Objective:To analyze the factors affecting delayed chemotherapy in children with Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and their influence on prognosis.Methods:Retrospective cohort study. Clinical data of 591 children aged ≤18 years with BL from May 2017 to December 2022 in China Net Childhood Lymphoma (CNCL) was collected. The patients were treated according to the protocol CNCL-BL-2017. According to the clinical characteristics, therapeutic regimen was divided into group A, group B and group C .Based on whether the total chemotherapy time was delayed, patients were divided into two groups: the delayed chemotherapy group and the non-delayed chemotherapy group. Based on the total delayed time of chemotherapy, patients in group C were divided into non-delayed chemotherapy group, 1-7 days delayed group and more than 7 days delayed group. Relationships between delayed chemotherapy and gender, age, tumor lysis syndrome before chemotherapy, bone marrow involvement, disease group (B/C group), serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) > 4 times than normal, grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ myelosuppression after chemotherapy, minimal residual disease in the interim assessment, and severe infection (including severe pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis, chickenpox, etc.) were analyzed. Logistic analysis was used to identify the relevant factors. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the patients' survival information. Log-Rank was used for comparison between groups.Results:Among 591 patients, 504 were males and 87 were females, the follow-up time was 34.8 (18.6,50.1) months. The 3-year overall survival (OS) rate was (92.5±1.1)%,and the 3-year event-free survival (EFS) rate was (90.5±1.2)%. Seventy-three (12.4%) patients were in delayed chemotherapy group and 518 (87.6%) patients were in non-delayed chemotherapy group. The reasons for chemotherapy delay included 72 cases (98.6%) of severe infection, 65 cases (89.0%) of bone marrow suppression, 35 cases (47.9%) of organ dysfunction, 22 cases (30.1%) of tumor lysis syndrome,etc. There were 7 cases of chemotherapy delay in group B, which were seen in COPADM (vincristine+cyclophosphamide+prednisone+daunorubicin+methotrexate+intrathecal injection,4 cases) and CYM (methotrexate+cytarabine+intrathecal injection,3 cases) stages. There were 66 cases of chemotherapy delay in group C, which were common in COPADM (28 cases) and CYVE 1 (low dose cytarabine+high dose cytarabine+etoposide+methotrexate, 12 cases) stages. Multinomial Logistic regression analysis showed that the age over 10 years old ( OR=0.54,95% CI 0.30-0.93), tumor lysis syndrome before chemotherapy ( OR=0.48,95% CI 0.27-0.84) and grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ myelosuppression after chemotherapy ( OR=0.55,95% CI 0.33-0.91)were independent risk factors for chemotherapy delay.The 3-year OS rate and the 3-year EFS rate of children with Burkitt lymphoma in the delayed chemotherapy group were lower than those in the non-delayed chemotherapy group ((79.4±4.9)% vs. (94.2±1.1)%, (80.2±4.8)% vs. (92.0±1.2)%,both P<0.05). The 3-year OS rate of the group C with chemotherapy delay >7 days (42 cases) was lower than that of the group with chemotherapy delay of 1-7 days (22 cases) and the non-delay group (399 cases) ((76.7±6.9)% vs. (81.8±8.2)% vs. (92.7±1.3)%, P=0.002).The 3-year OS rate of the chemotherapy delay group (9 cases) in the COP (vincristine+cyclophosphamide+prednisone) phase was lower than that of the non-chemotherapy delay group (454 cases) ((66.7±15.7)% vs. (91.3±1.4)%, P=0.005). Similarly, the 3-year OS rate of the chemotherapy delay group (11 cases) in the COPADM1 phase was lower than that of the non-chemotherapy delay group (452 cases) ((63.6±14.5)% vs. (91.5±1.3)%, P=0.001). Conclusions:The delayed chemotherapy was related to the age over 10 years old, tumor lysis syndrome before chemotherapy and grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ myelosuppression after chemotherapy in pediatric BL. There is a significant relationship between delayed chemotherapy and prognosis of BL in children.

Objective:To explore the clinical and genetic features of two Chinese pedigrees affected with Autosomal dominant intellectual developmental disorder 49 (MRD49).Methods:Two MRD49 pedigrees which were admitted to the Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University respectively on January 28, 2021 and November 10, 2022 were selected as the study subjects. Clinical data of the two pedigrees were collected and analyzed. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of the probands and their family members. The probands were subjected to mutational analysis by high-throughput sequencing. Candidate variants were validated using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (q-PCR) or Sanger sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University (No. SDFE-IRB/T-2022002).Results:Proband 1 had presented with language delay, motor retardation and intellectual disability, and his maternal grandmother, mother, aunt and cousin all had various degrees of intellectual disability. Sequencing results showed that proband 1 had deletion of exons 3 ~ 7 of the TRIP12 gene. q-PCR verification showed that his mother, aunt, maternal grandmother and cousin had all harbored the same deletion. Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), the variant was classified as pathogenic (PVS1+ PM2_Supporting+ PP1). Proband 2, who had mainly presented with language delay, motor retardation and intellectual disability, and was found to harbor a heterozygous c.3010C>T (p.Arg1004*) variant of the TRIP12 gene, which was verified to be de novo in origin. Based on the guidelines from the ACMG, the variant was classified as pathogenic (PVS1+ PS2+ PM2_Supporting). Conclusion:This study had diagnosed two MRD49 families through high-throughput sequencing. Above findings have enriched the phenotypic and mutational spectrum of MRD49 in China, which has also facilitated genetic counseling for the two pedigrees.

Fetal STR typing of aborted tissue has long been a major problem in forensic DNA.Especially for the first trimester abortion tissue,it is difficult to isolate the embryonic components by histomorphological means,resulting in the inability to accurately obtain the STR typing of the fetus.The mixed STR typing results of mother and fetus can provide a key basis for the identification of suspects in cases of rape-induced pregnancy.In this study,next generation sequencing was used to successfully detect mixed STR typing of mother and suspected fetus or single STR typing of suspected fetus in 4 rape-induced early pregnancy abortion tissues.Combined with Y-STR and flank sequence information,it provides a more comprehensive and reliable genetic basis for the identification of suspects.

Objective A sterile golden hamster model was established by cesarean section purification.Methods SPF-grade donor female golden hamsters were selected,and males and females were mated 1∶1 and separated after mating.The cage time of the surrogate mothers was 1 week earlier than that of the donor mothers.Parturient golden hamsters underwent hysterectomy on a sterilized workbench,and the uteruses were transferred into isolation kits and stripped.To obtain sterile milk for milk replacement,sterile ICR mice and sterile SD rats were used.After successful separation,the hamsters were transferred to isolation kits to prepare for feeding.The sterility status of the feeding isolation kits was tested monthly.Results Three caesarean sections were performed,but the first and second lactations failed.The third milk replacement was successful,and 18 young hamsters were obtained with survival rates of 88%and 66%after weaning.All hamsters were quality tested by GB/T 14926.41-2001.Conclusions Using a cesarean section purification technique and sterile ICR mice and SD rats for microbial-free milk replacement,a sterile golden hamster model was obtained.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic etiology of a child with Hypomagnesemia, epilepsy and mental retardation syndrome (HSMR). METHODS: A child who was admitted to the Children's Hospital of Shandong University on July 9, 2021 due to repeated convulsions for 2 months was selected as the study subject. Clinical data of the child was collected. Peripheral blood samples of the child and his pedigree members were collected for the extraction of genomic DNA. Whole exome sequencing was carried out, and candidate variant was verified by Sanger sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS: The child, a 1-year-and-7-month-old male, had presented with epilepsy and global developmental delay. Serological testing revealed that he has low serum magnesium. Genetic testing showed that the child has harbored a heterozygous c.1448delT (p.Val483GlyfsTer29) variant of the CNNM2 gene, which was de novo in origin. The variant has caused substitution of the Valine at position 483 by Glycine and formation of a termination codon after 29 amino acids at downstream. As predicted by Swiss-Model online software, the variant may alter the protein structure, resulting in a truncation. Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), the c.1448delT (p.Val483GlyfsTer29) was predicted as a pathogenic variant (PVS1+PS2+PM2_Supporting+PP4). CONCLUSION The heterozygous c.1448delT variant of the CNNM2 gene probably underlay the HSMR in this child. Above finding has enriched the phenotype-genotype spectrum of the CNNM2 gene.
Humans ; Male ; Cation Transport Proteins ; Computational Biology ; Ethnicity ; Intellectual Disability/genetics* ; Magnesium ; Mutation ; Seizures/genetics* ; Infant

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical and genetic characteristics of a very early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD) type 28 child with atypical clinical manifestations. METHODS: A VEO-IBD type 28 child with atypical clinical manifestations admitted to the Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University on November 5, 2021 was selected as the study subject. Clinical data of the child was collected. Peripheral venous blood samples of the child and his parents were collected for high-throughput sequencing. Candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS: The child, a 50-day-old male, had manifested bronchitis, ulcerative stomatitis, eczema and slightly loose stool. High-throughput sequencing revealed that he has harbored compound heterozygous variants of the IL-10RA gene, namely c.299T>G (p.V100G) and c.301C>T (p.R101W), which were inherited from his father and mother, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis showed that both variants have been recorded in the HGMD database, though the c.299T>G variant has not been included in the gnomAD, 1000 Genomes, ExAC and ESP6500 databases, while the c.301C>T variant has a low population frequency. Both variants were predicted to be deleterious by the online software including SIFT, PolyPhen-2 and Mutation Taster. Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), both variants were predicted to be pathogenic (PS3+PM2_Supporting+PP3). CONCLUSION The c.299T>G and c.301C>T variants of the IL-10RA gene probably underlay the VEO-IBD type 28 in this child. Above finding has expanded the phenotypic spectrum of VEO-IBD type 28 due to variants of the IL-10RA gene and provided a reference for the clinical diagnosis of this disease.
Humans ; Child ; Male ; Computational Biology ; Diarrhea ; Gene Frequency ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/genetics* ; Mutation

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical and genetic characteristics of three Chinese pedigrees affected with Citrullinemia type I (CTLN1). METHODS: Three children diagnosed at the Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University from 2017 to 2020 were selected as the study subjects. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of the probands and their parents. Next generation sequencing (NGS) was carried out to detect pathological variants of the probands. Sanger sequencing was used for validating the candidate variant among the pedigrees. RESULTS: The probands have respectively carried compound heterozygous variants of c.207_209delGGA and c.1168G>A, c.349G>A and c.364-1G>A, c.470G>A and c.970G>A of the ASS1 gene, which were respectively inherited from their parents. CONCLUSION The newly discovered c.207_209delGGA and c.364-1G>A variants have enriched the mutational spectrum of the ASS1 gene. And the mutation spectrum of Chinese CTLN1 patients is heterogeneous.
Child ; Humans ; Argininosuccinate Synthase/genetics* ; Citrullinemia/genetics* ; East Asian People ; Mutation ; Pedigree

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical and genetic characteristics of a patient with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 5 (HPS-5). METHODS: A child with HPS-5 who had attended the Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University on October 3, 2019 was selected as the study subject. Clinical data of the child were collected. Genetic variant was analyzed through high-throughput sequencing. A literature review was also carried out. RESULTS: The child, a 1-year-and-5-month-old girl, had nystagmus since childhood, lost of retinal pigmentation by fundus examination and easy bruising. High-throughput sequencing revealed that she has harbored compound heterozygous variants of the HPS5 gene, namely c.1562_1563delAA (p.F521Sfs*27) and c.1404C>A (p.C468X), which were inherited from his father and mother, respectively. Based on the guidelines from the American College for Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), both variants were predicted to be pathogenic (PVS+PM2_Supporting+PM3+PP4). Among 18 previously reported HPS-5 patients, all had had eye problems, and most of them had tendency for bleeding. Eight cases had carried compound heterozygous variants of the HPS5 gene, 8 carried homozygous variants, 2 carried double homozygous variants, and most of them were null mutations. CONCLUSION The c.1562_1563delAA(p.F521Sfs*27) and c.1404C>A (p.C468X) compound heterozygous variants of the HPS5 gene probably underlay the HPS-5 in this child. High-throughput sequencing has provided an important tool for the diagnosis. HSP-5 patients usually have typical ocular albinism and/or oculocutaneous albinism and tendency of bleeding, which are commonly caused by compound heterozygous and homozygous variants of the HPS5 gene, though serious complications have been rare.
Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Hermanski-Pudlak Syndrome/pathology* ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Mutation

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical and genetic characteristics of two children with developmental delay. METHODS: Two children who had presented at the Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University on August 18, 2021 were enrolled as the study subjects. Clinical and laboratory examination, chromosomal karyotyping and high-throughput sequencing were carried out for both children. RESULTS: Both children had a 46,XX karyotype. High-throughput sequencing showed that they have respectively carried a c.489delG (p.Q165Rfs*14) and a c.1157_1158delAT (p.Y386Cfs*22) frameshifting variant of the CTCF gene, both had a de novo origin and were unreported previously. CONCLUSION The CTCF gene variants probably underlay the development delay in the two children. Above discovery has enriched the mutational spectrum of the CTCF gene and has important implications for revealing the genotype-phenotype correlation for similar patients.
Child ; Humans ; Developmental Disabilities/genetics* ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Intellectual Disability/genetics* ; Karyotyping ; Mutation

OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic basis for a child featuring congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP). METHODS: Targeted capture and next generation sequencing (NGS) was carried out for the proband. Suspected pathogenic variants were confirmed by Sanger sequencing of the proband and his parents. RESULTS: The proband was found to harbor compound heterozygous variants of SCN9A gene, namely c.1598delA (p.N533Ifs*31) and c.295_296delCGinsAT (p.R99I), which were respectively inherited from his father and mother. Both variants were predicted to be pathogenic, and neither was reported previously. CONCLUSION The compound heterozygous variants of the SCN9A gene probably underlay the CIP in this child. Above finding has enabled genetic counseling for this family.
Channelopathies ; Child ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Mutation ; NAV1.7 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel/genetics* ; Pain Insensitivity, Congenital/genetics*