: This preliminary study determined the prevalence of HIV infection among patients with newly diagnosed solid and hematologic malignancies at the Philippine General Hospital - Cancer Institute. Methods: Adult Filipinos aged 19 years and above with biopsy- or imaging-confirmed malignancy and for chemotherapy, seen at the adult medical oncology and hematology clinic from January to September 2021 were included. Demographic and clinical data were obtained using a questionnaire. Rapid HIV screening was performed using blood extracted via finger prick. Pre- and post-test counselling were conducted. Results: Of the 124 patients included in our study, majority were female (91, 73.4%), and 45 years old and above with a median age of 49 (20 – 74). Majority had solid tumors (121, 97.6%) with breast cancer being the most common (67, 54.0%) followed by colorectal (18, 14.5%), and head and neck cancer (14, 11.3%). Among those with hematologic malignancies, two had acute myelogenous leukemia and one had multiple myeloma. Six patients had AIDS-defining malignancies (NHL, cervical cancer). HIV risk factors and associated conditions were present in 18 patients (14.5%). Ten patients reported prior HIV testing. None of the patients tested positive for HIV. Conclusion The absence of HIV cases detected in our cohort may be due to the low prevalence of HIV risk factors and associated conditions. At this time, there is insufficient evidence to routinely recommend HIV testing among newlydiagnosed cancer patients. However, physicians are encouraged to offer HIV testing to cancer patients, especially to those with HIV risk factors, given the benefits of early detection and management of HIV.
HIV ; Philippines ; Neoplasms ; Mass Screening

OBJECTIVE

This study determined the diagnostic accuracies of Growth and Retinopathy of Prematurity (GROP) criteria and a novel modified G-ROP criteria on identifying retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in infants referred for screening at a tertiary hospital.

This was a single-center, cross-sectional, retrospective study. Medical records of infants referred for ROP screening from January 2012 to December 2021 were reviewed. Infants were labelled as “requiring ROP examination” if they met the 2020 Philippine Academy of Ophthalmology – ROP Working Group (PAO-ROPWG) screening consensus, G-ROP, or modified G-ROP criteria. We compared the accuracy of each criterion in predicting prethreshold ROP, evaluating sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values, as well as percentage of low-risk infants. Statistical analysis used Chi-square tests and one-way ANOVA with post hoc testing.

Of the 873 infants, 162 infants (18.6%) were noted to have ROP of any stage. Type 1 ROP developed in 15.4%, and type 2 ROP in 16.7%. The 2020 PAO-ROPWG consensus had 100% sensitivity (95% CI: 86.3%- 100%) in detecting type 1 and 2 ROP while 323 infants (37%) were low-risk. G-ROP criteria had 100% (95% CI: 86.3%-100%) sensitivity and 79.2% (95% CI: 76.4%-81.9%) specificity in predicting type 1 ROP, and 88.89% (95% CI: 70.84%-97.65%) sensitivity and 79.1% (95% CI: 76.2%-81.8%) specificity in predicting type 2 ROP, while 672 infants (77%) were classified as low-risk. Modified G-ROP criteria had a 100% (95% CI: 86.3%-100%) sensitivity in predicting type 1 and 2 ROP, 54.9% (95% CI: 51.5%-58.3%) and 55.1% (95% CI: 51.7%-58.5%) specificity in predicting type 1 and type 2 ROP, respectively, while 472 infants (54%) were classified as low-risk.

G-ROP and modified G-ROP criteria showed high sensitivity and better specificity compared to the 2020 PAO-ROPWG consensus. Their stricter criteria for gestational age and birth weight likely enhanced specificity. Further research is needed to confirm these findings in a broader population.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the disease spectrum for abnormal 3-hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine (C5OH) metabolism identified through newborn screening and clinical diagnosis patients and the key points for differential diagnosis so as to raise the awareness of pediatricians for such diseases. METHODS: Clinical data of 85 neonates with abnormal C5OH metabolism identified from February 2004 to January 2022 at Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine were collected. Their clinical manifestations and results of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and genetic testing were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 85 cases, 46 (54.1%) were identified by neonate screening, whilst 39 (45.9%) were clinically diagnosed patients. Five diseases were diagnosed, including 28 cases with multiple carboxylase deficiency (MCD, 32.9%), 29 cases with 3-methylcrotonyl-coenzymeAcarboxylasedeficiency (MCCD, 34.1%), 4 cases with 3-methylglutaconic acid (3-MGA, 4.7%), 7 cases with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (3-HMG, 8.2%), and 17 cases with beta-ketothiolase deficiency (BKD, 20.0%). The disorders were characterized by sudden onset, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, abnormal breathing, consciousness disorder, spasm and developmental delay. CONCLUSION Among newborns with abnormal C5OH metabolism, MCCD is the most common disorder, which was followed by BKD and MCD. For patients with abnormal C5OH metabolism, MCD is the most common, followed by BKD and 3-HMG. C5OH related diseases have great heterogeneity. Combination of blood acylcarnitine levels, urinary organic acid levels and genetic testing based on clinical characteristics can help to attain the diagnosis.
Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; China ; Neonatal Screening ; Retrospective Studies ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods*

Despite the achievements obtained worldwide in the control of tuberculosis in recent years, many countries and regions including China still face challenges such as low diagnosis rate, high missed diagnosis rate, and delayed diagnosis of the disease. The discovery strategy of tuberculosis in China has changed from "active discovery by X-ray examination" to "passive discovery by self-referral due to symptoms", and currently the approach is integrated involving self-referral due to symptoms, active screening, and physical examination. Active screening could help to identify early asymptomatic and untreated cases. With the development of molecular biology and artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis technology, there are more options for active screening among the large-scale populations. Although the implementation cost of a population-based active screening strategy is high, it has great value in social benefits, and active screening in special populations can obtain better benefits. Active screening of tuberculosis is an important component of the disease control. It is suggested that active screening strategies should be optimized according to the specific conditions of the regions to ultimately ensure the benefit of the tuberculosis control.
Humans ; Artificial Intelligence ; Tuberculosis/prevention & control* ; Mass Screening ; China

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in China. The effectiveness of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening has been further validated in recent years, and significant progress has been made in research on identifying high-risk individuals, personalizing screening interval, and management of screen-detected findings. The aim of this study is to revise China national lung cancer screening guideline with LDCT (2018 version). The China Lung Cancer Early Detection and Treatment Expert Group (CLCEDTEG) designated by the China's National Health Commission, and China Lung Oncolgy Group experts, jointly participated in the revision of Chinese lung cancer screening guideline (2023 version). This revision is based on the recent advances in LDCT lung cancer screening at home and abroad, and the epidemiology of lung cancer in China. The following aspects of the guideline were revised: (1) lung cancer risk factors besides smoking were considered for the identification of high risk population; (2) LDCT scan parameters were further classified; (3) longer screening interval is recommended for individuals who had negative LDCT screening results for two consecutive rounds; (4) the follow-up interval for positive nodules was extended from 3 months to 6 months; (5) the role of multi-disciplinary treatment (MDT) in the management of positive nodules, diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer were emphasized. This revision clarifies the screening, intervention and treatment pathways, making the LDCT screening guideline more appropriate for China. Future researches based on emerging technologies, including biomarkers and artificial intelligence, are needed to optimize LDCT screening in China in the future.
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Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Early Detection of Cancer/methods* ; Artificial Intelligence ; Mass Screening/methods* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods* ; China/epidemiology*

INTRODUCTION: MyDiagnostick is an atrial fibrillation (AF) screening tool that has been validated in the Caucasian population in the primary care setting. METHODS: In our study, we compared MyDiagnostick with manual pulse check for AF screening in the community setting. RESULTS: In our cohort of 671 candidates from a multi-ethnic Asian population, AF prevalence was found to be 1.78%. Of 12 candidates, 6 (50.0%) had a previous history of AF and another 6 (50.0%) were newly diagnosed with AF. Candidates found to have AF during the screening were older (72.0 ± 11.7 years vs. 56.0 ± 13.0 years, P < 0.0001) and had a higher CHADSVASC risk score (2.9 ± 1.5 vs. 1.5 ± 1.1, P = 0.0001). MyDiagnostick had a sensitivity of 100.0% and a specificity of 96.2%. In comparison, manual pulse check had a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 98.9%. CONCLUSION MyDiagnostick is a simple AF screening device that can be reliably used by non-specialist professionals in the community setting. Its sensitivity and specificity are comparable and validated across various studies performed in different population cohorts.
Humans ; Atrial Fibrillation/diagnosis* ; Heart Rate ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Risk Factors ; Electrocardiography ; Mass Screening

Humans ; Aspirin/therapeutic use* ; Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control* ; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Risk Assessment ; Mass Screening