Objective To develop nurses'knowledge,attitude and practice questionnaire on medication management for patients with dysphagia,and test its reliability and validity.Methods Based on the evidence-based summary of the best evidence of medication management for patients with dysphagia,guided by the the-ory of knowledge,attitude and practice,the basic dimensions and item pool of the questionnaire were deter-mined through group discussion,Delphi expert consultation and pre-investigation.In order to revise the ques-tionnaire,437 nurses from 10 tertiary hospitals in Jiangsu Province were conveniently selected for investigation,and the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were tested according to the survey results.Results The nurses'knowl-edge,attitude and practice questionnaire on medication management for patients with dysphagia included 43 items in three dimensions.The three dimensions were analyzed by exploratory factors,and six common factors with characteristic roots>1 were extracted.Two factors were extracted from the knowledge dimension,and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 74.958%,One factor was extracted from the attitude dimen-sion,and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 77.655%.Three factors were extracted from the prac-tice dimension,and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 72.274%.The factor load of each item was 0.618-0.902,Cronbach's α coefficient of the total questionnaire was 0.949,and the test-retest reliability was 0.909.The overall content validity coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.922,and the content validity coeffi-cient for each item was 0.800-1.000.Conclusion The nurses'knowledge,attitude and practice questionnaire on medication management for patients with dysphagia developed in this study has good reliability and validi-ty,and could be used as an effective tool to evaluate the status quo of nurses'medication management for pa-tients with dysphagia.

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of irbesartan and triptolide combination on the level of urine protein in patients with diabetic nephropathy at high altitude area.MethodsFifty patients with diabetic nephropathy (24-hour urine protein excretion over 1.0 g and serum creatinine level below 265.2 μmol/L) at high altitude area were randomly divided into two groups,the control group were treated with irbesartan 150 mg/d for three months,and the treatment group received irbesartan 150 mg/d combined with triptolide 40 mg/d for three months.24-hour urine protein concentration,arterial pressure,liver function and renal function were measured before and after the treatment.Results After three months' treatment,the levels of 24-hour urine protein and arterial pressure were significantly lower in both control and treatment group (P ＜ 0.01 ).Twenty-four hour urine protein in treatment group were reduced from ( 8.34 ± 1.29) g before treatment to (6.42 ± 0.95 ) g after treatment ( t =5.994,P ＜ 0.001 ).Twenty four-hour urine protein in control group were reduced from (8.57 ± 0.53 )g before treatment to (7.10 ± 0.79 )g after treatment( t =7.730,P ＜ 0.001 ).Systolic pressure in treatment group were reduced from ( 152.04 ± 18.80)mm Hg before treatment to ( 131.24 ± 10.56)mm Hg after treatment(t =4.817,P ＜ 0.001 ) ; Diastolic pressure in treatment group was reduced from (93.60 ± 11.36 )mm Hg before treatment to ( 82.68 ± 7.30) mm Hg after treatment ( t =4.053,P ＜ 0.001 ).Systolic pressure in control group were reduced from ( 151.20 ± 10.17 ) mm Hg before treatment to ( 130.00 ± 10.10 ) mm Hg after treatment(t =7.396,P ＜ 0.001 );Diastolic pressure in treatment group were reduced from (92.76 ± 7.03 )mm Hg before treatment to (84.20 ± 7.56)mmHg after treatment (t =4.147,P ＜ 0.01 ).No statistic differences were observed in liver function and renal function before and after the treatment ( P ＞ 0.01 ).Conclusion Irbesartan and triptolide combination can reduce 24-hour urine protein to a certain extent and donot adversely affect liver function and renal function in patients with diabetic nephropathy at high altitude area