Objective: To explore the causal association between dietary components (carbohydrate, fat, protein, and sugar) and 119 genera of known gut microbiota using Mendelian randomization (MR) methods. Methods: Genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for dietary components were collected from the DietGen, while GWAS data for gut microbiota were collected from the MiBioGen. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci associated with the four dietary components were used as instrumental variables, and 119 known gut microbiota genera were used as the outcomes. MR analysis was performed using inverse variance weighted (IVW) method. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran's Q test, horizontal pleiotropy and exclude outliers were tested using MR-Egger regression and MR-PRESSO test. Common genetic pleiotropic genes between dietary components and gut microbiota were identified by MAGMA and PLACO analyses. Results: The MR analysis revealed causal associations between carbohydrates and 4 gut microbiota genera, fats and 14 genera, proteins and 14 genera, and sugars and 11 genera (all P<0.05). The MR-Egger regression analysis showed no horizontal pleiotropy among the selected SNPs, and the MR-PRESSO test did not identify any outliers (all P>0.05). The MAGMA and PLACO analyses revealed that 74.42% (32/43) of the causal associations had pleiotropic genes, with 1 to 10 pleiotropic genes identified. Multiple causal association groups shared the same pleiotropic genes. Conclusion There are potential genetic and causal associations between dietary components and gut microbiota.

Objective: To investigate the association between childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as well as coronary artery heart disease (CHD). Methods: Genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for childhood obesity were collected from the ECG consortium, encompassing information on children aged 2 to 18 years, including 18 613 cases and 12 696 controls. GWAS data for T2DM were collected from the DIAGRAM consortium, including 242 283 cases and 1 569 734 controls. GWAS data for CHD were collected from the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D consortium, including 10 801 cases and 137 371 controls. Pleiotropic genes associated with both T2DM and CHD were analyzed using the MAGMA, PLACO and conditional false discovery rate (cFDR) methods. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed using inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, exploring the causal relationships among childhood obesity, T2DM and CHD. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran's Q test, horizontal pleiotropy and exclude outliers were tested using MR-Egger regression and MR-PRESSO test. The mediating variables among the three diseases were investigated by using a mediation analysis. Results: The results of MAGMA, PLACO and cFDR analyses identified 80 pleiotropic genes associated with both T2DM and CHD, primarily distributed on chromosomes 3, 17 and 19. The MR analysis revealed that childhood obesity increased the risk of T2DM (OR=1.151, 95%CI: 1.033-1.283) and CHD (OR=1.158, 95%CI: 1.068-1.255), T2DM increased the risk of CHD (OR=1.182, 95%CI: 1.139-1.227), and CHD increased the risk of T2DM (OR=1.124, 95%CI: 1.055-1.198). The MR-Egger regression analysis showed no horizontal pleiotropy, and the MR-PRESSO test did not identify any outliers (all P>0.05). Mediation analysis indicated that childhood obesity directly increased the risk of CHD (effect value=0.096, 95%CI: 0.012-0.180) and indirectly increased the risk of CHD through T2DM (effect value=0.023, 95%CI: 0.005-0.041), with the mediation effect accounting for 15.65% of the total effect. Conclusions There are potential causal associations between childhood obesity and T2DM as well as CHD, with a bidirectional causal relationship between T2DM and CHD. T2DM also plays a mediating role in the association between childhood obesity and CHD.

Objective: To explore the effectiveness of a comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) curriculum on university students hostile and benevolent sexism, so as to provide a reference for evaluating the effects of CSE on reducing ambivalent sexism. Methods: From September 2018 to January 2019, 165 university students from a university in Beijing were recruited using convenience sampling for a 5 month of CSE curriculum (36 sessions, 2 sessions per week, 45 min per session), including CSE and gender studies, sexual physiology and health, gender and gender roles, gender bias, intimate relationships and gender bias, gender based violence and gender bias, culture and gender bias, and gender and power. Students who took CSE curriculum were included in the intervention group ( n =97) and students from the same university who had not taken CSE curriculum were included in the control group ( n =68). Using the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, both groups of university students were surveyed before and after the curriculum to analyze the effectiveness of the CSE curriculum. Chi -square test, ANOVA，cluster analysis and Kruskal Wallis test were used for statistical analysis. Results: After the CSE curriculum, both hostile and benevolent sexism scores were lower in the intervention group (2.21±0.76, 2.36±0.68) than in the control group (2.81±0.61, 3.03±0.60) ( F =17.24, 33.26), and pre test scores were higher in the intervention group (2.64±0.67, 2.88±0.68) ( F =45.62, 66.93) ( P <0.01). On both hostile and benevolent sexism, female students scores (2.46±0.72, 2.65±0.70) were lower than male students scores (2.86±0.59, 3.09± 0.69 ) ( F=11.02, 14.20, P <0.01). Comparison of the curriculum effectiveness of hostile and benevolent sexism among clustered groups showed that the difference in hostile sexism scores was higher in the inconsistent type [0.63(0.25, 1.25)]than in the more consistent type [0.38(-0.16, 0.88)] and the lower consistent type [0.38(0.06, 0.63)] ( H=8.71, P <0.05); and the difference in benevolent sexism scores was higher in the more consistent type [0.75(0.53, 1.22)] than in the less consistent type [0.38(0.09, 0.88 )] and inconsistent type [0.38(-0.13,0.63)] ( H=10.82, P <0.05). Conclusions CSE can improve hostile and benevolent sexism in university students with sex and type differences. Attention should be paid to CSE curriculum to improve ambivalent sexism among university students with a view to fostering their awareness of gender equality.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture in patients with Major Depressive Disorders.Methods Search the database for relevant literature published before April 15,2023.Select randomized controlled trial that meeting the enrollment criteria,evaluate the quality of the literature and classify before meta-analysis systematic evaluation.Results 15 RCTs are included in this study,with a total of 1077 patients.The results showed that acupuncture treatment,compared with antidepressants alone,The score of Hamilton Depression Scale(HAMD)in patients with liver-qi depression disorder[MD=-0.73,95%CI(-1.22,-0.24),P<0.05],the score of TCM Syndrome Scale[MD=-1.89,95%CI(-2.35,-1.44),P<0.001],effective rate[RR=1.09,95%CI(1.03,1.153),P=0.001]and TESS score[MD=-2.76,95%CI(-3.68,-1.85),P<0.001]were statistically significant.Compared with fluoxetine hydrochloride,the effective rate of HAMD scale score was statistically significant[RR=1.07,95%CI(1.01,1.14),P<0.05].Conclusion Compared with antidepressants alone,acupuncture therapy has the advantages for the improvement of HAMD score in patients,the improvement of Traditional Chinese medicine symptoms,and significantly less adverse effects than those in the control group.Through this study,it is considered that acupuncture can be a safe and effective treatment modality.However,due to the quantity and quality of the included literature,the above conclusions still need to be verified by more high-quality clinical trials.

Objective:To investigate the splanchnic vessel diameter changes following splenectomy in cirrhotic portal hypertension.Methods:The retrospective cohort study was con-ducted. The clinical data of 149 patients with cirrhotic portal hypertension who underwent splenec-tomy in the People′s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region from January 2012 to June 2022 were collected. There were 115 males and 34 females, aged 46(range, 17-68)years. The patients underwent abdominal computed tomography (CT) before surgery and at 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 3 years, 5 years after surgery. The blood vessel diameters in the portal vein system and abdominal visceral artery system were measured after three-dimensional image reconstruction. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M(range). The repeated measured data were analyzed using the generalized linear mixed model, and the marginal mean of the estimated target was expressed as Mean± SE. Simple effects were used to analyze the differences in vascular diameter between pre-surgery and different time points after surgery, and sequential Bonferroni adjusted significance was used for multiple comparisons of marginal means. Results:(1) Changes in diameters of common hepatic artery (CHA), proper hepatic artery (PHA), gastroduodenal artery (GDA) before and after splenectomy. There were significant differences in the diameter change of CHA, PHA and GDA before and after splenectomy ( F=28.66, 29.46, 8.12, P<0.05). The diameter of CHA was thicker at 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years after splenectomy than pre-surgery ( P<0.05). It reached a peak at 1 week after surgery, and then declined slowly and fluctuated. The diameters of PHA and GDA were thicker at 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years after splenectomy ( P<0.05). They reached a peak at 1 month after surgery, and then declined slowly and fluctuated. (2) Changes in diameters of splenic artery (SA), celiac artery (CA), and left gastric artery (LGA) before and after splenectomy. There were significant differences in the diameter change of SA and CA before and after splenectomy ( F=155.33, 66.40, P<0.05). The diameters of SA and CA at 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years after splenectomy were thinner than those before operation ( P<0.05), the changes of which were obvious within 3 months after splenectomy, and then tended to be stable. There was no significant difference in the diameter of the LGA before and after splenectomy ( F=1.07, P>0.05). (3) Changes in diameters of superior mesenteric artery (SMA), right renal artery (RRA), left renal artery (LRA) before and after splenectomy. There were significant differences in the diameter change of SMA, RRA and LRA before and after splenectomy ( F=8.22, 13.21, 10.27, P<0.05). The diameter of SMA at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 3 years after splenectomy was thicker than those before operation ( P<0.05). The diameters of both RRA and LRA were thicker at 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years after splenectomy than those before operation ( P<0.05). (4) Changes in diameters of portal vein (PV) and superior mesenteric vein (SMV) before and after splenectomy. There were significant differences in the diameter change of PV and SMV before and after splenectomy ( F=31.74, 2.01, P<0.05). The diameter of PV at 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years after splenectomy was thinner than that before operation ( P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the diameter of SMV at above time points compared with that before operation ( P>0.05). Conclusions:After splenectomy in patients with cirrhotic portal hypertension, the diameters of PV, SA and CA were reduced, and the diameters of CHA, PHA, GDA and renal artery, superior mesenteric artery were enlarged. These postoperative vessel diameter changes maintain as long as five years.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of transcatheter aortic valve replacement(TAVR)in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis.Methods This study included 46 patients with severe aortic valve stenosis who underwent TAVR and completed a six-month follow-up at the Heart Center of the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University between May 2020 and May 2023.All patients underwent a preoperative examination,mini-mental state examination(MMSE),the Montreal cognitive assessment scale(MOCA),and the following safety indicators of surgery,including immediate success rate of valve implantation,valve displacement,death,heart conduction block,perivalve leakage,coronary occlusion,stroke,approach vessel rupture,cardiac tamponade,aortic dissection,and massive bleeding.Effec-tiveness indicators included clinical symptoms,BNP,sST2,and cardiac color Doppler ultrasound preoperatively and one day,seven days,three months,and six months postoperatively.Cognitive function indicators(MMSE and MOCA),were used preoperatively and three and six months postoperatively.The efficacy of transcatheter aortic was evaluated using these indicators.Results The immediate success rate of valve implantation was 100％,with one case of valve displacement,four cases of new bundle branch block,two cases of perivalve leakage,two cases of stroke,one case of inlet vessel rupture,one case of major bleeding,and no deaths,coronary artery occlusion,car-diac tamponade,or aortic dissection.Clinical symptoms improved significantly postoperatively,with 30 cases of NYHA grades Ⅰ to Ⅱbeing significantly higher than the 18 cases preoperatively.The indicators of cardiac function,BNP,and sST2 significantly decreased,and the maximum aortic valve cross-valve flow velocity,aortic valve systolic cross-valve pressure difference,average aortic valve cross-valve pressure difference,and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter significantly improved.The MMSE and MOCA showed significant improve-ments three and six months postoperatively.Conclusion TAVR is a safe and effective method to improve cognitive function in patients with severe aortic stenosis.

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of viral diarrhea among children under 5 years of age in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide insights into management of viral diarrhea. Methods: The surveillance data on viral diarrhea among children under 5 years of age in Shaoxing City from 2019 to 2022 were collected, including demographics and stool testing results. The epidemiological and etiological characteristics of viral diarrhea were analyzed using a descriptive epidemiological method. Results: A total of 763 diarrheal children under 5 years of age were reported in Shaoxing City from 2019 to 2022, and 236 children were tested positive for virus (30.93%). The detection of virus was 49.01%, 31.61%, 20.43% and 21.89% from 2019 to 2022, which appeared an overall tendency towards a decline (P<0.05). The incidence of viral diarrhea peaked from November to March of the next year and from May to July, and the detection of virus was lower among children with diarrhea living in urban areas (Yuecheng District, Keqiao District and Shangyu District) than among those in suburb areas (Zhuji City, Shengzhou City and Xinchang County) (30.22% vs. 52.00%, P<0.05). There were 206 children tested positive for a single virus, and the detection rates of rotavirus (RV), enteric adenovirus (EAdV), norovirus (NoV), and sapovirus (SaV) were 9.57%, 8.91%, 8.39%, and 0.13%, respectively. There were 25 children with virus co-infections, and the positive rates of EAdV and NoV, RV and EAdV and RV and NoV co-infections were 1.31%, 1.18% and 0.79%, respectively. There were 5 children with triple infections of RV, EAdV and NoV (0.66%). The highest detection of EAdV was seen in April, the highest detection of RV and NoV was seen in January, while SaV was only detected in April. Conclusion The incidence of viral diarrhea among children under 5 years of age peaked in winter and spring in Shaoxing City from 2019 to 2022, and the cases predominantly occurred in urban areas. The detection of virus appeared an overall tendency towards a decline, with high detection of RV, EAdV and NoV.

In order to further strengthen the training and management of clinical teachers, broaden the career development channels of clinical teachers, and truly stimulate their teaching enthusiasm and initiative, this study further classifies clinical teachers according to the principle of the Snell model, focuses on the training of educational clinicians, and explores the training mechanism of teaching talents in line with the actual development needs of hospitals affiliated to universities from the aspects of selection, training, incentive, and assessment. The results of practice show that related practices have a good effect, and the mean number of teaching achievements was 1.98 for the 56 educational physicians, which was 3.9 times that for non-educational physicians. The per capita teaching achievements of educational physicians tended to increase every year compared with those of non-educational physicians. The training path for educational physicians provides useful experience for the construction of clinical teaching team and the high-quality development of education and teaching, and at the same time, it is necessary to further strengthen the dynamic adjustment of talent echelon, the improvement of operating mechanism, and the introduction of new technology.

Objective:To investigate the birth weight (BW) of infants born to pregnant women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and its associated factors, and to provide more evidence for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) in China.Methods:This study was a retrospective cohort study. Between January 2004 and December 2021, pregnant women living with HIV and their infants in Hubei Province were recruited and followed up, and clinical data were collected through hospital medical records and HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome comprehensive response information management system. The multivariable linear regression was performed on the collected data to investigate associated influencing factors of BW.Results:In total, 531 pregnant women living with HIV (581 pregnancies) and 581 infants were enrolled. Of the 581 infants, 36 were HIV-positive, with a PMTCT rate of 6.2%. The mean BW of the infants was (3 075.0±470.2) gram. Protease inhibitor (PI) based-anti-retroviral therapy (ART) ( β=-0.1, 95% confidence interval ( CI)-188.2 to -37.1, P=0.004), ART in the first trimester( β=-0.1, 95% CI -201.9 to -65.5, P<0.001), infant HIV infection ( β=-0.1, 95% CI -310.4 to -68.2, P=0.002), hepatitis C virus infection ( β=0.1, 95% CI 71.2 to 410.4, P=0.005) and gestational age ( β=0.6, 95% CI 155.9 to 191.5, P<0.001) were associated with decreased BW. Conclusions:While improving the effectiveness of PMTCT for HIV, more attention should be paid to pregnant women who received ART in the first trimester and PI-based ART for preventing lower BW and improving maternal and infantile health.

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Shaoxing City from 2006 to 2022, so as provide insights into improvements of the HFRS control strategy. Methods: Data pertaining to HFRS cases in Shaoxing City from 2006 to 2022 were captured from the Surveillance System of China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. The temporal, population and regional distributions of HFRS were analyzed using the descriptive epidemiological method, and the trends in incidence of HFRS were evaluated using annual percent change (APC). Results: Totally 1 022 HFRS cases were reported in Shaoxing City from 2006 to 2022, with annual average incidence of 1.22/105 and three deaths. The incidence of HFRS appeared a tendency towards a decline in Shaoxing City from 2006 to 2022 (APC=-11.101%, t=-9.930, P<0.001), and the incidence of HFRS peaked from May to June and from November to January of the next year. A higher incidence of HFRS was seen in men than in women (1.76/105 vs. 0.68/105; χ2=201.361, P<0.001). There were 714 HFRS cases at ages of 30 to 59 years (69.86%), and farmers were the predominant occupation (78.18%). The three counties with the largest number of HFRS cases included Zhuji (366 cases), Xinchang (263 cases) and Shengzhou (134 cases). The incidence of HFRS was lower in urban districts (Yuecheng, Keqiao and Shangyu) than in counties (Zhuji, Shengzhou and Xinchang) (0.58/105 vs. 1.96/105; χ2=326.880, P<0.001). Conclusion The incidence of HFRS appeared a tendency towards a decline in Shaoxing City from 2006 to 2022, and the incidence was high in late spring, early summer and winter. The HFRS cases were mainly males, young and middle-aged people, and farmers, and predominantly distributed in counties. Targeted control measures are needed.