Background With economic development and globalization, shift work has become prevalent across industries. Its relationship with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) attracts increasing attention. Objective To thoroughly explore the relationship between shift work and T2DM, and analyze the impacts of specific shift patterns on T2DM, so as to provide a basis for formulating reasonable shift schedules. Methods We conducted a 1:2 matched case-control study among adults (20-60 years) who ordered occupational health examinations at the Wuxi No.8 People's Hospital from November to December 2023. The case group comprised 200 T2DM patients, while the controls were 400 age-stratified matched non-diabetic individuals. General demographic characteristics, behavioral habits, medical history, and shift work exposure data (including shift patterns, frequency, and length of service) 5 years prior to diagnosis were collected through standardized questionnaires. Logistic regression adjusted for selected confounders was employed to evaluate the association between shift work and T2DM. Results The logistic regression analysis demonstrated that shift work was associated with an increased risk of T2DM. After adjusting for confounding factors, shift workers had a 3.55 times higher risk of being diagnosed T2DM compared to non-shift workers (OR=3.55, 95%CI: 1.026, 12.263). The risk varied across different shift patterns, and the three-shift two-rotation system showed the highest risk (OR=4.17, 95%CI: 1.921, 9.035), followed by the two-shift system (OR=2.94, 95%CI: 2.016, 4.281) and four-shift three-rotation system (OR=2.66, 95%CI: 1.611, 6.093). Workers with more than 3 monthly shift days had a 2.74-fold increased risk (95%CI: 1.658, 4.512) compared to non-shift workers. Additionally, working more than 8 h daily (OR=1.74, 95%CI: 1.185, 2.562) and having more than 20 years of service (OR=2.51, 95%CI: 1.581, 3.976) were both significantly associated with a higher T2DM risk. The trend tests revealed that each incremental increase in monthly shift days and length of service elevated T2DM risk by 2.61 times (95%CI: 1.813, 3.765) and 1.49 times (95%CI: 1.147, 1.931), respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion Shift work is an independent risk factor for T2DM, with three-shift two-rotation system posing the highest risk. Shift frequency, daily working hours, and length of service are all significant factors affecting the risk of T2DM. These findings support industry-specific shift policy reform and targeted glucose monitoring and health interventions are recommended for workers engaged in high-risk shift patterns (e.g., three-shift two-rotation system, frequent shifts) and those with prolonged shift work history (>20 years).

BACKGROUND:Transplantation of stem cell-derived islet β cells has been considered effective for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell is an ideal cellular source,but with a low differentiation efficiency to islet β cells. OBJECTIVE:To explore the possibility of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells modified by MAFA and PDX1 to differentiate into insulin-producing cells. METHODS:MAFA-PDX1 lentivirus expression vectors were constructed.The efficiency and potentiality of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells differentiated into insulin-producing cells with three methods were compared by cell morphology,RT-qPCR,and dithizone staining[protocol A:Simple lentivirus group;protocol B:Drug(nicotinamide β-mercaptoethanol)induction followed by lentivirus group;protocol C:lentivirus and drug induction group]. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Morphological change of cells:Cell morphology was all altered after the induction of three protocols.At day 11,human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells induced by protocol B showed the most cell clusters among the three protocols,appearing aggregated islet-like cell clusters.(2)Islet-related gene expression detected by RT-qPCR:Horizontal comparison of the three protocols at the same induction time point showed that the expression levels of MAFA and PDX1 genes were the highest in protocol C on day 5 of induction,and those in protocol B were the highest on day 11 of induction.Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells induced by protocol B had the greatest expression of GCG gene at day 5,INS and GLUT2 genes at day 11.(3)Dithizone staining to identify zinc ions:parts of the post-induced cells were stained brownish red by dithizone on day 11.The partial small island cells were stained brownish red with a darker color(positive expression)in protocol B.(4)It is concluded that the overexpression of MAFA and PDX1 can promote the differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells into insulin-producing cells.The combination of MAFA-PDX1 gene modification and drug induction is superior to the single gene modification.

ObjectiveBody fluid stains left at crime scenes are frequently trace amounts, while the identification of body fluids through real time fluorogenic quantitative technique often necessitates the repeated detection within the limited sample, as multiple miRNA markers are the basis for the identification. Based on the goal of both the throughput and efficiency improvement of miRNA analysis in trace samples, a duplex real time fluorogenic quantitative PCR assay system was designed to accurately quantify two miRNAs simultaneously, and the system should be further verified by actual sample for the body fluid identification. MethodsThe duplex real time fluorogenic quantitative PCR system of miR-451a to miR-21-5p was established with specially designed primers and probes, and the concentrations of the primers and probes were both optimized. The specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility of the system were validated, while its capability for body fluid identification was assessed using the miR-451a to miR-21-5p ratio. ResultsThe optimized assay system exhibited excellent specificity and repeatability, with coefficients of variation consistently below 8% for both intra- and inter-batch variability. The amplification efficiency of miR-451a and miR-21-5p reached 71.77% and 74.81%, respectively, with high and relatively consistent results. By utilizing this duplex real time fluorogenic quantitative PCR assay system, a total of 58 body fluid samples were analyzed, exhibiting a discrimination rate of 100% between blood and non-blood samples, as well as between peripheral blood and menstrual blood samples. Moreover, the results, obtained from single real time fluorogenic quantitative PCR assay system and duplex real time fluorogenic quantitative PCR assay system, showed no statistically significant difference with randomly selected blood samples (n=20). Compared to previous single real time fluorogenic quantitative PCR assay system, the sensitivity of duplex real time fluorogenic quantitative PCR assay system exhibited remarkable improvement. A minimum input of only 0.1 ng total RNA was sufficient for accurate detection of peripheral blood and menstrual blood samples, while saliva, semen, and vaginal secretion required only 1 ng total RNA for precise identification purposes. Additionally, the duplex real time fluorogenic quantitative PCR assay system successfully differentiated between different types of body fluids in simulated samples under natural outdoor conditions. ConclusionThe duplex real time fluorogenic quantitative PCR assay system effectively reduced both the time and material costs by half compared to the single system, especially suitable for the examination of body fluid stains left at crime scenes, solving the contradiction between the trace amount and the multiple sample volumes demand of repeated real time fluorogenic quantitative PCR. The duplex real time fluorogenic quantitative PCR assay successfully distinguished blood and other body fluid, as well as peripheral blood and menstrual blood samples, which maintains an equivalent capability for body fluid identification with half sample, time and reagent consumption. This system provides an efficient tool for identifying suspicious body fluids, as well as a foundation for more multiplexed real time fluorogenic quantitative PCR assay system research.

Objective To explore the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic left renal vein stent implantation combined with microsurgical varicocelectomy in the treatment of nutcracker syndrome complicated with varicocele.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of 50 patients with nutcracker syndrome complicated with varicocele admitted to our hospital during Nov.2018 and Jul.2023.All patients underwent laparoscopic left renal vein stent implantation combined with microsurgical varicocelectomy.Results Altogether 47 patients were followed up after operation,with a mean age of(21.45±3.84)years.All operations were successful,and gross hematuria,proteinuria,abdominal pain and other symptoms relieved within 3-7 days after surgery.Postoperative follow-up showed that no patients had serious complications or recurrence of clinical symptoms.Left renal vein ultrasound and CT showed that the blood flow of the left renal vein was restored,and the stent position was stable.Compared with those before surgery,the angle between the abdominal aorta and the superior mesenteric artery[(44.91±6.59)° vs.(22.58±6.61)°]and the diameter of the left renal vein at the angle[(6.03±0.99)mm vs.(1.87±0.46)mm]were significantly increased,and the blood flow velocity of the left renal vein at the angle[(48.77±14.79)cm/s vs.(102.53±41.15)cm/s]was significantly decreased,with statistically significant differences(P＜0.001).Scrotal ultrasound confirmed that there was no recurrence of varicocele 6 months after surgery,and the diameter of the spermatic vein was significantly reduced,with statistically significant differences(P＜0.001).Semen analysis showed that the sperm concentration[(60.27±48.45)×106/mL vs.(36.57±36.67)×106/mL,P=0.032]and percentage of rapid forward movement of sperm were significantly increased[(22.54±10.70)vs.(15.01±10.77),P=0.005],with statistically significant differences.The increase value of semen concentration[(23.7±41.48)×106/mL vs.(6.12±4.97)×106/mL,P=0.016)]increased after combined operation compared with left renal venous stenting alone,and there was no significant difference in the diameter of spermatic vein,inner diameter of renal vein and flow rate between the two surgical methods(P＞0.05).Conclusion Laparoscopic left renal vein stent implantation combined with microsurgical varicocelectomy is a minimally invasive,safe and effective method for the treatment of nutcracker syndrome complicated with varicocele.

Breast cancer has become the malignant tumor with the highest incidence rate. Although the emergence of new drugs has prolonged the overall survival of breast cancer patients， it still possesses a high recurrence and metastasis rate due to tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance. Glucose is the main source of energy metabolism for breast cancer cells， and the glucose metabolism of breast cancer cells is significantly different from that of normal breast cells. The high energy demand and rapid growth of breast cancer cells make their demand for glucose much higher than that of normal cells. Moreover， even under aerobic conditions， the glycolytic effect of breast cancer cells will be significantly enhanced to meet the high energy metabolism demand of breast cancer cells. The main reason for the enhanced glycolytic effect of breast cancer cells is the enhanced activity of glycolysis-related enzymes and regulatory factors， including pyruvate kinase， hexokinase， phosphofructokinase， lactate dehydrogenase， and glucose transporter protein. The metabolism process of glycolysis in breast cancer cells can be regulated by interfering with the activity of these enzymes and regulatory factors， thus inhibiting the proliferation of breast cancer， promoting apoptosis， and reversing drug resistance， invasion， and metastasis. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has a long history of treating breast cancer and has made significant achievements in the aspects of anti-recurrence， metastasis， and drug resistance. In recent years， more and more research related to the intervention of aerobic glycolysis in breast cancer by TCM monomers， single-flavored TCM， and compounds has been conducted and has made great achievements. In addition， a large number of in vivo and in vitro experiments have shown that aerobic glycolysis is an important potential target for the treatment of breast cancer by TCM， but there is a lack of a comprehensive review and summary. On this basis， this paper elaborated on the roles of key targets in aerobic glycolysis and breast cancer and summarized the relevant studies on the treatment of breast cancer by intervention of glycolysis with TCM， with a view to providing new ideas for further research.

Objective:To analyze the current status of Alzheimer's disease(AD)treatment costs under different co-morbid states in Sichuan,and to provide references and basis for prioritizing the formulation of related health policies.Methods:Based on the System of Health Accounting 2011(SHA 2011).Results:The total treatment cost of Alzheimer's disease patients in Sichuan Province in 2019 was 277 280 400 yuan,accounting for 0.13%of the province's disease treatment cost in 2019.There were significant differences in treatment costs among different co-morbidity groups,with family health expenditure being the main financing option(54.44%).The higher the co-morbidity index,the greater the share of family health expenditure.Treatment costs mainly flowed to hospitals,with the proportion of treatment costs going to general hospitals gradually increasing as the co-morbidity index increased.The treatment cost of women is higher than that of men,and the treatment cost of low,middle and high co-morbidity groups were mainly concentrated in the age groups of 55～69,70～89 and 80 years old and above respectively.Conclusion:It is recommended to optimize the financing scheme and build a multi-level medical insurance system.Continuously improve the protection mechanism to narrow the difference in treatment between outpatient and inpatient;improve the service capacity of primary health care institutions;pay attention to key populations and do a good job of preventing AD,so as to alleviate the overall burden of Alzheimer's disease in China,and promote the realization of healthy aging.

Objective:To analyze the current status of Alzheimer's disease(AD)treatment costs under different co-morbid states in Sichuan,and to provide references and basis for prioritizing the formulation of related health policies.Methods:Based on the System of Health Accounting 2011(SHA 2011).Results:The total treatment cost of Alzheimer's disease patients in Sichuan Province in 2019 was 277 280 400 yuan,accounting for 0.13%of the province's disease treatment cost in 2019.There were significant differences in treatment costs among different co-morbidity groups,with family health expenditure being the main financing option(54.44%).The higher the co-morbidity index,the greater the share of family health expenditure.Treatment costs mainly flowed to hospitals,with the proportion of treatment costs going to general hospitals gradually increasing as the co-morbidity index increased.The treatment cost of women is higher than that of men,and the treatment cost of low,middle and high co-morbidity groups were mainly concentrated in the age groups of 55～69,70～89 and 80 years old and above respectively.Conclusion:It is recommended to optimize the financing scheme and build a multi-level medical insurance system.Continuously improve the protection mechanism to narrow the difference in treatment between outpatient and inpatient;improve the service capacity of primary health care institutions;pay attention to key populations and do a good job of preventing AD,so as to alleviate the overall burden of Alzheimer's disease in China,and promote the realization of healthy aging.

Objective:To analyze the current status of Alzheimer's disease(AD)treatment costs under different co-morbid states in Sichuan,and to provide references and basis for prioritizing the formulation of related health policies.Methods:Based on the System of Health Accounting 2011(SHA 2011).Results:The total treatment cost of Alzheimer's disease patients in Sichuan Province in 2019 was 277 280 400 yuan,accounting for 0.13%of the province's disease treatment cost in 2019.There were significant differences in treatment costs among different co-morbidity groups,with family health expenditure being the main financing option(54.44%).The higher the co-morbidity index,the greater the share of family health expenditure.Treatment costs mainly flowed to hospitals,with the proportion of treatment costs going to general hospitals gradually increasing as the co-morbidity index increased.The treatment cost of women is higher than that of men,and the treatment cost of low,middle and high co-morbidity groups were mainly concentrated in the age groups of 55～69,70～89 and 80 years old and above respectively.Conclusion:It is recommended to optimize the financing scheme and build a multi-level medical insurance system.Continuously improve the protection mechanism to narrow the difference in treatment between outpatient and inpatient;improve the service capacity of primary health care institutions;pay attention to key populations and do a good job of preventing AD,so as to alleviate the overall burden of Alzheimer's disease in China,and promote the realization of healthy aging.

Objective:To analyze the current status of Alzheimer's disease(AD)treatment costs under different co-morbid states in Sichuan,and to provide references and basis for prioritizing the formulation of related health policies.Methods:Based on the System of Health Accounting 2011(SHA 2011).Results:The total treatment cost of Alzheimer's disease patients in Sichuan Province in 2019 was 277 280 400 yuan,accounting for 0.13%of the province's disease treatment cost in 2019.There were significant differences in treatment costs among different co-morbidity groups,with family health expenditure being the main financing option(54.44%).The higher the co-morbidity index,the greater the share of family health expenditure.Treatment costs mainly flowed to hospitals,with the proportion of treatment costs going to general hospitals gradually increasing as the co-morbidity index increased.The treatment cost of women is higher than that of men,and the treatment cost of low,middle and high co-morbidity groups were mainly concentrated in the age groups of 55～69,70～89 and 80 years old and above respectively.Conclusion:It is recommended to optimize the financing scheme and build a multi-level medical insurance system.Continuously improve the protection mechanism to narrow the difference in treatment between outpatient and inpatient;improve the service capacity of primary health care institutions;pay attention to key populations and do a good job of preventing AD,so as to alleviate the overall burden of Alzheimer's disease in China,and promote the realization of healthy aging.

Objective:To analyze the current status of Alzheimer's disease(AD)treatment costs under different co-morbid states in Sichuan,and to provide references and basis for prioritizing the formulation of related health policies.Methods:Based on the System of Health Accounting 2011(SHA 2011).Results:The total treatment cost of Alzheimer's disease patients in Sichuan Province in 2019 was 277 280 400 yuan,accounting for 0.13%of the province's disease treatment cost in 2019.There were significant differences in treatment costs among different co-morbidity groups,with family health expenditure being the main financing option(54.44%).The higher the co-morbidity index,the greater the share of family health expenditure.Treatment costs mainly flowed to hospitals,with the proportion of treatment costs going to general hospitals gradually increasing as the co-morbidity index increased.The treatment cost of women is higher than that of men,and the treatment cost of low,middle and high co-morbidity groups were mainly concentrated in the age groups of 55～69,70～89 and 80 years old and above respectively.Conclusion:It is recommended to optimize the financing scheme and build a multi-level medical insurance system.Continuously improve the protection mechanism to narrow the difference in treatment between outpatient and inpatient;improve the service capacity of primary health care institutions;pay attention to key populations and do a good job of preventing AD,so as to alleviate the overall burden of Alzheimer's disease in China,and promote the realization of healthy aging.