In the binary of gender, women and femininity came to be associated with motherhood, nurturing, and beauty whilst men and masculinity were associated with productivity, protection, and strength. No longer are we to systematically categorize an individual's gender in terms of polar opposite of femininity and masculinity, but instead we must acknowledge all that resides in between those two poles and allow for identity terms that best express their sense of self. The term ‘transgender has become an umbrella term for a broader and more encompassing array of gender narratives outside of the binary norm of gender. Gender dysphoria is managed and treatable through psychotherapy and through the social and medical transition of gender. The support of transgender individuals' preferred gender through social acknowledgment, gender expression, hormone therapy, and surgery has been proven to alleviate symptoms of gender dysphoria in transgender people, enabling them to incorporate back into society.
Beauty ; Efficiency ; Female ; Femininity ; Gender Dysphoria ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Male ; Masculinity ; Psychotherapy ; Transgender Persons*

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify types and characteristics of gender role identity from the perspectives of nursing students who experience challenges and maladjustments that are distinct from students in other departments because nursing students have a curriculum that includes both academic courses and clinical practice. METHODS: Q Methodology was used to examine differences in the meaning of gender role identity among individual students. Data from 40 women nursing students, using 40 Q samples representing masculinity and femininity, were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The participants' responses were classified into three types: 'Affectionate-sensitive type' represented by those who share traditional Korean feminine characteristics and are delicately sensitive. 'Affectionate-assertive type' represented by those who have strong characteristics of warm leaders, and are responsive and confident. 'Sensitive-expressive type' represented by those who are excellent in communication and have high empathic ability. CONCLUSION: Nursing professors or counselors need to provide nursing students with guidance and counseling related to adaptation to school life, career exploration, and career choice based on the their type of gender role identity.
Career Choice ; Counseling ; Curriculum ; Female ; Femininity ; Gender Identity* ; Humans ; Masculinity ; Methods* ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the specific types and characteristics of gender role identity in view of male nursing students. METHOD: Q-methodology, a technique for extracting subjective opinions, was used. Forty participants completed the Q-sort activity, rating each statement relative to the others. The Q sample has two categories, representing masculinity and femininity, and each category has 20 statements, resulting in 40 adjectives. The collected data were analyzed by QUANL PC program. RESULTS: Three types of gender role identity of male nursing students were identified: 'Taciturn warmth type', 'assertive power type', 'empathic warmth type'. Despite the differences among the types in this research, male nursing students are likely to have the understanding and keep faith. CONCLUSION: Male nursing students were exposed to many problems because of the gendered culture of nursing education. To understand the male nursing students' gender role identity will help to promote adaptation in nursing field.
Education, Nursing ; Femininity ; Gender Identity* ; Humans ; Male ; Masculinity ; Nursing ; Q-Sort ; Students, Nursing*

PURPOSE: A considerable number of medical students drop out due to low academic achievement, and these students have a high probability of repeated failure experiences. This study investigated the personal and academic problems of these students to help develop student support systems. METHODS: First-year (n=146) and second-year (n=119) medical students were asked to complete questionnaires. The questionnaires consisted of personality traits and the students' management of/satisfaction with school life. RESULTS: Students who had already dropped out accounted for 17.4% of the study subjects. The most common reason for dropping out was low academic achievement, and the most difficult part of taking a leave of absence from school was psychological anxiety. The group who dropped out had significantly lower levels of emotional stability, sociability, responsibility, dominance, masculinity, and superiority and more vulnerable mental states compared with those who did not drop out. They also expressed less motivation with regard to medical science and less satisfaction with school life than did the group that did not drop out. Those who dropped out tended not to prepare for exams, and they managed their time ineffectively. They also tried to resolve their difficulties alone and rarely sought help from teachers. CONCLUSION: More intimate student-teacher relationships should be established, and teachers should be encouraged to meet and interact with their students on a regular basis. Additionally, personality inventories should be used to assist in efforts to understand students, especially to identify hidden social and emotional problems.
Achievement ; Anxiety ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Masculinity ; Motivation ; Personality Inventory ; Student Dropouts ; Students, Medical ; Surveys and Questionnaires

As the breast of woman is considered as a symbol of femininity, the shoulder of man is regarded as a symbol of masculinity. Narrow shoulders disallow proper fitting of male clothing and result disproportionately large and unbalanced facial look in men. The purpose of this article was to evaluate the aesthetic outcomes of shoulder augmentation using soft silicone in patients with narrow shoulders. From April 2009 to July 2010, 21 male patients received shoulder augmentation by using silicone implants in the subfascial space of the deltoid muscle. The silicone implant was prefabricated according to the shape of the lateral portion of the deltoid muscle, and placed in subfascial pocket. After the operation, the shoulder width was increased by 6.6cm on average and patients were satisfied with their augmented shoulders, giving them more sharp figure when wearing their clothes. The firmness of the soft silicone is similar that of the deltoid muscle, and the curvature of the implant looks like a natural deltoid muscle. The subfascial position of the implant does not limit the range of motion of the shoulder joint. The authors expect that shoulder augmentation will take part in a new entity of body contouring surgery.
Breast ; Clothing ; Deltoid Muscle ; Female ; Femininity ; Humans ; Male ; Masculinity ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Shoulder ; Shoulder Joint ; Silicone Elastomers

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore gender-role identity and cyber delinquency in high school students. METHODS: Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires and analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA. The data survey was conducted with 1,208 conveniently selected high school students in Seoul, Gyung-gi and Chung-chung province. RESULTS: The cyber delinquency score was 38.94 and androgyny gender role identity was most common (34.0%). There were significant differences in cyber delinquency by academic year, gender, school record, economic status, educational background of parents, experiences of smoking, drinking, runaway, and gender-role identity. According to gender-role identity, the masculinity group showed highest cyber delinquency and the undifferentiated, androgyny, and femininity groups followed respectively. CONCLUSION: These findings are expected to make a contribution to creation of ideal interventions and to help discover early stage cyber delinquency in high school students as approached by gender role identity.
Adolescent ; Child ; Drinking ; Educational Status ; Femininity ; Gender Identity ; Homeless Youth ; Humans ; Juvenile Delinquency ; Masculinity ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seoul ; Smoke ; Smoking

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore gender-role identity and cyber delinquency in high school students. METHODS: Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires and analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA. The data survey was conducted with 1,208 conveniently selected high school students in Seoul, Gyung-gi and Chung-chung province. RESULTS: The cyber delinquency score was 38.94 and androgyny gender role identity was most common (34.0%). There were significant differences in cyber delinquency by academic year, gender, school record, economic status, educational background of parents, experiences of smoking, drinking, runaway, and gender-role identity. According to gender-role identity, the masculinity group showed highest cyber delinquency and the undifferentiated, androgyny, and femininity groups followed respectively. CONCLUSION: These findings are expected to make a contribution to creation of ideal interventions and to help discover early stage cyber delinquency in high school students as approached by gender role identity.
Adolescent ; Child ; Drinking ; Educational Status ; Femininity ; Gender Identity ; Homeless Youth ; Humans ; Juvenile Delinquency ; Masculinity ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seoul ; Smoke ; Smoking

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of the gender role identity and quality of life of women applying hormone replacement therapy with hysterectomy and to identify the relation among these variables.The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of the gender role identity and quality of life of women applying hormone replacement therapy with hysterectomy and to identify the relation among these variables. METHODS: The subjects were 121 outpatients applying hormone replacement therapy with hysterectomy at a university hospital in Busan province. The data were collected using self-reported questionnaire and medical record, from September to October 2008. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in the degree of quality of life according to the age, educational level, occupation, family economic status, Body Mass Index (BMI), menopause state, duration to restarting intercourse from hysterectomy, discomfort from intercourse, satisfaction from intercourse and duration, sources, and formulation of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The femininity identity group occupied the largest proportion (31.4%), and then the masculinity identity group (28.1%), the undifferentiated identity group (26.4%), and finally the androgyny identity group (14.1%). There was a positive correlation between femininity and quality of life (r=.276, p=.002). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that HRT helps the women's sense of loss caused by hysterectomy to be reduced, the postmenopausal symptom after hysterectomy to be relieved and the quality of life to be improved.
Body Mass Index ; Female ; Femininity ; Gender Identity ; Hormone Replacement Therapy ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Masculinity ; Medical Records ; Menopause ; Occupations ; Outpatients ; Quality of Life ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study was to survey the university student's sex role identity type, sexual consciousness, sexual behaviors, and sexual impulse. METHODS: The subjects were 332 university students who were eligible and agreed to participate in this study. Data were collected from May 22 to June 9, 2007. RESULTS: Difference of sex role identity type by gender was that the androgyny was the most prevalent. There was a difference in sex role identity type which was classified by gender. Boy students were high in undifferentiation, where as girl students were high in androgyny. In difference of sexual consciousness and sexual behaviors and sexual impulse by gender, it showed that boy students were higher girl students. Difference of sexual consciousness by sex role identity type was high in masculinity. CONCLUSION: To improve positively the attitudes to sexuality of students who have had undifferentiation type, it need to provide various sexual education and sexual counselling.
Consciousness ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Masculinity ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexuality

Men are primarily responsible for the transmission of HIV because of their participation in risk-taking activities such as unsafe sex (i.e. homosexual and/or heterosexual) and drug injections. Men, particularly men having sex with other males, were identified by the DOH-HIV Serologic Surveillance as one of the subpopulations with the highest risk of acquiring HIV. This can be attributed to their behavior towards safe sex, masculinity and their partner. The main objective of this study was to conduct a formative and qualitative assessment on HIV and AIDS among MSM (men who have sex with other males) in the Philippines by identifying the constructions of their sexual identities and their sexual behaviors and risks using the following themes: social mobility; and, health seeking behaviors. Multiple methods have been utilized in this study such as environmental scoping, key informant interviews and focus group discussion sessions in four selected sites in the Philippines. A Delphi technique was also used to solicit opinion of experts in the field of medical, allied medical and social sciences. Results of this study showed that MSM is a vulnerable and susceptible sub-population group to STI, HIV and AIDS due to the complexities of understanding their own sexualities, the gap between their actual and ideal health seeking behaviors and various sexual experiences that brought about the dynamics of sexual proclivities. The study recommends a strong programmatic design for intervention among MSM to become positive agents of change in STI, HIV and AIDS education.

Human ; Male ; Heterosexuality ; Unsafe Sex ; Safe Sex ; Masculinity ; Homosexuality, Male ; Population Groups ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Philippines ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual Partners ; Sexual And Gender Minorities