[Objective] To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) in the treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) complicated with underactive bladder (UAB) who respond poorly to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). [Methods] A retrospective analysis was performed on 10 patients with BPH and UAB treated with TURP by the same surgeon in Zhongda Hospital Southeast University during Jan.2018 and Jan.2023.The residual urine volume was not significantly relieved after operation, and the maximum urine flow rate and urine volume per discharge were not significantly improved.All patients underwent phase I SNM, and urinary diaries were recorded before and after surgery to observe the average daily frequency of urination, volume per urination, maximum urine flow rate, and residual urine volume. [Results] The operation time was (97.6±11.2) min.During the postoperative test of 2-4 weeks, if the residual urine volume reduction by more than 50% was deemed as effective, SNM was effective in 6 patients (60.0%). Compared with preoperative results, the daily frequency of urination [(20.2±3.8) times vs. (13.2±3.2) times], volume per urination [(119.2±56.7) mL vs. (246.5±59.2) mL], maximum urine flow rate [(8.7±1.5) mL/s vs. (16.5±2.6) mL/s], and residual urine volume [(222.5±55.0) mL vs. (80.8±16.0) mL] were significantly improved, with statistical significance (P<0.05). There were no complications such as bleeding, infection, fever or pain.The 6 patients who had effective outcomes successfully completed phase II surgery, and the fistula was removed.During the follow-up of 1 year, the curative effect was stable, and there were no complications such as electrode displacement, incision infection, or pain in the irritation sites.The residual urine volume of the other 4 unsuccessful patients did not improve significantly, and the electrodes were removed and the vesicostomy tube was retained. [Conclusion] SNM is safe and effective in the treatment of BPH with UAB patients with poor curative effects after TURP.

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between the maintenance treatment of modified Yiqi Huoxue Jiedu Formula （益气活血解毒方） or poly ADP ribose polymerase （PARP） inhibitors and the recurrence and metastasis of advanced ovarian cancer. MethodsA case-control study design was employed， dividing patients with advanced ovarian cancer into two groups based on the occurrence of recurrence and metastasis following first-line maintenance treatment. Patients with recurrence and metastasis comprised the case group， while those without recurrence and metastasis served as the control group. The previous first-line maintenance treatment method was set as the exposure factor in the study （with the use of modified Yiqi Huoxue Jiedu Formula defined as exposed and PARP inhibitors defined as unexposed）. Basic information was collected for both groups， including the achievement of satisfactory R0 surgery， age， stage， neoadjuvant chemotherapy， lymph node metastasis， germline BRCA1/2 mutations， homologous recombination deficiency positivity， first-line maintenance treatment method （modified Yiqi Huoxue Jiedu Formula or PARP inhibitors）， and CA125 levels after the last chemotherapy. The baseline data of the two groups were assessed for differences. If there exists difference， a 1∶1 nearest neighbor matching method was used for propensity score matching. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to evaluate the association between the modified Yiqi Huoxue Jiedu Formula or PARP inhibitors and the recurrence and metastasis of ovarian cancer. ResultsA total of 201 patients with advanced ovarian cancer were included， with 97 in the case group and 104 in the control group. Both groups showed statistically significant differences in R0 surgery， stage， neoadjuvant chemotherapy， and CA125 levels after the last chemotherapy （P＜0.05）， indicating baseline imbalance. After propensity score matching， there were 71 patients in both the case and control groups， achieving baseline balance （P＞0.05）. Univariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the achievement of satisfactory R0 surgery （P = 0.006）， disease stage （P = 0.001）， the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy （P = 0.024）， treatment modality （P = 0.006）， and CA125 levels after the last chemotherapy （P = 0.013） were associated with the recurrence and metastasis of ovarian cancer. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that disease stage was an independent influencing factor for the recurrence and metastasis of ovarian cancer （P = 0.030）， whereas the P-value for the correlation between first-line maintenance treatment and ovarian cancer was 0.188. ConclusionFirst-line maintenance treatment of ovarian cancer patients with the use of modified Yiqi Huoxue Jiedu Formula or PARP inhibitors does not correlate with the recurrence and metastasis of ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVE To prepare reactive oxygen species （ROS）-responsive methotrexate （MTX）-modified paclitaxel （PTX）/icariin （ICA） micelles （MTX-oxi-Ms@PTX/ICA）， and perform technology optimization and in vitro anti-tumor effect evaluation. METHODS Synergistic toxicity concentration range of PTX and ICA was screened by synergistic toxicity test. The micelles were prepared by thin film hydration method， and their technology was optimized by response surface methodology. The fundamental characteristics of the micelles prepared by the optimal technology were evaluated. The micelles’ cytotoxicity， targeting ability to renal carcinoma RENCA cells of mice， and their inhibitory effects on invasion and migration were assessed. RESULTS Results of synergistic toxicity experiments demonstrated that the strongest synergistic effect occurred when PTX concentrations ranged from 2.5 to 10 μmol/L and ICA concentrations ranged from 5 to 15 μmol/L. The optimal technology of MTX-oxi-Ms@PTX/ ICA was determined to include 80 mg Soluplus®， Soluplus® and TPGS1000 mass ratio of 4∶1 （mg/mg）， 2 mg DSPE-PEG2000-TK- PEG5000， 2 mg DSPE-PEG2000-MTX， 1 mg PTX， and 1.5 mg ICA， with a hydration temperature of 35 ℃ and a formulation volume of 5 mL. Under the optimal conditions， average encapsulation efficiency of PTX and ICA in 3 batches of MTX-oxi- Ms@PTX/ICA reached 92.75%， the critical micelle concentration （CMC） was 0.007 9 mg/mL， the particle size was （62.09±1.68） nm， the polydispersity index （PDI） was 0.046±0.032， and the Zeta potential was （－2.47±0.15） mV. Within 30 days of placement， there was no significant change E-mail：yingqiang_1126@163.com in particle size and polydispersity index of micelle. In vitro release experiments showed that MTX-oxi-Ms@PTX/ICA released drugs more rapidly in oxidative environments. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of MTX-oxi-Ms@PTX/ICA against RENCA cells was （5.170±0.036） μmol/L. In vitro cellular uptake experiments indicated that compared with unmodified micelles， MTX modified micelles had stronger targeting effects on cancer cells， and also significantly enhanced the inhibitory ability of invasion and migration of RENCA cells （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS MTX-oxi-Ms@PTX/ICA micelles are successfully prepared， which exhibit high encapsulation efficiency， low critical micelle concentration， and good stability. These micelles demonstrate significant cytotoxicity against RENCA cells and effectively inhibit cancer cell invasion and migration.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical efficacy of Xu's Shenqiyizhu （SQYZ） decoction combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer-related fatigue （CRF） of stagnated-toxin spleen deficiency type after gastric cancer surgery and explore its possible mechanism. MethodsFifty postoperative gastric cancer patients with CRF of stagnated-toxin spleen deficiency type were selected and randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group by using a random number table，with 25 cases in each group. The control group was treated with FLOT chemotherapy （50 mg·m^-2 docetaxel （iv drip on day 1） + 85 mg·m^-2 oxaliplatin （iv drip on day 1） + 200 mg·m^-2 calcium folinate （iv drip on day 1） + 2 600 mg·m^-2 fluorouracil （iv drip for 24 h on day 1），once every three weeks） and basic and symptomatic supportive treatment. The experimental group was treated with Xu's SQYZ decoction （decocted twice，200 mL taken orally twice a day） in addition to the treatment of the control group. One course of treatment lasted for three weeks，with a total of four courses conducted. Observation was performed on the piper fatigue scale （PFS） scores，karnofsky performance status （KPS） scores，European Organization for Research and Treatment of cancer quality of life questionnaire （EORTC QLQ-C30） scores，traditional Chinese medicine syndrome scores，and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α），interferon-γ （IFN-γ），and interleukin-6 （IL-6）detected via enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） before and after treatment in the two groups. The safety test results before and after treatment for the two groups of patients，as well as the occurrence of adverse events during treatment， were recorded. Transcriptome sequencing data of peripheral blood samples from gastric adenocarcinoma patients and normal individuals were downloaded from the gene expression omnibus （GEO） database，and differentially expressed genes between the tumor and normal groups were identified. Differential gene enrichment analysis was made based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） and Gene Ontology （GO）. The CRF relevance scores of genes were retrieved from the GeneCards database. Results① Compared with that before treatment，the total PFS score in the experimental group was significantly reduced （P<0.05）. Compared with the control group after treatment，the experimental group showed significantly reduced total PFS score （P<0.05）. ② Compared with that before treatment，the KPS score in the experimental group decreased significantly （P<0.05）. Compared with the control group after treatment，the experimental group exhibited a significantly decreased KPS score （P<0.05）. The experimental group demonstrated significantly increased functional scores （physical function，role function，emotional function，social function，and overall health） （P<0.05） and significantly reduced symptom scores （fatigue，shortness of breath，loss of appetite，constipation，and diarrhea） of the EORTC QLQ-C30 scale after treatment compared with before treatment. Compared with the control group after treatment，the experimental group presented significantly increased functional scores （physical function，emotional function，social function，and overall health） （P<0.05） and significantly reduced symptom scores （fatigue，nausea and vomiting，shortness of breath，loss of appetite，and diarrhea） of the EORTC QLQ-C30 scale （P<0.05）. Compared with those before treatment，the traditional Chinese medicine syndrome scores （eating too little and poor digestion，fatigue and weakness，postprandial bloating，abnormal bowel movements，lassitude and weakness，and total score） in the experimental group were significantly reduced （P<0.05）. Compared with the control group after treatment，the experimental group had significantly reduced traditional Chinese medicine syndrome scores （eating too little and poor digestion，fatigue and weakness，nausea and vomiting，and sallow complexion） （P<0.05）， which indicated better efficacy in the experimental group than in the control group （χ²=7.996，P<0.05）. The serum levels of TNF-α，IL-6，and IFN-γ were significantly correlated with each other （P<0.01）. Compared with those before treatment，the levels of serum cytokines TNF-α，IL-6，and IFN-γ in the experimental group were significantly reduced （P<0.05）. Compared with the control group after treatment，the experimental group showed significantly reduced serum levels of cytokines TNF-α，IL-6，and IFN-γ （P<0.05）. ③ There were no significant intra-group and inter-group differences in the safety test results of the two groups before and after treatment. During the treatment period，there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups of patients. ④ Compared with the normal group，the tumor group exhibited a total of 328 significantly up-regulated genes in the peripheral blood （P<0.05），and KEGG and GO analyses showed that they were significantly enriched in signaling pathways such as TNF （P<0.05）. ⑤ TNF，IL6，IFNG， and other cytokine encoding genes may be key pathogenic genes for CRF. ConclusionXu's SQYZ decoction can alleviate symptoms such as fatigue in postoperative chemotherapy patients with gastric cancer and improve their functional status and quality of life. Its mechanism may be related to improving cytokine imbalance.

Objective: To investigate the changes of dentin surface and the effects of different surface treatments on the rebonding effect following non-destructive restoration removal by an Er:YAG laser and to provide reference for oral clinical operation Methods: This study was approved by the ethics review committee of the unit. Using computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology, 102 zirconia specimens (4 mm × 4 mm × 1.5 mm) were fabricated. In total, 110 impacted third molar teeth were extracted, and 102 dentine blocks (4 mm × 4 mm × 2 mm) were prepared. The zirconia specimen and dentin blocks were bonded with resin cement before removal with an Er: YAG laser. Three disassembled dentin blocks were randomly selected, and the components of dentin surface elements were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The removed dentin blocks were randomly divided into three groups (n = 33) based on the different surface treatments: control group (no treatment), sandblasting group (50 μm, Al2O3 sandblasting), and laser irradiation group (Er: YAG laser irradiation, parameters were set to 10 Hz, 60 mJ, 0.6 W). Three dentin blocks were randomly selected in each group for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, and the residual resin on dentin surface of remaining 30 dentin blocks in each group were observed under an optical microscope at 20 times magnification. Scores were obtained using the adhesive remnant index (ARI) method. Three groups of dentin blocks (n = 30) that underwent different surface treatments were rebonded with resin cement according to standard procedures and then divided into two subgroups for aging (n = 15). One subgroup was subjected to a 37 ℃ water bath for 24 h, and the other subgroup was subjected to 5 000 thermal cycles after a 37 ℃ water bath for 24 h, and the micro-shear bonding strength of each group was measured. The microshear bonding strength of each group was measured, and fracture modes were analyzed. The differences of dentine surface ARI between the three groups, as well as the inter-group differences in fracture mode, and bonding strength, and the intra-group differences before and after aging were compared between the three groups. Results: When zirconia was removed by Er: YAG laser, there was no obvious damage on the dentin surface, but C and Si elements in dentin increased significantly. After different surface treatments, the ARI scores of the sandblasting and laser irradiation groups were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05), while ARI was not significantly different between the sandblasting and laser irradiation groups (P>0.05). The dentin surface morphology was also different. There was a large amount of residual resin on the dentin surface of the control group. In the sandblasting group, the residual resin was lower, the dentin surface was rough, and the dentin tubules were visible. A large amount of residual resin was observed on the dentin surface of the laser irradiation group. After 24 h of water bath at 37 ℃, the bonding strengths of the control group, sandblasting group, and laser irradiation group were (6.13 ± 2.40) MPa, (9.39 ± 2.00) MPa, and (5.85 ± 1.44) MPa, respectively, and the bonding strength of the sandblasting group was significantly higher than that of the other two groups (P<0.05). After being subjected to 24 h of water bath at 37 ℃ and 5 000 thermal cycles, the bonding strengths of the control group, sandblasting group, and laser irradiation group were (5.39 ± 0.83) MPa, (8.45 ± 1.20) MPa and (4.84 ± 1.43) MPa, respectively. The bonding strength of the sandblasting group was significantly higher than that of the other two groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the control group, sandblasting group, and laser irradiation group before and after 5 000 thermal cycles following 24 h of water bath at 37 ℃ (P>0.05). In the control group, sandblasting group, and laser irradiation group, cohesive fracture was not observed. The fracture mode was mainly adhesive fracture. Before and after 5 000 thermal cycles, the frequency of mixed fracture in the sandblasting group was significantly higher than that in the other two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion Er: YAG laser removal of zirconia does not damage dentin, but a large amount of resin remains on the dentin surface after removal. The sandblasting process can effectively remove these residual resins, thereby improving the dentine rebonding effect.

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) technology originated in China during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and has rapidly developed over the past two decades, becoming a primary method for studying the causal relationship between gut microbiota and the occurrence and progression of diseases. At the same time, the therapeutic effects of FMT in the field of gastrointestinal diseases have gained widespread recognition and are gradually expanding into other disease areas. The FMT procedure is relatively complex, and there is currently no standardized method; its success is influenced by various factors, including the donor, recipient, processing of the fecal material, and the method of implantation. Given the increasingly recognized relationship between gut microbiota and various diseases, FMT has become a research hotspot in both scientific studies and clinical applications, achieving a series of significant advancements. To help researchers better understand this technology, this paper will outline the development history of FMT, summarize common operational methods in research and clinical settings, review its application progress, and look forward to future development directions.

Objective To understand the awareness and willingness of primary medical staff in Songjiang District, Shanghai towards human papillomavirus (HPV) and its vaccines, and to provide references for improving the vaccination willingness of HPV vaccine and primary prevention of cervical cancer. Methods From July to August 2023, a questionnaire survey was conducted among the in-service medical staff in 17 community health service centers in Songjiang District, Shanghai, using the random sampling method. Descriptive analysis, χ² test and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 951 valid questionnaires were collected during the survey. The awareness rate of HPV among medical staff was 92.74%, and the awareness rate of HPV vaccine was 93.38%. The maximum score for HPV knowledge was 6 points, with an average score of (3.99±1.34) points. The maximum score for HPV vaccine knowledge was 10 points, with an average score of (5.63±1.61) points. 881 (92.64%) medical staff were willing to receive or recommend HPV vaccination. Multivariate analysis showed that concerns about being infected with HPV (OR=2.648, 95% CI: 1.459-4.806), qualified score on HPV vaccine knowledge (OR=1.717, 95% CI: 1.012-2.912), high price burden of HPV vaccine (OR=0.343, 95% CI: 0.157-0.746), and concerns about side effects of vaccination (OR=0.443, 95% CI: 0.243-0.805) were the influencing factors for medical staff's willingness to vaccinate. Conclusion There is insufficient knowledge of HPV and its vaccines among primary medical personnel in Songjiang District, Shanghai. It is necessary to strengthen the continuing education of medical personnel through multiple channels, supplement the HPV-related knowledge system, and eliminate their concerns about vaccines.

Background When live working line operators engage in upper limb operations, working for a long time with raising arms and the exposure to adverse ergonomic factors tend to increase muscle load, cause fatigue accumulation, and increase the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). Objective To analyze work posture and associated muscle fatigue during executing breaking/connecting contact terminal, and identify adverse ergonomic factors of the work process. Methods This study recruited 10 volunteers to perform breaking/connecting contact terminal simulation. At a distance of 4.5, 3.5, and 2.5 m from the body to the wire, each performed the task 5 times. Visual 3D was used to analyze the kinematic data from motion capture. The surface electromyography (sEMG) signals of the deltoid, biceps, triceps, and brachioradialis were recorded during the simulation and analyzed for muscle fatigue using root mean square (RMS), median frequency (MF), and jointed EMG amplitude and spectrum analysis (JASA). After completion of each task, Borg scale was used to query the volunteers of their subjective fatigue. A 2-min rest was required between each distance. Results The kinematic data from motion capture showed that in the entire process of the task, the right upper limb was higher when lifting, with the right shoulder joint maintaining flexion and fluctuating periodically between abduction and adduction, external and internal rotation, the right elbow joint maintaining flexion and supination. The frequency of task cycle showed a significant effect on the Borg scale scores (P<0.001, partial \begin{document}$ {\eta }^{2} $\end{document}=0.464); the distance showed no significant effect on the Borg scale scores (P>0.05, partial \begin{document}$ {\eta }^{2} $\end{document}=0.002); their interaction effect was not significant (P>0.05, partial \begin{document}$ {\eta }^{2} $\end{document}=0.020). The results of the sEMG signals showed that at a distance of 4.5 m, the volunteers had the highest percentages of maximal voluntary electrical activation (MVE%) in the deltoid and right brachioradialis and the lowest MF values in the deltoid and left brachioradialis after completing 5 task cycles. The results of JASA showed that fatigue was observed in brachioradialis and deltoid after completing 5 task cycles at a distance of 4.5 m, the right deltoid and right brachioradialis at a distance of 3.5 m, in the brachioradialis, deltoid, and left bicep at a distance of 2.5 m. Conclusion The subjective fatigue of workers who engaged in breaking/connecting contact terminal elevates with more repetitive operations. Based on the sEMG and motion capture analysis, it can be found that improper distance between the workers and the target work area can increase the burden from poor posture and improper use of work equipment, and lead to muscle fatigue; the deltoid and brachioradialis are the key muscles of fatigue in this type of operation; changing the angle of the elbow joint and the shoulder joint during the process of the operation can affect the deltoid and brachioradialis exertion and loading.

Background Power grid is an important component of the national infrastructure. The occupational health issues among the workers in this industry are attracting great concern nationwide. Objective To investigate the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) in neck and shoulder among the power distribution workers of power supply enterprises, and analyze the related influencing factors. Method In April 2023, a total of 1244 workers in 50 municipal power supply bureaus were randomly selected from the three provinces under China Southern Power Grid using cluster sampling method. The questionnaire used in the study was based on a revised Musculoskeletal Disorders Questionnaire and added ergonomic load of upper limb work. \begin{document}$ {\chi }^{2} $\end{document} test and logistic regression model were used to explore the influencing factors of neck pain and shoulder pain among the subjects. Results A total of 1244 valid questionnaires were recovered and the effective recovery rate was 90.87%(1244/1369). The positive rates of neck pain and shoulder pain were 45.5% (566 cases) and 36.3% (452 cases) respectively. The logistic regression analysis results showed that more than 20 years working age (OR=2.27, 95%CI: 1.39, 3.96; OR=2.56, 95%CI: 1.53, 4.26), often (OR=2.08, 95%CI: 1.35, 3.20; OR=2.40, 95%CI: 1.50, 3.58)/quite often (OR=2.96, 95%CI: 1.73, 5.04; OR=2.72, 95%CI: 1.49, 4.94) maintaining a forced posture, and working immediately after break (OR=1.72, 95%CI: 1.04, 2.85; OR=2.14, 95%CI: 1.19, 3.88) were associated with a higher positive rate of neck pain and shoulder pain respectively. Feeling sufficient rest (OR=0.61, 95%CI: 0.47, 0.80; OR=0.63, 95%CI: 0.50, 0.83) and opportunity to decide when to take breaks (OR=0.72, 95%CI: 0.53, 0.98; OR=0.62, 95%CI: 0.41, 0.93) were associated with a lower positive rate of neck pain and shoulder pain respectively. Conclusion The positive rates of neck pain and shoulder pain are high among power distribution workers. The main influencing factors included long working age, quite often maintaining a forced posture, and working immediately after break.

Objective To investigate the global burden of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) from 1990 to 2021 and predict the trends in the burden of VL from 2022 to 2035, so as to provide insights into global VL prevention and control. Methods The global age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates of VL and their 95% uncertainty intervals (UI) were captured from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) data resources. The trends in the global burden of VL were evaluated with average annual percent change (AAPC) and 95% confidence interval (CI) from 1990 to 2021, and gender-, age-, country-, geographical area- and socio-demographic index (SDI)-stratified burdens of VL were analyzed. The trends in the global burden of VL were projected with a Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model from 2022 to 2035, and the associations of age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs rates of VL with SDI levels were examined with a smoothing spline model. Results The global age-standardized incidence [AAPC = -0.25%, 95% CI: (-0.25%, -0.24%)], prevalence [AAPC = -0.06%, 95% CI: (-0.06%, -0.06%)], mortality [AAPC = -0.25%, 95% CI: (-0.25%, -0.24%)] and DALYs rates of VL [AAPC = -2.38%, 95% CI: (-2.44%, -2.33%)] all appeared a tendency towards a decline from 1990 to 2021, and the highest age-standardized incidence [2.55/10⁵, 95% UI: (1.49/10⁵, 4.07/10⁵)], prevalence [0.64/10⁵, 95% UI: (0.37/10⁵, 1.02/10⁵)], mortality [0.51/10⁵, 95% UI: (0, 1.80/10⁵)] and DALYs rates of VL [33.81/10⁵, 95% UI: (0.06/10⁵, 124.09/10⁵)] were seen in tropical Latin America in 2021. The global age-standardized incidence and prevalence of VL were both higher among men [0.57/10⁵, 95% UI: (0.45/10⁵, 0.72/10⁵); 0.14/10⁵, 95% UI: (0.11/10⁵, 0.18/10⁵)] than among women [0.27/10⁵, 95% UI: (0.21/10⁵, 0.33/10⁵); 0.06/10⁵, 95% UI: (0.05/10⁵, 0.08/10⁵)], and the highest mortality of VL was found among children under 5 years of age [0.24/10⁵, 95% UI: (0.08/10⁵, 0.66/10⁵)]. The age-standardized incidence (r = -0.483, P < 0.001), prevalence (r = -0.483, P < 0.001), mortality (r = -0.511, P < 0.001) and DALYs rates of VL (r = -0.514, P < 0.001) correlated negatively with SDI levels from 1990 to 2021. In addition, the global burden of VL was projected with the BAPC model to appear a tendency towards a decline from 2022 to 2035, and the age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality and DALYs rates were projected to be reduced to 0.11/10⁵, 0.03/10⁵, 0.02/10⁵ and 1.44/10⁵ in 2035, respectively. Conclusions Although the global burden of VL appeared an overall tendency towards a decline from 1990 to 2021, the burden of VL showed a tendency towards a rise in Central Asia and western sub-Saharan African areas. The age-standardized incidence and prevalence rates of VL were relatively higher among men, and the age-standardized mortality of VL was relatively higher among children under 5 years of age. The global burden of VL was projected to continue to decline from 2022 to 2035.