Cryptosporidium is an important intestinal parasite that is mainly transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Human infection may occur following ingestion of water and food contaminated by Cryptosporidium oocysts, and children and immunocompromised individuals are at a high risk of infections. The main symptoms of Cryptosporidium infections include diarrhea, vomiting, malnutrition, and even death. Because of high sensitivity and rapid procedures, molecular tests are helpful for the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis and may reduce the public health risk of cryptosporidiosis. This review summarizes the advances in the latest prevalence and molecular detection of human Cryptosporidium infections during recent years.

Objective To investigate the distributions of vitamin K1 and K2 in infants of different age groups by comparing the serum levels of vitamin K1 and K2 in them.Methods 1177 infants from 0 to 3 months were divided into 6 age groups.Those born/treated in the subject units(pediatrics,neonatology,child health care,obstetrics)were selected as the study subjects and grouped by age:0～3 days(591 cases),4～7 days(255 cases),8～5 days(104 cases),1 month(118 cases),2 months(40 cases),and 3 months(69 cases).General data of the infants were collected,and the serum vitamin K1 and K2 levels were determined by HPLC-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)on a unified platform,and analyzed from the distribution of vitamin K1 and K2 at different ages.Results The distributions of vitamin K1 and K2 levels were statistically significant(P<0.001);newborns were highly vulnerable to vitamin K1 deficiency,and vitamin K2 deficiency was higher than vitamin K1 with age.Conclusion Maintaining the normal growth of vitamin K1 and K2 is crucial for the normal growth and development of infants of all ages,so we should pay close attention to the monitoring and supplement of vitamin K1 and K2.

Objective This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of hospital-institute integration and collaborative governance between Zhejiang Cancer Hospital and Hangzhou Institute of Medicine,Chinese Academy of Sciences,analyze the specific factors influencing the integration and provide recommendations.Methods Based on the operational status of hospital-institute integration and collaborative governance between Zhejiang Cancer Hospital and Hangzhou Institute of Medicine,Chinese Academy of Sciences,a questionnaire survey was designed.There are a total of 305 participants,who are employees of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital and Hangzhou Institute of Medicine,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Results There is a correlation between"primary factors affecting effectiveness of hospital-institute integration"and"current main problems in the hospital-institute inte-gration",of which determination and understanding of"primary factors affecting effectiveness of hospital-institute integration"are affected by sex,title and education,and that of"current main problems in the hospital-institute integration"by age,position,working years and working years in the hospital;in addition,position also affects the determination and understanding of"actual result and effect of hospital-institute integration on hospital and medicine","evaluation of current advancement of hospital-institu-te integration","role of Hangzhou Institute of Medicine Chinese Academy of Sciences in the hospital-institute integration","un-derstanding related systems and mechanisms of hospital-institute integration".Conclusion Whether they are middle-level cadres or not has an impact on many aspects of the integration of institutions,resulting in difficulties in obtaining information,the need to strengthen incentive measures for some employees,and the need to improve the integration governance system and mechanism.In order to improve the effectiveness of institutional integration and coordinated governance,we propose countermeasures in this paper,such as improving information flows,enhancing employee incentives and strengthening system and mechanism.

Objective To investigate the impact of spermidine on proliferation and apoptosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)cell lines.Methods The impact of spermidine on cellular growth was assessed using a CCK-8 assay.Flow cytometry was employed to investigate the effects of spermidine on the proliferation and cell cycle dynamics of DLBCL cell lines,as well as to evaluate its influence on apoptosis in DLBCL cell lines,mouse splenocytes,and peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)derived from healthy individuals.Western blot analysis was conducted to examine alterations in protein expression levels associated with apoptosis and the cell cycle following treatment with spermidine.Results The CCK-8 assay revealed a significant inhibitory effect of spermidine on DLBCL cell growth(P<0.001).Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that spermidine had no impact on the proliferation or cell cycle of DLBCL cells,but significantly induced apoptosis(P<0.001).Spermidine exhibited a pro-apoptotic effect on mouse splenocytes(P<0.01),albeit weaker compared to its effect on DLBCL cells(P<0.001),and showed no significant pro-apoptotic effect on PBMCs.Western blot results indicated that spermidine did not influence the expression levels of cell cycle proteins CDK2 and CDK4,but enhanced the activation of Caspase-9 in A20 cells and Caspase-8 in OCI-Ly3 cells.Conclusion Spermidine induces apoptosis and suppresses cell growth in DLBCL cell lines,while exhibiting diminished or absent pro-apoptotic effects on mouse splenocytes and healthy human PBMCs,suggesting its potential as a specific inhibitor for the growth of DLBCL cell lines in vivo.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the survival of patients with cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA-CPR), and to analyze the factors influencing survival at 30 days after restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Clinical data of 538 patients with CA-CPR admitted to the People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region from January 2013 to September 2020 were enrolled. The gender, age, underlying disease, cause of CA, type of CA, initial rhythm, presence or absence of endotracheal intubation, defibrillation, use of epinephrine, and 30-day survival rate of patients were collected. The etiology of CA and 30-day survival rate among patients with different ages were compared, as well as the clinical data between patients who survived and died at 30 days after ROSC were also compared. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the relevant factors affecting the 30-day survival rate of patients. RESULTS: Among 538 patients with CA-CPR, 67 patients with incomplete information were excluded, and 471 patients were enrolled. Among 471 patients, 299 were males and 172 were females. Aged from 0 to 96 years old, 23 patients (4.9%) were < 18 years old, 205 patients (43.5%) were 18 to 64 years old, and 243 patients (51.6%) were ≥ 65 years old. 302 cases (64.1%) achieved ROSC, and 46 patients (9.8%) survived for more than 30 days. The 30-day survival rate of patients aged < 18 years old, 18-64 years old and ≥ 65 years old was 8.7% (2/23), 12.7% (26/205) and 7.4% (18/243), respectively. The main causes of CA in patients younger than 18 years were severe pneumonia (13.1%, 3/23), respiratory failure (13.1%, 3/23), and trauma (13.1%, 3/23). The main causes were acute myocardial infarction (AMI; 24.9%, 51/205), respiratory failure (9.8%, 20/205), and hypoxic brain injury (9.8%, 20/205) in patients aged 18-64 years old, and AMI (24.3%, 59/243) and respiratory failure (13.6%, 33/243) in patients aged ≥ 65 years old. Univariate analysis results revealed that the 30-day survival rate of patients with CA-CPR may be related to the the cause of CA was AMI, initial rhythm was ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation, endotracheal intubation and epinephrine. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis results showed that CA was caused by AMI [odds ratio (OR) = 0.395, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 0.194-0.808, P = 0.011] and endotracheal intubation (OR = 0.423, 95%CI was 0.204-0.877, P = 0.021) was a protective factor for 30 days of survival after ROSC in patients with CA-CPR. CONCLUSIONS The 30-day survival rate of CA-CPR patients was 9.8%. The 30-day survival rate of CA-CPR patients with AMI after ROSC is higher than that of patients with other CA causes, and early endotracheal intubation can improve the prognosis of patients.
Female ; Male ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant ; Child, Preschool ; Child ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Heart Arrest ; Hospitals ; Epinephrine ; Ventricular Fibrillation

Compared with conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CCPR), extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) can improve the survival rate of patients with cardiac arrest, and reduce the risk of reperfusion injury. However, it is still difficult to avoid the risk of secondary brain damage. Low temperature management has good neuroprotective potential for ECPR patients, which minimizes brain damage. However, unlike CCPR, ECPR has no clear prognostic indicator. The relationship between ECPR combined with hypothermia management-related treatment measure and neurological prognosis is not clear. This article reviews the effect of ECPR combined with different therapeutic hypothermia on brain protection and provides a reference for the prevention and treatment of neurological injury in patients with ECPR.
Humans ; Brain ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Brain Injuries ; Hypothermia, Induced ; Heart Arrest

Objective:To analyze the changes of common pathogens of viral diarrhea in children during the COVID-19 epidemic.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on children with acute diarrhea treated in Children’s Hospital affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine from 2019 April to 2019 December(before COVID-19, n=407)and 2020 April to 2020 December (during COVID-19, n=645). Children were further divided into 1-6 months, >6 months-2 years, >2-5 years age groups. Detection rates of norovirus GI (NOVI), norovirus GⅡ (NOVⅡ), rotavirus A (ROVA), rotavirus C (ROVC), intestinal adenovirus (EADV), sapovirus (SAV) and astrovirus (ASV) in different age groups and seasons before and during COVID-19 were compared by χ2 or Fisher exact test. Results:The total detection rates of diarrhea-causing viruses among age groups were significantly higher before COVID-19 than those during COVID-19( χ2=8.43, 38.22 and 9.23, all P<0.05). The detection rates of NOVⅡ and EADV in infants aged 1-6 months and >6 months-2 years were decreased during the period of COVID-19 epidemic( χNOVⅡ2 =36.87 and 17.77, both P<0.001, χEADV2 =9.08, P=0.014 and 0.003); the detection rates of NOVⅡ in children aged 2-5 years was decreased during the period of COVID-19 epidemic( χ2=3.96, P=0.047); the detection rates of other diarrhea-causing viruses were not decreased during the period of COVID-19 epidemic(all P>0.05). The detection rates of diarrhea-causing viruses among 4-6 months, 7-9 months and 10-12 months were higher during the period of COVID-19 epidemic( χ2=11.62, 65.41 and 27.80, all P<0.001). Conclusion:After the outbreak of COVID-19, the detection rate of common pathogens of viral diarrhea in children is decreased, especially NOVⅡ and EADV, which may be related to the measures in response to major public health events in Zhejiang Province.

Objective:To investigate the differences of gastric mucosa microbiota between children with chronic gastritis and duodenal ulcer under the condition of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection. Methods:This prospective cohort study involved 57 children with Hp infection diagnosed by gastric endoscopy who were admitted to the Children′s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine due to "abdominal pain, abdominal distension and vomiting" between January 2018 to August 2018. According to gastroscopy and pathological examination, the children were divided into chronic gastritis group and duodenal ulcer group. Gastric mucosa from Hp infected patients were sampled, and the flora DNA was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. The statistical difference of α diversity, β diversity between two groups were analyzed. The relative abundance of the two groups in each taxonomic level was analyzed statistically. T test, Rank sum test or χ 2 test was used for comparison between the two groups. Results:A total of 57 children diagnosed with Hp infection were enrolled in this study, including 42 cases of chronic gastritis (the age was (9.3±2.8) years, 22 males and 20 females) and 15 cases of duodenal ulcer (the age was (11.1±3.3) years, 9 males and 6 females). Alpha diversity index Chao and ACE in Hp infected chronic gastritis group were significantly higher than those in Hp infected duodenal ulcer group (217±50 vs. 183±64, t=2.088, P=0.009;218±47 vs. 192±76, t=1.566, P=0.016, respectively). The Beta-diversity index such as nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis were significantly different in the two groups (analysis of similarity R=0.304, P=0.028). Among the main bacteria genera, there were 6 genera with significant differences between the two groups, which were Prevotella (0.190% (0.008%-1.983%) vs. 0.021% (0.005%-2.398%), Z=-2.537, P=0.011), Alloprevotella (0.097% (0.010%-0.813%) vs. 0.015% (0.003%-0.576%), Z=-2.492, P=0.013), Haemophilus (0.109% (0.004%-0.985%) vs. 0.014% (0.004%-0.356%), Z=-2.900, P=0.004), Neisseria (0.074% (0.004%-0.999%) vs. 0.024% (0.003%-0.255%), Z=-2.718, P=0.007), Streptococcus (0.166% (0.008%-1.869%) vs. 0.045% (0.006%-0.879%), Z=-2.537, P=0.010), and an unclassified- Microbacteriaceae (0.214% (0.060%-1.762%) vs. 0.117% (0.010%-0.954%), Z=-2.120, P=0.034). Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect sized analysis showed that at the genus level, only Prevotella was significantly enriched in the duodenal ulcer group (LDA=2.90, P=0.010), while Streptococcus, Neisseria and Haemophilus were significantly enriched in the chronic gastritis group (LDA=2.83, 2.82, 2.69, P=0.011, 0.007, 0.004, respectively). Conclusions:The gastric mucosal microbiota in duodenal ulcer associated with Hp is significantly different from that in chronic gastritis. Hp may promote the occurrence of peptic ulcer together with gastric microbiota.

Objective:To understand the knowledge awareness and service acceptance of HIV non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) men who have sex with men (MSM) among college students in three cities of China.Methods:Male college students in 10 universities of Beijing, Shenzhen and Kunming aged 18 and above who had sex with men in the last 3 months were recruited as research objects by cluster stratified sampling from March 15, 2019 to April 14, 2019.Basic information, sexual behavior characteristics, knowledge, and service acceptance of nPEP were collected through online questionnaire survey. Multivariate dichotomy and unconditioned logistic regression model was used to explore related factors about knowledge awareness and service acceptance of nPEP.Results:A total of 293 MSM were surveyed. The average age was (21.0±0.2) years old, and 91.1% (267) were undergraduates. In the last 3 months before the survey, 54.3%(159) used condom each time of sex; 4.4%(13) had intercourse with the HIV infected men, and 9.2% (27)suffered STDs in the past 6 months. The 29.4% (86) had not received HIV testing in the past year. The nPEP knowledge awareness rate was 47.8% (140). The 21.2% (62) counseled nPEP services, and 9.9% (29) received nPEP services. After multiple logistic regression analysis, compared with those who not received HIV testing in the past year, OR(95% CI) value of those who received HIV testing for more than twice in the past year to aware the nPEP knowledge was 3.15 (1.01-9.86). Compared with those who not received HIV testing in the past year, OR(95% CI) value of those who received HIV testing for more than twice in the past year to counsel the nPEP services was 5.29 (1.51-18.51). Compared with those who never used rush in the last 3 months, OR(95% CI) value of those who ever used rush in the last 3 months to receive the nPEP services was 3.86 (0.99-14.98). Compared with those who not sexed with HIV infected in the last 3 months, OR (95% CI) value of those who sexed with HIV infected in the last 3 months to receive the nPEP services was 14.30 (3.35-61.03). Conclusion:The proportions of awareness of nPEP knowledge and acceptance of nPEP services are low. MSM among college students need further health education of the nPEP knowledge to improve the accessibility of services.

Objective:To understand the knowledge awareness and service acceptance of HIV non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) men who have sex with men (MSM) among college students in three cities of China.Methods:Male college students in 10 universities of Beijing, Shenzhen and Kunming aged 18 and above who had sex with men in the last 3 months were recruited as research objects by cluster stratified sampling from March 15, 2019 to April 14, 2019.Basic information, sexual behavior characteristics, knowledge, and service acceptance of nPEP were collected through online questionnaire survey. Multivariate dichotomy and unconditioned logistic regression model was used to explore related factors about knowledge awareness and service acceptance of nPEP.Results:A total of 293 MSM were surveyed. The average age was (21.0±0.2) years old, and 91.1% (267) were undergraduates. In the last 3 months before the survey, 54.3%(159) used condom each time of sex; 4.4%(13) had intercourse with the HIV infected men, and 9.2% (27)suffered STDs in the past 6 months. The 29.4% (86) had not received HIV testing in the past year. The nPEP knowledge awareness rate was 47.8% (140). The 21.2% (62) counseled nPEP services, and 9.9% (29) received nPEP services. After multiple logistic regression analysis, compared with those who not received HIV testing in the past year, OR(95% CI) value of those who received HIV testing for more than twice in the past year to aware the nPEP knowledge was 3.15 (1.01-9.86). Compared with those who not received HIV testing in the past year, OR(95% CI) value of those who received HIV testing for more than twice in the past year to counsel the nPEP services was 5.29 (1.51-18.51). Compared with those who never used rush in the last 3 months, OR(95% CI) value of those who ever used rush in the last 3 months to receive the nPEP services was 3.86 (0.99-14.98). Compared with those who not sexed with HIV infected in the last 3 months, OR (95% CI) value of those who sexed with HIV infected in the last 3 months to receive the nPEP services was 14.30 (3.35-61.03). Conclusion:The proportions of awareness of nPEP knowledge and acceptance of nPEP services are low. MSM among college students need further health education of the nPEP knowledge to improve the accessibility of services.