Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease caused by abnormal synchronous discharge of the brain, which is characterized by recurrent and transient neurological abnormalities, mainly manifested as loss of consciousness and limb convulsions, and can occur in people of all ages. At present, anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are still the main means of treatment, but their efficacy is limited by the problem of drug resistance, and long-term use can cause serious side effects, such as cognitive dysfunction and vital organ damage. Although surgical resection of epileptic lesions has achieved certain results in some patients, the high cost and potential risk of neurological damage limit its scope of application. Therefore, the development of safe, accurate and personalized non-invasive treatment strategies has become one of the key directions of epilepsy research. In recent years, photobiomodulation (PBM) has gained significant attention as a promising non-invasive therapeutic approach. PBM uses light of specific wavelengths to penetrate tissues and interact with photosensitive molecules within cells, thereby modulating cellular metabolic processes. Research has shown that PBM can enhance mitochondrial function, promote ATP production, improve meningeal lymphatic drainage, reduce neuroinflammation, and stimulate the growth of neurons and synapses. These biological effects suggest that PBM not only holds the potential to reduce the frequency of seizures but also to improve the metabolic state and network function of neurons, providing a novel therapeutic avenue for epilepsy treatment. Compared to traditional treatment methods, PBM is non-invasive and avoids the risks associated with surgical interventions. Its low risk of significant side effects makes it particularly suitable for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, offering new therapeutic options for those who have not responded to conventional treatments. Furthermore, PBM’s multi-target mechanism enables it to address a variety of complex etiologies of epilepsy, demonstrating its potential in precision medicine. In contrast to therapies targeting a single pathological mechanism, PBM’s multifaceted approach makes it highly adaptable to different types of epilepsy, positioning it as a promising supplementary or alternative treatment. Although animal studies and preliminary clinical trials have shown positive outcomes with PBM, its clinical application remains in the exploratory phase. Future research should aim to elucidate the precise mechanisms of PBM, optimize light parameters, such as wavelength, dose, and frequency, and investigate potential synergistic effects with other therapeutic modalities. These efforts will be crucial for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of PBM and ensuring its safety and consistency in clinical settings. This review summarizes the types of epilepsy, diagnostic biomarkers, the advantages of PBM, and its mechanisms and potential applications in epilepsy treatment. The unique value of PBM lies not only in its multi-target therapeutic effects but also in its adaptability to the diverse etiologies of epilepsy. The combination of PBM with traditional treatments, such as pharmacotherapy and neuroregulatory techniques, holds promise for developing a more comprehensive and multidimensional treatment strategy, ultimately alleviating the treatment burden on patients. PBM has also shown beneficial effects on neural network plasticity in various neurodegenerative diseases. The dynamic remodeling of neural networks plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and treatment of epilepsy, and PBM’s multi-target mechanism may promote brain function recovery by facilitating neural network remodeling. In this context, optimizing optical parameters remains a key area of research. By adjusting parameters such as wavelength, dose, and frequency, researchers aim to further enhance the therapeutic effects of PBM while maintaining its safety and stability. Looking forward, interdisciplinary collaboration, particularly in the fields of neuroscience, optical engineering, and clinical medicine, will drive the development of PBM technology and facilitate its transition from laboratory research to clinical application. With the advancement of portable devices, PBM is expected to provide safer and more effective treatments for epilepsy patients and make a significant contribution to personalized medicine, positioning it as a critical component of precision therapeutic strategies.

⁶⁰Co-γ ray irradiation has the unique advantages of high efficiency， strong penetration， operation at room temperature and no residue， which has been widely used in the sterilization of Chinese medicinal materials， decoction pieces， Chinese patent medicine. However， the irradiation effect may cause changes in the content of chemical components in Chinese materia medica or the emergence of new radiolysis products， leading to reduced efficacy and uncontrollable safety risks. This paper reviewed the relevant literature at home and abroad， summarized the effect of irradiation sterilization on various types of chemical compositions of Chinese medicinal materials and their preparations， and analyzed and explored the rule of change. The results showed that the content changes of various chemical components in Chinese materia medica after ⁶⁰Co-γ ray irradiation sterilization varied. The contents of most flavonoids， terpenoids， phenylpropanoids and quinones decreased after irradiation， and the degree of decrease increased with the elevated irradiation dose. The contents of lignans， alkaloids， isoflavones and some terpenoids did not change significantly before and after irradiation， while the content changes of triterpenoid saponins， dihydroflavonols， chalcones， sugars and glycosides after irradiation were not yet uniform. Therefore， it is recommended to pay attention to the compositional changes of irradiated Chinese medicines， strengthen the research on the standards of irradiated Chinese medicines， and standardize the irradiation and sterilization of Chinese medicines in order to promote the healthy and rational application of irradiated Chinese medicines.

Cadmium/metabolism* ; Kidney ; Cells, Cultured ; Mitochondria ; Metallothionein/metabolism* ; Liver

Twelve compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the 80% aqueous ethanol extract of the roots and stems of Dalbergia rimosa Roxb. by silica gel, MCI, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and semi-preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified by spectral analysis such as UV, IR, MS, 1D/2D NMR and by comparison with literature information as dalbergiquinol A (1), dalbergiquinol B (2), R-(-)-3′-hydroxy-2,4,5-trimethoxydalbergiquinol (3), neokhriol A (4), mucronulatol (5), (3R)-7,2′,3′-trihydroxy-4′-methoxy-isoflavane (6), isomucronulatol (7), (3S)-violanone (8), 3′-O-methylviolanone (9), eryvarin M (10), (±)-α,3,4,2′,4′-pentahydroxydihydrochalcone (11) and (-)-butin (12). Compound 1 and 2 are new compounds, and compounds 3-12 were isolated from this plant for the first time. Compounds 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12 showed good scavenging effect on DPPH free radical.

Thrombus is a major factor leading to cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Although fibrinolytic anti-thrombotic drugs have been widely used in clinical practice, they are still limited by narrow therapeutic windows, short half-lives, susceptibility to inactivation, and abnormal bleeding caused by non-targeting. Therefore, it is crucial to effectively deliver thrombolytic agents to the site of thrombus with minimal adverse effects. Based on the long blood circulation and excellent drug-loading properties of human serum albumin (HSA), we employed genetic engineering techniques to insert a functional peptide (P-selectin binding peptide, PBP) which can target the thrombus site to the N-terminus of HSA. The fusion protein was expressed using Pichia pastoris and purified by Ni-chelating affinity chromatography. After being loaded with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), the fusion protein formed homogeneous and stable nanoparticles (named as PBP-HSA@Au) with a diameter of 17.7 ± 1.0 nm and a zeta potential of -11.3 ± 0.2 mV. Cytotoxicity and hemolysis tests demonstrated the superb biocompatibility of PBP-HSA@Au. Platelet-targeting experiments confirmed the thrombus-targeting ability conferred by the introduction of PBP into PBP-HSA@Au. Upon near-infrared ray (NIR) irradiation, PBP-HSA@Au rapidly converted light energy into heat, thereby disrupting fibrinogen and exhibiting outstanding thrombolytic efficacy. The designed HSA fusion protein delivery system provides a precise, rapid, and drug-free treatment strategy for thrombus therapy. This system is characterized by its simple design, high biocompatibility, and strong clinical applicability. All animal experiments involved in this study were carried out under the protocols approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Jiangnan University [JN. No20230915S0301015(423)].

Tumor cells use glycolysis to provide material and energy under hypoxic conditions to meet the energy requirements for rapid growth and proliferation， namely the Warburg effect. Even under aerobic conditions， tumor cells mainly rely on glycolysis to provide energy. Therefore， glucose transporter protein 1（GLUT1）， which is involved in the process of glucose metabolism， plays an important role in tumorigenesis， development and drug resistance， and is considered to be one of the important targets in the treatment of malignant tumors. In recent years， research on tumor glucose metabolism has gradually become a hot spot. It has been shown that various factors are involved in the regulation of tumor energy metabolism， among which the role of GLUT1 is the most critical. In this paper， the authors reviewed the latest research progress of GLUT1-targeted traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） active ingredient nano-delivery system in tumor therapy， aiming to reveal the feasibility and effectiveness of this system in the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs. The GLUT1-targeted TCM active ingredient nano-delivery system can overcome the bottleneck of the traditional targeting strategy as well as the high-permeability long retention（EPR） effect. In summary， the authors believe that the GLUT1-targeted TCM active ingredient nano-delivery system provides a new strategy for targeted treatment of tumors and has a broad application prospect in tumor prevention and treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of Tripterygium wilfordii multiglycoside (TGW) in the treatment of psoriatic dermatitis from a cellular immunological perspective. METHODS: Mouse models of psoriatic dermatitis were established by imiquimod (IMQ). Twelve male BALB/c mice were assigned to IMQ or IMQ₊TGW groups according to a random number table. Histopathological changes in vivo were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Ratios of immune cells and cytokines in mice, as well as PAM212 cell proliferation in vitro were assessed by flow cytometry. Pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was determined using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: TGW significantly ameliorated the severity of IMQ-induced psoriasis-like mouse skin lesions and restrained the activation of CD45⁺ cells, neutrophils and T lymphocytes (all P<0.01). Moreover, TGW significantly attenuated keratinocytes (KCs) proliferation and downregulated the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-23, tumor necrosis factor α, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Furthermore, it reduced the number of γ δ T17 cells in skin lesion of mice and draining lymph nodes (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS TGW improved psoriasis-like inflammation by inhibiting KCs proliferation, as well as the associated immune cells and cytokine expression. It inhibited IL-17 secretion from γ δ T cells, which improved the immune-inflammatory microenvironment of psoriasis.
Male ; Animals ; Mice ; Tripterygium ; Psoriasis/drug therapy* ; Keratinocytes ; Skin Diseases/metabolism* ; Cytokines/metabolism* ; Imiquimod/metabolism* ; Dermatitis/pathology* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Skin/metabolism*

Objective To investigate the role and mechanism of SR8278,a synthetic antagonist of nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1(NR1D1),in alleviating the structural and functional impairment of the extraorbital lacrimal glands induced by jet lag in mice.Methods Totally 36 healthy wild C57BL/6J mice aged 8-10 weeks were randomly divid-ed into 3 groups(normal group,jet-lag group,and jet-lag+SR8278 group)after adapting to a circadian rhythm chamber under the 12 h light/12 h dark(12 h/12 h LD)cycle for 2 weeks,with 12 mice in each group.Mice in the normal group were fed in a circadian rhythm chamber in a 12 h LD cycle,mice in the jet-lag group were fed in a 12 h/12 h LD cycle with an 8-hour advanced LD schedule,and mice in the jet lag+SR8278 group were fed in a 12 h/12 h LD cycle with an 8-hour advanced LD schedule and received 25 mg·kg-1 SR8278.At the end of 5 days of intervention,locomotor activity,core body temperature and tear secretion of mice in each group were collected,and the weight of lacrimal gland tissues and size of lacrimal gland cells were measured.Immunohistochemical methods were used for histological evaluation of the extraor-bital lacrimal glands in mice.Lacrimal ribonucleic acid(RNA)was extracted for high-throughput RNA-sequencing analysis containing NR1D1,and the obtained transcriptomic data were used for KEGG and GO functional enrichment analysis.Re-sults Compared with the normal group,the jet-lag group had higher daytime activity,lower nighttime activity,higher daytime core body temperature,and lower nighttime core body temperature,with statistically significant differences(all P＜0.05).Compared with the jet-lag group,the jet-lag+SR8278 group had lower daytime activity,higher nighttime activi-ty,lower daytime core body temperature,and higher nighttime core body temperature,with statistically significant differ-ences(all P＜0.05).Compared with the normal group,the jet-lag group showed a decrease in lacrimal gland weight and tear secretion and an increase in size of lacrimal gland cells,with statistical significance(all P＜0.05);compared with the jet-lag group,the jet-lag+SR8278 group had an increase in lacrimal gland weight and tear secretion and a decrease in size of lacrimal gland cells,with statistical significance(all P＜0.05).Compared with the normal group,the jet-lag group showed a higher expression of NR1D1 in the lacrimal gland at night;compared with the jet-lag group,the jet-lag+SR8278 group showed a lower expression of NR1 D1 in the lacrimal gland at night(both P＜0.05).Bioinformatics analysis showed 947 significantly different genes in the jet-lag group and the jet-lag+SR8278 group,of which 43 are significantly upregulated genes,and 904 are significantly downregulated genes.The Notch signaling pathway has the most significant difference.Conclusion SR8278 effectively enhances the tear secretion function of jet-lagged mice by targeting NR1D1 inhibition.This process may be completed through the Notch signaling pathway.

Objective A simple,sensitive and rapid ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS)method was developed and validated for the determination of ertapenem in human plasma.Methods Using ertapenem-D4 as internal standard,the protein in plasma was precipitated with acetonitrile;chromatographic column:ACQUITY HSS T3(2.1 mm × 50.0 mm,1.8 μm);the mobile phase was 0.1％formic acid aqueous solution(containing 2 mmol·L-1 ammonium formate)-acetonitrile(0.1％formic acid),using a gradient elution;flow rate:0.4 mL·min-1,injection volume:1 μL,column temperature:45 ℃,the analysis time was 4.5 min,the scanning mode is positive ion selective reaction monitoring mode(SRM)with an electric spray ion source(ESI).The specificity,standard curve and lower limit of quantification,precision and recovery,matrix effect,dilution effect and stability were investigated.Results Ertapenem had a good linearity within 0.5-80.0μg·mL-1,and the standard curve was y=4.25 × 10-1x-2.64× 10-2(r2=0.999 0),the lower limit of quantification was 0.5 μg·mL-1,the relative standard deviation within and between batches is 1.39％-4.15％.The extraction recovery rate was 58.36％-64.57％,and the relative standard deviation of dilution effect was 3.30％,and the matrix effect was 99.71％-103.23％.The relative standard deviation of room temperature,repeated freeze-thaw,4 ℃,and long-term stability are all less than 10％.Conclusion The method is sensitive,rapid and specific,which is suitable for clinical monitoring of Ertapenem.

Objective To investigate the effect of Astragalus extract on oxidative stress in diabetic nephropathy rats by regulating nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/antioxidant response element(ARE)signaling pathway.Methods The diabetic rat model was constructed by high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin,and was randomly divided into model group,experimental-L group,experimental-H group,experimental-H+ML385 group,with 12 rats in each group,and 12 rats were selected as blank group.Rats in blank group and model group were intragastric with equal volume of normal saline;rats in experimental-L,-H groups were intragastric with 50 mg·kg-1 astragalus extract and 100 mg·kg-1 Astragalus extract,respectively;rats in experimental-H+ML385 group were intragastric with 100 mg·kg-1 Astragalus extract and intraperitoneally injected with 20 mg·kg-1 ML385 once a day.Eight weeks in a row.The content of oxidative stress-related indexes in rat renal tissues was detected,the expression level of reactive oxygen species was detected by dihydroethidine staining,and the protein expression level of quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1),heme oxygenase 1(HO-1)and nuclear Nrf2 in rat renal tissues was detected by Western blot.Results Superoxide dismutase in blank group,model group,experimental-H group and experimental-H+ML385 group were(163.89±20.28),(71.35±12.72),(132.11±19.29)and(73.04±13.28)U·mg-1,respectively;glutathione peroxidase were(12.82±1.57),(4.91±1.18),(8.54±1.09),(5.10±1.43)U·mg-1,respectively;reactive oxygen species were 0.02±0.01,0.09±0.01,0.05±0.01 and 0.08±0.01,respectively;nuclear Nrf2 values were 0.63±0.09,0.28±0.06,0.60±0.08,0.32±0.05,respectively;the NQO1 values were 0.58±0.11,0.27±0.07,0.63±0.12 and 0.31±0.08,respectively;the HO-1 values were 0.53±0.08,0.23±0.06,0.59±0.09 and 0.28±0.05,respectively.Compared with the model group,the above indexes in the experimental-H group were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).The above indexes of the experimental-H+ML385 group were statistically significant compared with the experimental-H group(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Astragalus extract can alleviate oxidative stress damage in diabetic nephropathy rats,and the mechanism may be achieved by regulating Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.