Objective:To describe the population and area distribution differences in the prevalence of urinary incontinence in middle-aged and elderly adults in 10 areas in China.Methods:A total of 24 913 participants aged 45-95 years who completed the third resurvey of China Kadoorie Biobank during 2020-2021 were included. The prevalence of urinary incontinence was assessed by an interviewer-administered questionnaire, and urinary incontinence was classified as only stress urinary incontinence, only urgency urinary incontinence and mixed urinary incontinence. The prevalence of urinary incontinence and its subtypes were reported by sex, age and area, and the severity of urinary incontinence and treatment were described.Results:The average age of the participants was (65.4±9.1) years. According to the seventh national census data in 2020, the age-standardized prevalence rates of urinary incontinence was 25.4% in women and 7.0% in men. The age-standardized prevalence rates of only stress, only urgency and mixed incontinence were 1.7%, 4.2% and 1.2% in men and 13.5%, 5.8% and 6.1% in women, respectively. The prevalence rates of urinary incontinence and all subtypes in men and the prevalence of urinary incontinence and all subtypes except only stress urinary incontinence in women all increased with age ( P<0.001). After adjusting for age, the prevalence of urinary incontinence in both men and women were higher in rural area than in urban area ( P<0.001). The treatment rates in men and women with urinary incontinence were 15.4% and 8.5%, respectively. Conclusions:The prevalence of urinary incontinence was high in middle-aged and elderly adults in China, and the prevalence rate was higher in women than in men, but the treatment rate of urinary incontinence was low.

Objective:To describe the epidemiological characteristics of intakes of different types of preserved vegetables in participants from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB).Methods:The CKB project conducted baseline survey, the first resurvey, and the second resurvey during 2004-2008, 2008, and 2013-2014, respectively. According to the average intake levels of salted and sour pickled vegetables in the second resurvey, the 10 survey areas were classified as the area where people mainly consumed salted vegetables, the area where people mainly consumed sour pickled vegetables, and the area where people rarely consumed preserved vegetables. For the first two areas, logistic regression model was used to describe the temporal trends and population distribution of preserved vegetable intake and analyze the distribution of other dietary factors.Results:The area where people mainly consumed salted vegetables included Qingdao, Harbin, Suzhou, and Zhejiang (baseline participant number: 204 036), while the area where people mainly consumed sour pickled vegetables included Gansu and Sichuan (baseline participant number: 105 573). In the area where people mainly consumed salted vegetables, the average intake frequencies of preserved vegetables was 3.1, 3.3, and 1.8 days/week in the baseline survey, the first resurvey, and the second resurvey, respectively, showing a declining trend ( P<0.001). Similarly, the average intake frequencies of preserved vegetables were 2.8, 2.7, and 1.6 days/week in the baseline survey, the first resurvey and the second resurvey in the area where people mainly consumed sour pickled vegetables ( P<0.001). At baseline survey, the married and those had lower education level tended to have more preserved vegetable intakes in both areas ( P<0.001). In the area where people mainly consumed salted vegetables, the elderly had higher frequency of preserved vegetable intake ( P<0.001), which was converse in the area where people mainly consumed sour pickled vegetables. In the participants with higher frequency of preserved vegetable intake, more people consumed spicy food daily and preferred salty food ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The area and population specific differences in the type and frequency of preserved vegetable intake were observed in adults in the CKB project in China. Besides, the average level of preserved vegetable intake showed a declining trend. Preserved vegetable intake might be associated with other dietary habits.

Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is an infectious disease that most often affects the lungs. China is still among the high-burden tuberculosis countries in the world. Although the estimated incidence of tuberculosis in China has declined in recent years, the declining rate is slow. It still faces major issues such as a slower rate of decline, a widening gap between estimated and notified incidence, higher risk among middle-aged and older adults, a high number of cases among agriculture and related workers, and a heavier disease burden in the country's western regions. In addition, latent tuberculosis infection, drug-resistant tuberculosis, tuberculosis coinfection with HIV, and extrapulmonary tuberculosis have also exacerbated the disease burden of tuberculosis to some extent. This paper reviewed the epidemic characteristics of tuberculosis, the epidemiological triad, three links and two factors in the transmission process, the disease burden, and other aspects to provide a reference for formulating prevention and control strategies on tuberculosis.

The metastasis of contralateral adrenal gland and gallbladder following radical nephrectomy is extremely uncommon in clinical practice. We presented one such case. The patient underwent laparoscopic radical right nephrectomy. Postoperative pathology revealed clear cell carcinoma of the right kidney. Five years after operation, CT revealed occupying lesions in the left adrenal gland and gallbladder. Transperitoneal laparoscopic left adrenalectomy and cholecystectomy were performed. Pathological examination showed that the left adrenal tumor and gallbladder tumor were clear cell carcinoma. The patient received targeted therapy and tumor-free survived for 10 months.

The existing retinal vessels segmentation algorithms have various problems that the end of main vessels are easy to break, and the central macula and the optic disc boundary are likely to be mistakenly segmented. To solve the above problems, a novel retinal vessels segmentation algorithm is proposed in this paper. The algorithm merged together vessels contour information and conditional generative adversarial nets. Firstly, non-uniform light removal and principal component analysis were used to process the fundus images. Therefore, it enhanced the contrast between the blood vessels and the background, and obtained the single-scale gray images with rich feature information. Secondly, the dense blocks integrated with the deep separable convolution with offset and squeeze-and-exception (SE) block were applied to the encoder and decoder to alleviate the gradient disappearance or explosion. Simultaneously, the network focused on the feature information of the learning target. Thirdly, the contour loss function was added to improve the identification ability of the blood vessels information and contour information of the network. Finally, experiments were carried out on the DRIVE and STARE datasets respectively. The value of area under the receiver operating characteristic reached 0.982 5 and 0.987 4, respectively, and the accuracy reached 0.967 7 and 0.975 6, respectively. Experimental results show that the algorithm can accurately distinguish contours and blood vessels, and reduce blood vessel rupture. The algorithm has certain application value in the diagnosis of clinical ophthalmic diseases.
Algorithms ; Fundus Oculi ; Optic Disk ; ROC Curve ; Retinal Vessels/diagnostic imaging*

As the approaching of autumn and winter in northern hemisphere, COVID-19, mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets and close contact, has posed new challenge to the countries across the world. This paper summarizes the current status of COVID-19 pandemic and related responses performed in terms of the variation of SARS-CoV-2, global situation reports, herd immunity and the influence of asymptomatic infection on COVID-19 prevention and control in China, as well as vaccine development progress and case treatment for the purpose of providing reference to further improve the COVID-19 prevention and control strategy in China.

Based on systematic review of the role of clinical treatment, disease control and scientific research, and combining with the problems exposed by the COVID-19 epidemic, suggestions were proposed to reform and improve the prevention and treatment system for major epidemics diseases in China. In clinical treatment, it is necessary to enhance clinical staff's awareness of law-based reporting, capabilities of syndromic surveillance, the use of infectious diseases reporting systems, and to improve national or local monitoring platforms for emerging infectious diseases detection. In terms of disease control, it is important to provide authorities to disease control departments through laws and regulations, improve the quantity and quality of related human resources, and strengthen the applied research and technical readiness targeted infections disease prevention, control and emergency preparedness. As for scientific research in major epidemic response, it is essential to strengthen research projects guided by national requests, build research institutions that can 'make a final decision', establish national and regional key laboratories, and strengthen strategic technical reserve for emergency disease control and treatment.

Epidemiology is a discipline developed in the practice of preventing diseases and promoting health and is the key of public health and preventive medicine. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, with the changing of disease pattern in populations, the applications of epidemiology now have expanded from infectious diseases to chronic non-communicable diseases, injuries and health related events. The discipline has made remarkable achievements in the field of disease prevention and control, scientific research and teaching, institution building and academic journals. In this paper we briefly review the history and achievements of epidemiology in China in the past 70 years, and explore the future development of the discipline, which may leave a trace of history for the development of epidemiology in China.

Objective To evaluate the prognostic value of anemia in patients diagnosed with extranodal nasal-type natural killer (NK)/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL).Methods Clinical data of 1 225 NKTCL patients receiving the first course of treatment from 10 medical institutions in China were retrospectively analyzed.According to the diagnostic criteria in China,anemia was defined as the hemoglobin (Hb) level＜ 120 g/L for the male and＜ 110 g/L for the female from the sea-level area.The severity of anemia was classified into the extremely severe anemia (Hb ≤ 30 g/L),severe anemia (31-60 g/L),moderate anemia (61-90 g/L) and mild anemia (＞90 g/L).Results Among 1 225 patients,199(16.2％) were complicated with anemia,who had more adverse prognostic factors compared with their counterparts without anemia.Among NKTCL patients with anemia,the proportion of patients with stage Ⅱ-ⅣV,a median age＞ anemia,Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score of 2-4 and NK/T-cell lymphoma prognostic index (NKTCLPI) ≥ 2 was relatively high.Patients with anemia obtained worse clinical prognosis than those without anemia.The 5-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in NKTCL patients with anemia were calculated as 49.4％ and 35.4％,significantly lower compared with 63.3％ and 56.0％ in their counterparts without anemia (both P＜0.01).Single factor analysis demonstrated that anemia,age,ECOG score,group B symptom,lactate dehydrogenase,primary tumor site,primary tumor invasion and staging were the prognostic factors of OS and PFS.Multivariate analysis revealed that anemia was still the independent prognostic factor.Conclusions Anemia is not common in patients with NKTCL and these patients obtain poor clinical prognosis.Anemia is an independent prognostic factor for patients with NKTCL.

Viral infections cause at least 10%-15% of all human carcinomas. Over the last century, the elucidation of viral oncogenic roles in many cancer types has provided fundamental knowledge on carcinogenetic mechanisms and established a basis for the early intervention of virus-related cancers. Meanwhile, rapidly evolving genome-editing techniques targeting viral DNA/RNA have emerged as novel therapeutic strategies for treating virus-related carcinogenesis and have begun showing promising results. This review discusses the recent advances of genome-editing tools for treating tumorigenic viruses and their corresponding cancers, the challenges that must be overcome before clinically applying such genome-editing technologies, and more importantly, the potential solutions to these challenges.
Antiviral Agents ; therapeutic use ; CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Carcinoma ; genetics ; therapy ; virology ; Gene Editing ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Therapy ; methods ; Humans ; Tumor Virus Infections ; complications