Background and Objective: According to microbiological investigations, microorganisms, especially Lactobacillus strains, considerably increase after using fixed orthodontic appliances. One of the Lactobacilli bacteria found in the oral cavity is Lactobacillus acidophilus. The purpose of this study was to compare the adhesion of Lactobacillus acidophilus to metal and ceramic brackets with coated and uncoated nickel titanium (NiTi) orthodontic archwires. Methods: Forty () samples were divided into four groups for this in vitro study: 10 metal brackets with coated NiTi archwire, 10 metal brackets with uncoated NiTi archwire, 10 ceramic brackets with coated NiTi archwire, and 10 ceramic brackets with uncoated NiTi archwire. Elisa Reader was used to count the number of Lactobacillus acidophilus attachments, and the one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests were used to analyze all results. Results: The results showed significant differences in the attachment of Lactobacillus Acidophilus between the ceramic bracket and coated NiTi archwire sample groups and the metal bracket and uncoated NiTi archwire sample groups (P= 0.01). The adherence of Lactobacillus acidophilus to the ceramic bracket and uncoated NiTi archwire group was higher than the metal bracket and coated NiTi archwire group, and the metal bracket and uncoated NiTi archwire group. The attachment of Lactobacillus acidophilus to the metal bracket and uncoated NiTi archwire groups was the lowest of all sample groups in this study. Conclusion The highest Lactobacillus acidophilus adherence was in the ceramic bracket with coated NiTi archwire group compared to the other three groups.
Lactobacillus acidophilus ; Orthodontic Brackets ; Orthodontic Wires

ABSTRACT Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) is one of the etiological agents for dental caries and dominant in the deep carious lesion. L. acidophilus has also been identified in persistent root canal infection and also related to the failure of endodontic treatment. Photodynamic therapy is a therapeutic process involving the combination of a nontoxic photosensitizer and a light source. The excited photosensitizer reacts with reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induce injury and death of the microorganism. This study aimed to prove the effect of irradiation time of photodynamic therapy to the number of L. acidophilus. Forty-two Eppendorf tubes were treated with 0.5 ml L. acidophilus distributed into seven groups. Group 1 as the control group received no treatment. Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were treated with a combination of 0.5 ml toluidine blue O (TBO) as a photosensitizer and 630 nm photoactivated (Fotosan®) exposure time for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 sec. Then, all were stored in an incubator of 37ºC for 48 h. Later, the colony-forming unit (CFU) was counted for each group. There were significant differences in the number of L. acidophilus in CFU of the various irradiation times. The longer the photodynamic therapy irradiation was, the lesser the number of live L. acidophilus became. At 50 sec and 60 sec irradiation, none of the L. acidophilus was found alive.
Photochemotherapy ; Lactobacillus acidophilus

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of thermal treatment on the storage stability of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-14 tamarind juice with or without beta-glucans. Methodology and results: Lactobacillus acidophilus incorporated with 6% (w/v) beta-glucans displayed the highest viability (17.28 log10 CFU/mL) as compared to other beta-glucans concentrations (0-8% w/v). The L. acidophilus with or without beta-glucans survived more than 80% after 5 h of sequential digestion. Tamarind juice was subjected to different thermal treatments (76 °C for 30 sec or 90 °C for 60 sec) and incorporated with L. acidophilus with or without betaglucans. Lactobacillus acidophilus in tamarind juice without thermal treatment showed the highest viability (8.69 log10 CFU/mL), followed by thermal treatment at 76 °C for 30 sec (>7 log10 CFU/mL), and thermal treatment at 90 °C for 60 sec showed the lowest viability (>4 log10 CFU/mL), after 21 days at 4 °C. The pH, titratable acidity and viscosity of all L. acidophilus-tamarind juices demonstrated no changes throughout 21 days at 4 °C. Furthermore, thermal-treated tamarind juice (90 °C for 60 sec) incorporated with L. acidophilus displayed the least change in total soluble solids (1.99 °Brix), while thermal-treated tamarind juice (90 °C for 60 sec) with L. acidophilus and beta-glucans had the lowest color change (∆E = 4.46), after 21 days of storage at 4 °C. Conclusion, significance and impact of study Thermal treatments (90 °C for 60 sec) had contributed to the stability of L. acidophilus-tamarind juice with beta-glucans over 21 days of cold storage. This study shows thermal treated tamarind juice with L. acidophilus and beta-glucans is a potential functional non-dairy beverage catered for lactose intolerance individuals.
Lactobacillus acidophilus ; Food Microbiology

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) in infants is often related to food allergies (FA). The beneficial effects of lactic acid bacteria towards allergic diseases have been reported, but there are few reports on their effect and preferable dosages on AD in young children with concomitant FA. OBJECTIVE: To examine additional effects of two different dose of paraprobiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus L-92 (L-92) on the clinical treatment in young children afflicted by AD with diagnosed or suspected FA. METHODS: Fifty-nine AD young children from 10 months to 3 years old, with FA or who had not started to ingest specific food(s) because of high specific IgE levels, were recruited and randomly allocated into L-92 group (daily intake of 20 mg L-92/day) and placebo group. Participants were given test sample with conventional treatment for AD over a 24-week period. The severity of eczema was evaluated using SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index before intervention, and at 4, 12, and 24 weeks after intervention. RESULTS: After 24 weeks of intervention, a significant decrease in SCORAD was observed only in the L-92 group when compared with the baseline values. Significant decreases in thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and total IgE were also detected 24 weeks after intake in the L-92 group compared with the placebo group. CONCLUSION: It was suggested that intake of sufficient amounts of L-92 works as an adjunctive treatment of young children afflicted by AD with diagnosed or suspected FA.
Bacteria ; Chemokine CCL17 ; Child ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Eczema ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Infant ; Lactic Acid ; Lactobacillus acidophilus ; Lactobacillus

Lactobacillus acidophilus UBLA-34, L. paracasei UBLPC-35, L. plantarum UBLP-40, and L. reuteri UBLRU-87 were isolated from different varieties of fermented foods. To determine the probiotic safety at the strain level, the whole genome of the respective strains was sequenced, assembled, and characterized. Both the core-genome and pan-genome phylogeny showed that L. reuteri was closest to L. plantarum than to L. acidophilus, which was closest to L. paracasei. The genomic analysis of all the strains confirmed the absence of genes encoding putative virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and the plasmids.
Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Genome ; Lactobacillus acidophilus ; Lactobacillus ; Phylogeny ; Plasmids ; Probiotics ; Virulence Factors

The most common causes of acute viral diarrhea in infants and toddlers are rotavirus, astrovirus and norovirus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate epidemiological data of pathogens obtained from stool exams and compare them with the clinical course in pediatric patients with symptoms of viral acute diarrhea and to investigate the clinical efficacy of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) for acute diarrhea caused by rotavirus. Clinical data for three types of viral acute diarrhea were compared with the viral detection results by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Viruses were detected in 65.8% of subjects, with rotavirus being the most commonly reported in 63.3% of subjects. To examine the characteristics of each virus, a clinical epidemiological study was performed for 482 cases. Noroviral infection symptoms included vomiting and diarrhea in patients of all age groups. Dehydration in noroviral acute diarrheal patients was less common than in rotaviral acute diarrheal patients. The clinical efficacy of orally administered L. acidophilus in the treatment of acute viral diarrhea in infants and toddlers was also evaluated. L. acidophilus was a probiotic adjuvant in viral acute diarrhea in infants and toddlers.
Dehydration ; Diarrhea* ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Humans ; Infant* ; Lactobacillus acidophilus* ; Lactobacillus* ; Norovirus ; Probiotics ; Rotavirus ; Treatment Outcome ; Vomiting

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the oral antimicrobial effects of seven different mouthwashes available in Korea. METHODS: To examine the antimicrobial effects of the seven mouthwashes, their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using broth microdilution methods. Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4355, Candida albicans KCTC 7270, and Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 were used in this experiment. S. mutans and P. gingivalis were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), after treatment with the mouthwashes containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). RESULTS: Mouthwashes containing CPC had lower MIC and MBC values against the four microorganisms. Their bactericidal effects were concentration-dependent. S. mutans and C. albicans were highly sensitive to the concentration of CPC in the mouthwashes. According to the SEM observation, the treatment of bacteria with mouthwashes containing CPC, changed the cell surface texture of S. mutans and P. gingivalis. CONCLUSIONS: Mouthwashes containing CPC showed relatively lower MIC and MBC values under the same conditions against the four microorganisms used in this study.
Bacteria ; Candida albicans ; Cetylpyridinium ; In Vitro Techniques* ; Korea* ; Lactobacillus acidophilus ; Mouthwashes* ; Porphyromonas gingivalis ; Streptococcus mutans

OBJECTIVES: Gastrointestinal disorders caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SesE) are a significant health problem around the globe. Probiotic bacteria have been shown to have positive effects on the immune responses. Lactobacillus acidophilus was examined for its capability to influence the innate immune response of HT29 intestinal epithelial cells towards SesE. The purpose of this work was to assess the effect of L. acidophilus PTCC 1643 on cultured intestinal epithelial cells infected with SesE. METHODS: HT29 cells were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. The cells were treated with L. acidophilus PTCC 1643 after or before challenge with SesE. At 2 and 4 hours post-infection, we measured changes in the expression levels of TLR2 and TLR4 via real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Treatment with L. acidophilus inhibited SesE-induced increases in TLR2 and TLR4 expression in the infected HT29 cells. Moreover, the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in cells that were pretreated with L. acidophilus and then infected with SesE was significantly higher than that in cells infected with SesE without pretreatment. Taken together, the results indicated that L. acidophilus had an anti-inflammatory effect and modulated the innate immune response to SesE by influencing TLR2 and TLR4 expression. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested that L. acidophilus PTCC 1643 was able to suppress inflammation caused by SesE infection in HT29 cells and reduce TLR2 and TLR4 expression. Additional in vivo and in vitro studies are required to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying this anti-inflammatory effect.
Bacteria ; Epithelial Cells* ; Gene Expression ; HT29 Cells ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; In Vitro Techniques ; Inflammation ; Lactobacillus acidophilus* ; Lactobacillus* ; Probiotics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Salmonella enterica* ; Salmonella enteritidis* ; Salmonella*

OBJECTIVE: Different methods have been utilized to prevent enamel demineralization and other complications during orthodontic treatment. However, none of these methods can offer long-lasting and effective prevention of orthodontic complications or interventions after complications occur. Considering the photocatalytic effect of TiO2 on organic compounds, we hoped to synthesize a novel bracket with a TiO2 thin film to develop a photocatalytic antimicrobial effect. METHODS: The sol-gel dip coating method was used to prepare TiO2 thin films on ceramic bracket surfaces. Twenty groups of samples were composed according to the experimental parameters. Crystalline structure and surface morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively; film thickness was examined with a surface ellipsometer. The photocatalytic properties under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation were analyzed by evaluating the degradation ratio of methylene blue (MB) at a certain time. Antibacterial activities of selected thin films were also tested against Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans. RESULTS: Films with 5 coating layers annealed at 700℃ showed the greatest photocatalytic activity in terms of MB decomposition under UV light irradiation. TiO2 thin films with 5 coating layers annealed at 700℃ exhibited the greatest antimicrobial activity under UV-A light irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide promising guidance in prevention of demineralization by increasing antimicrobial activities of film coated brackets.
Candida albicans ; Ceramics* ; Crystallins ; Dental Enamel ; Esthetics ; Hope ; Lactobacillus acidophilus ; Methods ; Methylene Blue ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Ultraviolet Rays ; X-Ray Diffraction

OBJECTIVES: Glass ionomer cements (GICs), which are biocompatible and adhesive to the tooth surface, are widely used nowadays for tooth restoration. They inhibit the demineralization and promote the remineralization of the tooth structure adjacent to the restoration, as well as interfere with bacterial growth. Hence, the present study was conducted to assess and compare the antimicrobial activity of three commercially available GICs against two cariogenic bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An agar plate diffusion test was used for evaluating the antimicrobial effect of three different GICs (Fuji IX, Ketac Molar, and d-tech) on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus). Thirty plates were prepared and divided into two groups. The first group was inoculated with S. mutans, and the second group was inoculated with L. acidophilus. These plates were then incubated at 37℃ for 24 hours. Zones of bacterial growth inhibition that formed around each well were recorded in millimeters (mm). RESULTS: The zones of inhibition for Fuji IX, Ketac Molar, and d-tech on S. mutans were found to be 10.84 ± 0.22 mm, 10.23 ± 0.15 mm, and 15.65 ± 0.31 mm, respectively, whereas those for L. acidophilus were found to be 10.43 ± 0.12 mm, 10.16 ± 0.11 mm, and 15.57 ± 0.13 mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: D-tech cement performed better in terms of the zone of bacterial inhibition against the two test bacteria, than the other two tested glass ionomers.
Adhesives ; Agar ; Bacteria* ; Diffusion ; Glass Ionomer Cements* ; Glass* ; Lactobacillus acidophilus ; Molar ; Streptococcus mutans ; Tooth