Objective:To explore the clinical immune manifestations and high risk factors of children with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), so as to find the basis for early clinical differential diagnosis, prevention and treatment of NPSLE.Methods:Ninety-four children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) admitted to Hunan Children′s Hospital from January 1, 2015 to April 30, 2022 were retrospectively selected. Among them, 19 children with NPSLE were in the NPSLE group, and 75 children without NPSLE were in the SLE group. The disease activity, immune system, lymphocyte subsets, inflammatory factors and autoantibodies were compared between the two groups.Results:Among 94 children with SLE, the incidence of NPSLE was 20.21%(19/94). The most common symptoms of 19 children with NPSLE were headache, epileptic seizure and cerebrovascular disease. The Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI)-2000 score was (19.89±8.33)points. Most of them had a good prognosis through hormone intervention. Compared with the SLE group, NPSLE group had higher SLEDAI-2000 score, white blood cell count, urine protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), interferon (IFN)-α, positive rate of anti-Sm antibody and anticardiolipin antibody, lower platelet count, interleukin-2 (IL-2), C 3, C 4 level (all P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in positive rate of anti-dsDNA antibody and anti-SSA antibody between the two group (both P>0.05). Conclusions:Compared with SLE children, children with NPSLE are often complicated with many kinds of abnormal immune function, mainly abnormal humoral immune function and many kinds of positive antibody, with increased inflammatory factors.

Renal replacement therapy(RRT)is the most effective treatment for patient with severe acute kid-ney injury(AKI).But the timing of initiation of RRT remains controversial.In recent years,there has been an ongoing trend in clinical practice to initiate RRT for AKI earlier especially for patient with AKI stage 2 and severe fluid accumu-lation.There is no single target can predict the timing of discontinuation of RRT,combined use biomarker and urine volume may be a better choice in future.

Objective:To retrospectively analyze the therapeutic effect of subtotal parathyroidectomy (sT-PTX) on uremic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT).Methods:Seventy two SHPT patients treated with sT-PTX in our hospital were enrolled in this study.Serum parathyroid hormone(PTH),calcium(Ca) and phosphorus(P) obtained in the preoperative,postoperative and followup periods were collected and compared.Their symptoms,postoperative complications and relapse were recorded.Results:(1)sT-PTX operation performed successfully in 70/72 patients(97.2％).(2)After sT-PTX,bone pain and itching improved rapidly,with the improvement of nutritional status,Partial patients with renal hypertension were remitted compared with preoperative.Thirteen cases can walk without wheelchair after sT-PTX.(3)Serum PTH,Ca,and P decreased significantly after sT-PTX for one week,one month and 6 months as compared with those before sT-PTX(P＜0.05).(4)Postoperative hypocalcemia was frequently seen(53/72,53.6％) but could be effectively controlled by intravenous calcium infusion.(5)SHPT recurred in the 6 months after sT-PTX in 4 cases (5.7％).Conclusions:T-PTX can effectively decrease PTH level and improve symptoms,and is a safe measure for the treatment of uremic patients with SHPT.

OBJECTIVETo compare the therapeutic effects of prednisone combined with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) versus cyclosporin A (CsA) in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS).

METHODSThe clinical data of 164 SRNS children who were treated with prednisone combined with MMF or CsA between January 2004 and December 2013 were collected, and the clinical effect of prednisone combined with MMF (MMF group, 112 children) or CsA (CsA group, 52 children) was analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTSAt 1 month after treatment, the CsA group had a significantly higher remission rate than the MMF group (67.3% vs 42.9%; P<0.05). At 3 months after treatment, the CsA group also had a significantly higher remission rate than the MMF group (78.8% vs 63.3%; P<0.05). The 24-hour urinary protein excretion in both groups changed significantly with time (P<0.05) and differed significantly between the two groups (P<0.05). There were no serious adverse events in the two groups.

CONCLUSIONSPrednisone combined with MMF or CsA is effective and safe for the treatment of SRNS in children, and within 3 months of treatment, CsA has a better effect than MMF.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cyclosporine ; administration & dosage ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; administration & dosage ; Infant ; Male ; Mycophenolic Acid ; administration & dosage ; analogs & derivatives ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; drug therapy ; Prednisone ; administration & dosage ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To explore the clinical features of systemic onset of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SoJIA) with atlantoaxial subluxation as the initial manifestation. Methods The clinical data from one SoJIA patient with atlantoaxial subluxation as the initial manifestation were retrospectively analyzed. Results A 9-year-old boy presented the head and neck movement disorder as the ifrst symptom, developed fever on the third day, then rapidly progressed on 23rd day, with a sharp decline in red blood cell, platelet, and hemoglobin, blood coagulation dysfunction, and a large number of bilateral pulmonary exudation. Ultrasonography showed excess lfuid in abdomen, chest, and pericardium. According to the 2001 version of the revised International College of Rheumatology standard, the diagnosis of SoJIA combined macrophage activation syndrome was conifrmed. Then treated with hemoperfusion, ifltration, and methylprednisolone combined with cyclosporine A, the disease was in remission. Conclusion For children with spontaneous atlantoaxial subluxation accompanied by the systemic symptoms, with no obvious skeletal deformity or acute inlfammation etc., should be alerted to the consideration of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

OBJECTIVETo study the clinical characteristics of children with an initial onset of IgA nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome and compare them with children with primary nephrotic syndrome, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the differential diagnosis of the two diseases.

METHODSFifty children diagnosed with an initial onset of IgA nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome were included in this study. Seventy-two children diagnosed with an initial onset of primary nephrotic syndrome served as the control group. The clinical and laboratory examination characteristics were compared between the two groups.

RESULTSThe IgA nephropathy group had significantly higher incidence rates of gross haematuria, microscopic haematuria, hypertension, acute kidney injury, low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, anemia, low serum complement C4, steroid resistance, and nephritis-type nephrotic syndrome and a significantly lower incidence of elevated serum IgE compared with the control group (P<0.05). There were significant differences in serum creatinine, serum uric acid, serum total cholesterol, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum IgE, serum complement C4, and hemoglobin levels between the IgA nephropathy and the control groups (P<0.05). The thresholds of serum IgE (<131.2 IU/mL) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (<1.35 mmol/L) were reference parameters in the differential diagnosis of IgA nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome and primary nephrotic syndrome.

CONCLUSIONSChildren with IgA nephropathy presenting nephrotic syndrome manifest mainly as nephritis type and steroid-resistant type in the clinical classification. Cinical manifestations accompanied by serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and IgE are helpful for differential diagnosis of IgA nephropathy presenting nephrotic syndrome and primary nephrotic syndrome.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cholesterol, HDL ; blood ; Complement C4 ; analysis ; Female ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA ; blood ; complications ; Hematuria ; etiology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; blood ; Male ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; blood ; complications

Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Cyclonic Storms ; Dysentery ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male

OBJECTIVETo study the significance of trace immunoglobulin M (IgM) deposits in glomerular mesangium in children with minimal change primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS).

METHODSOne hundred and six children who were clinically diagnosed with PNS and pathologically diagnosed with minimal change disease (MCD) and trace deposition of IgM in renal tissues were enrolled as subjects. Eighty-one PNS children with MCD but no deposition of immune complexes were used as the control group. The clinical characteristics and efficacies of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants were retrospectively analyzed in the two groups. All patients were given full-dose prednisone by oral administration, and patients with glucocorticoid resistance or frequent relapses were additionally given immunosuppressants.

RESULTSThe incidence of glucocorticoid resistance in the IgM deposit group was significantly higher than that in the control group (27.2% vs 12.3%; P<0.05). The incidence of frequent relapses in the IgM deposit group was also significantly higher than that in the control group (48.1% vs 10.4%; P<0.05). The complete remission rate for glucocorticoid-resistant patients treated with prednisone combined with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was 68% and 62% respectively in the IgM deposit and control groups (P>0.05). The relapse frequency in patients with frequent relapses was significantly reduced in both groups after treatment with prednisone and MMF in combination (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSTrace deposition of IgM in renal tissues may be an important factor for glucocorticoid resistance and frequent relapses in PNS children with MCD. Prednisone combined with MMF may be a better choice in the treatment of patients with glucocorticoid resistance or frequent relapses.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Resistance ; Female ; Glomerular Mesangium ; immunology ; Glucocorticoids ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin M ; analysis ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; therapeutic use ; Infant ; Male ; Nephrosis, Lipoid ; drug therapy ; immunology ; Retrospective Studies

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics of pancreatic gland damage in children with Henoch-Sch(o)nlein purpura(HSP).Methods The serum and urine analysis of 95 examples were detected by the automatic biochemical analyzer,which were diagnosed as HSP from Aug.2009 to Jun.2010 in Department of Nephrology,Hunan Children's Hospital,and the clinical characteristics of them were analyzed.All children were treated with anti-infection and anti-allergic drugs.The pancreatic morphology of patients was observed by B ultrasonic,and the clinical features of skin,joints,digestive tract,and kidney damage were observed.And the relationship between damage of pancreas and damage of other systems was analyzed.Results There were 64 cases suffering from pancreatic gland damage in 95 HSP children:34 cases were male(53.1％),30 cases were female(46.9％),and there was no significant difference (x2 =0.56,P ＞ 0.05).The incidence of pancreatic gland damage of the patients with allergic purpura combined with abdominalgia was 82.8％ (53 cases),which was obviously higher than that in the patients without abdominalgia (11 cases,17.2％)(x2 =14.24,P ＜0.05).The incidence of pancreatic gland damage in mixed type of allergic purpura(61 cases,95.3％) was obviously higher than that in the patients which only possess the skin rash(3 cases,4.7％) (x2 =18.18,P ＜0.05).The pancreatic glands of the total 64 patients were detected by type B ultrasonic.None of them had been detected with pancreatic gland edema and deformation of structure.The mean hospital stay of the HSP patients with pancreatic gland damage was (10.80 ± 6.39) days (5-39 days),while mean hospital stay without pancreatic gland damage was (8.42 ± 3.51) days (4-13 days),and there was no significant difference between them (t =5.68,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions HSP children usually were accompanied with pancreatic gland damage,and if they get abdominalgia and multi-system damage they are more likely to be accompanied with pancreatic gland damage,which should be paid attention to.

Objective To analyze the clinical and pathological characteristics of children in different stages and to investigate the clinical significance based on clinical diagnosis and staging criteria of acute kidney injury(AKI).Methods Based on the clinical diagnosis and staging criteria of AKI,165 AKI children admitted to the Department of Nephrology of Hunan Children's Hospital,between Oct.2004 and Oct.2011 were divided into 3 groups:stage 1,stage 2 and stage 3.Clinical characteristics,age,etiology,pathology and prognosis were compared among 3 groups of children with AKI.Results (1) A total of 165 patients(109 males and 56 females) were included in this study,average age of (6.26 ± 4.43) years,including 69 patients in stage 1,19 patients in stage 2,and 77 patients in stage 3.(2) The 3 groups of patients had an average age of(9.09 ± 3.69) years,(4.34 ± 3.90) years,and (4.22 ± 3.78) years,respectively,which showed significant differences (P ＜ 0.01).(3)Three most frequent causes of AKI were drugs (24.8％),acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) (22.4％) and septicemia (15.2 ％),which showed significant differences (P ＜ 0.01).(4) Renal histopathological examination was performed on 140 AKI children,3 most main types of pathology were acute tubular interstitial nephritis 56 cases (40.0％),endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis 33 cases (23.6％) and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis 18 cases(12.9％).In the stage 1 patients,glomerular disease was predominant(84.4％).In the stage 2 patients,glomerular disease(38.5％) and tubulointerstitial lesions(38.5％) were the major pathological types.In the stage 3 patients,tubulointerstitial damage (73.0％) was the major pathological type (P ＜0.01).The patients in 3 different groups showed significant differences in the ratio of tubulointerstitial disease and glomerular disease(P ＜0.01).(5)The median recovery time of serum creatinine to the baseline was 9 days(3-41 days) for stage 1 patients,11 days(3-25 days) for stage 2 patients,and 16 days(3-∝ days) for stage 3 patients,which showed a significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).(6)Of the 165 A KI patients,124 cases had hematuria,126 cases had varying degrees of proteinuria.There were significant differences in the hematuria incidence and the duration among the 3 groups(P ＜ 0.01).There was no difference in the proteinuria incidence among the 3 groups (P ＞ 0.05),while the stage 1 patients showed significant differences from the other 2 groups (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions The patients are mostly seen in stage 1 and stage 3.The stage 1 AKI children are largely school-age children and acute glomerulone phritis is the main etiology.The stage 3 AKI children are mainly infants and the etiology of AKI is mainly drugs and septicemia,the pathological type is mainly acute tubulointerstitial nephritis,and the renal functional recovery is slow.