OBJECTIVE: To explore the correlation of temperament type and mother's emotional state with acute respiratory tract infections in children so as to provide evidence for comprehensive treatment of the infections. METHODS: A total of 200 children aged between 3 and 6 were enrolled in this study from two kindergartens of Guangzhou and Hengyang. The mothers were invited to complete a questionnaire of the children's general information followed by assessment using children's temperament scale and the Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale. RESULTS: The total incidence of acute respiratory infection was significantly higher in children with a hard- to-raise temperament than the easy- to-raise children (P < 0.05); the incidences of acute rhinitis, acute pharyngitis, acute laryngitis and acute bronchitis were all significantly higher in the hard-to-raise children (P < 0.05). A significant positive correlation was identified between the total number of episodes of acute respiratory tract infection in children and their mothers' stress and anxiety levels (P < 0.01). Acute rhinitis and acute tracheitis in the children were both positively correlated with the mothers' stress scores (P < 0.05), while acute pharyngitis and acute laryngitis were positively correlated with the mothers' anxiety scores (P < 0.05), while acute bronchitis was positively correlated with the mothers' stress and anxiety scores (P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis with the factors influencing the types of acute respiratory tract infections in children as the independent variables suggested that the easy-to-raise type of temperament was a protective factor against acute rhinitis in children (P < 0.05), while mothers' anxiety was a risk factor of acute laryngitis in children (P < 0.05); the mothers' stress was a risk factor for acute bronchitis in children (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Acute respiratory tract infection in children is closely related to the temperament type of the children and the emotional state of the mothers, which are important therapeutic targets in comprehensive interventions of acute respiratory tract infection in children.
Bronchitis ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Laryngitis ; Mothers/psychology* ; Pharyngitis ; Rhinitis ; Temperament

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy in treating the symptoms and laryngeal findings of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). Methods: Placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials published after June 2001 to January 2021 which used PPI as the sole intervention and the RSI or RFS as outcome measures were eligible for inclusion. Studies that were published prior to June 2001, those which only made use of questionnaires other than the RSI or RFS, those which used PPI in combination with other treatments, or those with unavailable full-text manuscripts were excluded. These studies were identified from MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Embase, and HERDIN Plus databases which were searched from May 21 to 26, 2020. The primary outcome was the mean difference between baseline/pre-treatment and post-treatment RSI scores for both PPI and placebo groups. The secondary outcome was the mean difference between pre-treatment and post-treatment RFS scores for PPI and placebo groups. Aggregate results of these outcomes were analyzed using forest plots. Heterogeneity was determined through prediction intervals. Risk of bias of individual studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s Tool in Assessing Risk of Bias. Results: Nine randomized control trials were included with a total of 737 patients randomized and 595 patients analyzed – 294 from the PPI group and 301 from the placebo group. There were notable variations among the studies in terms of choice of PPI, dosage and frequency. Out of nine studies, four used both RSI and RFS in their analysis. Two studies used RSI alone and three used the RFS in combination with symptom questionnaires other than the RSI. There was a significant decrease in the RSI of the PPI group versus the placebo group with a mean difference of -2.83 (95% CI, -5.13 to -0.53, p = .02). However, there was no significant decrease in the RFS between PPI and placebo groups with a mean difference of -0.84 (95% CI, -2.66 to 0.98, p = .37). For two clinical trials which only reported post-treatment RFS, there was also no significant difference between the two treatment groups with a mean difference of 1.27 (95% CI, -0.22 to 2.76, p = .10). Conclusion This meta-analysis found that, although a statistically significant benefit in RSI was noted with PPI therapy, this difference may not translate to a clinically significant change in symptoms; therefore, there is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against the treatment of LPR with PPIs.
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux ; Proton Pump Inhibitors ; Laryngitis ; Hoarseness

Biomarkers, Tumor ; Child ; Humans ; Laryngitis ; Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue

A 46-year old man visited our outpatient clinic with complaint of foreign body sensation in throat after consuming raw freshwater fish 5 days ago. Laryngoscopic examination revealed a motile worm attached on posterior pharyngeal wall. The worm was removed using biopsy forceps under transnasal endoscopy and evidently identified as Clinostomum complanatum after microscopic examination. Patient’s subjective foreign body sensation of throat and hyperemia of laryngeal mucosa remained for approximately 2 weeks post-removal, which were eventually resolved after administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and anti-refluxant drug for 2 weeks. Treatment was ended at three weeks since the first visit. C. complanatum infections in humans are rare, and only four cases have been reported in Korea. Symptoms resembling pharyngitis or laryngitis occurs by consumption of raw, infected freshwater fish and treatment is done by mechanically removing the parasite.
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Biopsy ; Endoscopy ; Foreign Bodies ; Fresh Water ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Korea ; Laryngeal Mucosa ; Laryngitis ; Parasites ; Pharyngitis ; Pharynx ; Sensation ; Surgical Instruments

BACKGROUND: Herpes zoster of the head and neck commonly presents with Ramsay Hunt syndrome. However, vesicular eruptions may occur on the pharyngeal or laryngeal area with multiple lower cranial-nerve (CN) palsy. CASE REPORT: We report on the case of a 54-year-old man with herpes zoster of the pharynx and larynx with multiple CN palsy and persistent hiccups. He initially developed progressive dysphagia, hoarseness, and persistent hiccups (CN IX and X). After admission, Dizziness, hearing impairment, and peripheral facial palsy (CN VII and VIII) were complicated. The results of a polymerase chain reaction test of saliva and vesicular fluid from the ear and throat were strongly positive for varicella zoster virus. The progression of CN palsy was in an ascending sequence. CONCLUSION: We suggest that the sequence of CN palsy may be either ascending or descending, depending on the initial site of involvement.
Cranial Nerve Diseases ; Cranial Nerves ; Deglutition Disorders ; Dizziness ; Ear ; Facial Paralysis ; Head ; Hearing Loss ; Herpes Zoster Oticus ; Herpes Zoster ; Herpesvirus 3, Human ; Hiccup ; Hoarseness ; Humans ; Laryngitis ; Larynx ; Middle Aged ; Neck ; Paralysis ; Pharynx ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Saliva

We describe a case of non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection of the larynx in a previously well, immunocompetent young woman. Laryngeal mycobacterial infection is rare and currently accounts for less than 1% of all cases. A diagnostic dilemma often occurs because it may mimic laryngeal carcinoma, chronic laryngitis, or laryngeal candidiasis. This case highlights the importance of considering non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection in the differential diagnosis of laryngeal lesions.
Candidiasis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Hypopharynx* ; Laryngitis ; Larynx ; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ; Pharynx ; Ulcer*

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is prevalent in Korea. Clinical manifestations include typical symptoms which are heartburn and regurgitation and atypical symptoms that can be esophageal or extraesophageal. Various extraesophageal manifestations are associated with GERD, and the most significant of these are chronic cough, laryngitis, and asthma. The diagnosis of extraesophageal syndrome is often difficult due to the poor sensitivity and specificity of available diagnostic modalities, including endoscopy, pH monitoring, and laryngoscopy. Consequently, empirical treatment with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) is considered to be the most cost-effective tool for the diagnosis and management of patients suspected of having extraesophageal syndrome without alarm features. Those who do not respond to PPI therapy should undergo an additional work-up that includes monitoring esophageal pH or impedance, and motility tests to evaluate the relationship between reflux and symptoms. Surgical management should cautiously be considered for very carefully selected patients.
Asthma ; Cough ; Diagnosis ; Electric Impedance ; Endoscopy ; Gastroesophageal Reflux* ; Heartburn ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Korea ; Laryngitis ; Laryngoscopy ; Proton Pumps ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Variable systemic diseases affect larynx and vocal fold and result in voice change. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease make increase of intra-abdomimal pressure followed by reflux of gastric acid, which stimulate vagal-bronchopulomary reflex aggravating cough and respiratory disturbance. Fungal laryngitis in the general population is extremely rare, but can occur in immunocompromised AIDS patients. Although, initially, empirical antifungal therapy for candidiasis is often given without biopsy, diagnostic direct laryngoscopy and biopsy is imperative if a substantial clinical response is not rapidly achieved. In the highly active anti-retroviral therapy era, HIV-positive patients are living longer and are at higher risk for developing non-AIDS-defining malignancies. The incidence of head and neck cancer (HNC) which is related with human papilloma virus infection has increased. The survival is significantly lower among the AIDS-HNC patients with CD4 counts ≤200 cells/µL. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cause voice disturbance by developing cricoarytenoid joints fixation or nodule on vocal fold. Post-menopausal voice disorder (PMVD) is caused by decreased secretion of estrogen-progesterone resulting in decrease of fundamental frequency (F0). Hormonal replacement therapy is helpful to reduce F0 decrease. RA and PMVD result in slight voice change, but it could crucial in professional voice user.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Asthma ; Biopsy ; Candidiasis ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; Cough ; Gastric Acid ; Head and Neck Neoplasms ; Humans ; Incidence ; Joints ; Laryngitis ; Laryngoscopy ; Larynx ; Papillomaviridae ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Reflex ; Vocal Cords ; Voice Disorders* ; Voice*

Child ; Humans ; Laryngitis ; therapy ; Nebulizers and Vaporizers

Herpetic laryngitis is extremely rare in healthy adults. The local factors that increase susceptibility to herpes simplex virus include irradiation on the head and neck area. A 66-year-old man who had history of supraglottic cancer had voice change 4 years after the radiotherapy. On laryngscopic examination, the erosive mucosal lesion was found on his left vocal fold. A pathologic examination of the lesion by suspension laryngoscopy revealed that the lesion was herpetic laryngitis, which was confirmed by immunohistochemical stain as herpes simplex virus. Herpetic laryngitis should be in the index of differential diagnosis in patients with laryngitis who have the history of irradiation on the neck.
Adult ; Aged ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Head ; Humans ; Laryngitis ; Laryngoscopy ; Neck ; Radiotherapy ; Simplexvirus* ; Vocal Cords ; Voice