Objective To investigate the effect of recombinant human lactoferrin(rhLF)on fracture healing in rat models with femur fracture and the proliferation of rat primary osteoblasts.Methods Male rats were randomly di-vided into 3 groups:simple fracture group(SF group),collagen film-treated group(CF group)and rhLF-com-pound collagen lamination film-treated group(CLF group).The fracture healing was observed by X-ray image and histological microscopy with HE and Masson staining.The newborn SD rats with osteoblasts were treated with differ-ent concentrations of rhLF,and osteoblast proliferation was detected by MTT method.Results The bone scabs in the CLF group were significantly larger than those in the SF and CF groups at 1,2,and 3 weeks postoperatively(P＜0.05).There was no difference in the comparison between the groups at 4th week.The proliferation of cartilag-inous and sclerotic bone scabs in the CLF group was more pronounced and showed the appearance of mature trabec-ulae and lamellar bone with a high degree of maturation of the bone scabs.The groups with 100 mg/L and 500 mg/L rhLF showed a significant decrease in A value for rat primary osteoblasts cultured in vitro as compared with the control group(P＜0.05).The A value increased significantly at the first day(P＜0.05).The concentration of rhLF increased at the fifth and tenth days.Conclusions rhLF has an accelerating effect on fracture healing which is manifested by fast scab formation,large volume and high maturity.The rhLF can promote the proliferation of os-teoblasts cultured in vitro,and the effect is mainly manifested in the rapid proliferation stage of osteoblasts.

Objective:To investigate the feasibility and clinical efficacy of percutaneous anterior column screwing assisted by blocking screws for pelvic and acetabular fractures.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted of the 13 patients who had been admitted from July 2019 to April 2022 for pelvic and acetabular fractures. There were 8 males and 5 females with an age of (49.1±13.3) years, 7 acetabular fractures (6 on one side and 1 on both sides; by the Letournel-Judet classification: 5 anterior column fractures on 6 sides, and 2 transverse and posterior wall fractures on 2 sides), and 6 pelvic fractures (5 complicated with pelvic posterior ring fracture; by the Tile classification: 1 case of type B2, 3 cases of type C1, and 2 cases of type C2). According to the anatomic zones of the anterior column, 5 fractures were at zone Ⅲ, 3 ones at zone Ⅳ, and 6 ones at zone Ⅴ. The time from injury to surgery ranged from 3 to 14 days, averaging (8.2±2.9) days. Anterograde anterior column screwing assisted by blocking screws was performed for all the 13 patients; the posterior ring was fixated with percutaneous sacroiliac joint screws for the 5 patients complicated with pelvic posterior ring fracture. The surgical time, intraoperative fluoroscopy frequency, and intraoperative bleeding volume for insertion of anterior column screws, fracture reduction quality, and hip joint function at the last follow-up were recorded.Results:A total of 14 anterior column screws were inserted percutaneously in the 13 patients. For insertion of anterior column screws, the surgical time was (65.0±10.2) min, the intraoperative fluoroscopy frequency (63.5±14.5) times, and the intraoperative bleeding volume for each screw less than 30 mL. All the incisions healed primarily after surgery, without such complications as iatrogenic neurovascular injury or poor wound healing. All the 13 patients were followed up for (11.1±2.2) months after surgery. In the patient with bilateral acetabular anterior column fractures for which 2 anterior column screws had been inserted, one screw had to be removed due to its displacement at 1 month after surgery; no such complications as loosening of internal fixation or fracture re-displacement was found in the other patients. All fractures healed after (10.2±2.1) months. According to the Matta scoring for quality of fracture reduction, 7 sides were excellent, 5 sides good, and 2 sides poor; according to the Majeed scoring for the 6 patients with pelvic fracture at the last follow-up, the efficacy was rated as excellent in 4 cases and as good in 2 ones; according to the modified Merle d'Aubigné & Postel scoring for the 7 patients with 8 acetabular fractures at the last follow-up, the efficacy was rated as excellent in 4 hips, as good in 3 hips, and as fair in 1 hip.Conclusion:For pelvic and acetabular fractures, minimally invasive percutaneous anterior column screwing assisted by blocking screws can result in fine clinical efficacy, in addition to its easy procedures, safety and reliability.

Objective:To summarize the effect of one and a half ventricle repair in the treatment of Ebstein’s Anomaly.Methods:The data of 149 patients diagnosed with Ebstein’s Anomaly and received with surgical treatment in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Department of Beijing Anzhen Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 2010 to December 2018 were continuously collected, and the survival rate, reoperation rate and tricuspid regurgitation were followed up in the medium-long term.Results:There were 68 males and 81 females, with a median age of 5.58 years. Patients were divided into Biventricular repair group and one and a half ventricle repair group. The operative age was significantly younger in the one and a half ventricle repair group (4.15 years vs. 6.71 years, P=0.019). There were also significant differences in patiens’ body length[(107.70±31.28)cm vs. (123.20±35.22)cm, P=0.014]and body weight[(19.69±12.22)kg vs. (29.65±20.41)kg, P=0.001], between the two groups, which may be related to the severity of the disease and the need for early surgical intervention. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in preoperative cyanosis, hemoglobin level, cardiac function, arrhythmia, and common cardiac malformations such as atrial septal defect. Notably, the proportion of preoperatively complicated pulmonary stenosis (10.81% vs. 1.79%, P=0.016) and right ventricular dysplasia (16.22% vs. 3.57%, P=0.008) was significantly higher in the one and a half ventricle repair group. In intraoperative and postoperative indicators, as one and a half ventricle repair under the collateral circulation, extracorporeal circulation time was slightly longer [(125.51±37.35)min vs. (100.44±25.24)min, P<0.001], and other indicators such as aortic cross-clamp time, endotracheal intubation time, length of hospital stay, and mid-term follow-up results, including mid-term mortality, reoperation rate, cardiac function and valvular regurgitation, there was no significant difference between the two groups. However, the proportion of hospital mortality in half ventricular therapy group was slightly higher, which may be related to the poor right heart function and postoperative recovery difficulties. Conclusion:Good follow-up results have been achieved in the treatment of two surgical therapy. Patients with right ventricular dysplasia and pulmonary artery stenosis should be paid more attention to. Pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular development should be evaluated before surgery to make preparations for one and a half ventricle repair.

Objective    To analyze the clinical characteristics and surgical treatment results of cardiac tumors. Methods    Clinical data of 28 patients with cardiac tumors, who underwent cardiac surgery in our hospital from 2013 to 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. There were 12 males and 16 females. The median age was 11.5 years, ranging 1 month to 69 years; and the median weight was 39.0 (4.8-100.0) kg. All patients underwent tumor resection under cardio-pulmonary bypass with general anesthesia, and postoperative pathological analysis was performed. Results    There were 27 patients with primary cardiac tumors and 1 patient with secondary cardiac tumor. Among the primary cardiac tumors, there were 16 myxomas, 5 rhabdomyomas, 3 inflammatory myofibroblastomas, 2 fibroids and 2 hemangiomas. The secondary cardiac tumor was chondrosarcoma. A total of 28 cardiac tumors occurred in 29 locations, including 14 in the left atrium, 3 in the right atrium, 1 in the left ventricle, 7 in the right ventricle, 2 in the mitral and 2 in the tricuspid. Cerebral embolism occurred in 6 patients, peripheral vascular embolism in 3 patients, and syncope in 3 patients. There was no death during the perioperative period and in the long term follow-up. Complete resection was performed in 25 patients and partial resection was performed in 3 patients. During the follow-up, 2 patients with myxoma received reoperation for recurrence. Among the 3 patients with partial resection, residual tumor tissue disappeared in 2 patients, and in the other patient, there was no change in the size of the residual tumor tissue during the follow-up compared to that at discharge. Conclusion    Cardiac surgery is an effective method for patients with primary benign cardiac tumors. However, whether the cardiac tumor tissue can be completely removed depends on the anatomical location of the tumor during the operation. If there are systemic embolism events and syncope, the possibility of cardiac tumors should be considered.

Objective    To evaluate the mid-term results of surgical treatment for functional single ventricle associated with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Methods    We reviewed the clinical data and follow-up results of 12 patients in our hospital who underwent both single ventricle series palliation and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection correction from 2008 to 2018. There were 6 males and 6 females at age of 2.3 (1-21) years. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression methods were performed. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the survival rate. Results    All patients were successfully removed from extracorporeal circulation. The cardiopulmonary bypass time was 113.8±42.5 min. The myocardial block time was 57.7±31.7 min. There were 3 in-hospital deaths and 4 late deaths. The causes of death in hospital were pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary hemorrhage, and hypoxemia. During follow-up, the cause of death was heart failure. The survival rate at 1 year and 3 years was 58.3%(95%CI 27% to 80%) and 40% (95%CI 13% to 65%), respectively. Median follow-up was 48.3 months (range: 1 to 118 months). Conclusion    Functional single ventricle combined with complete pulmonary venous drainage is a serious clinical disease, with poor therapeutic effect and high overall mortality.

Objective:The study aimed to evaluate the effect of systemic-pulmonary shunt(SPS) on the infants with tetralogy of Fallot(TOF) with hypoplasia pulmonary arteries.Methods:Among 949 infants less than three-year-old who underwent surgical intervention between January 2010 and December 2015, 853 infants underwent one-stage primary repair(group Ⅰ), whereas 96 infants underwent SPS(group Ⅱ). Among them, 546 were males and 403 were females. The average age and average weight at operation were 13 months and 9.4 kg, respectively. 20.8% infants had clinical symptoms before operation. Perioperative and follow-up parameters were assessed including age, weight, sex, transcutaneous oxygen saturation(SPO 2), preoperative clinic symptom, ratio of McGoon, NAKATA index, Z score of pulmonary annulus, left ventricular end diastolic diameter(LVEDD). Results:There were 28(3.0%) early postoperative deaths in the whole group. And no significant difference in mortality was found between group Ⅰ(2.9%) and group Ⅱ(3.1%). Compared with group Ⅰ, age and weight were significantly lower in patients in group Ⅱ[(0.95±0.56)years old vs.(1.09±0.59)years old] and[(8.6±1.8)kg vs.(9.5±2.1)kg], respectively. Patients in group Ⅱ had a lower SPO 2(0.75±0.09 vs. 0.85±0.09) and was more prone to appear hypoxic spell(30.2% vs. 19.7%) than patients in group Ⅰ. Patients in group Ⅱ had a more poor development in pulmonary artery. The ratio of McGoon, NAKATA index and Z score of pulmonary annulus in group Ⅱ were significantly less than that in group Ⅰ[1.4±0.3 vs. 1.9±0.5, (124±43)mm 2/m 2 vs.(222±88)mm 2/m 2 and-4.3±2.6 vs.-2.3±2.1], respectively. There was no difference of extubation time bewteen two groups. SPO 2 rose significantly from 0.75 to 0.83 after SPS. And after SPS, the diameter of main pulmonary artery, the ratio of McGoon, NAKATA index and Z score of pulmonary annulus increased significantly from 6.4 mm, 1.42, 126.4 mm 2/m 2 and -4.3 to 9.2 mm, 1.83, 212.6 mm 2/m 2 and -2.4, respectively. Moreover, LVEDD also increased significantly from 21.2 mm to 24.5 mm after SPS. Conclusion:SPS is safe and effective for little infants with anoxic spell and hypoplasia pulmonary arteries. SPS can improve oxygenation significantly and delay the age for radical surgery. SPS also promote the growth of the pulmonary arteries, pulmonary valve annulus and left ventricular, and it facilitates the preservation of pulmonary valve annulus and reduce the rate of transannular patching in a portion of infants.

Objective:To explore the surgical treatment strategy and the results of medium and long-term follow-up of Ebstein's anomaly(EA) through analyzing 127 patients.Methods:From January 2010 to Decembe 2018, 127 patients with EA underwent operation. There were 59 male and 68 female patients, with age of(9.5±3.7) years(0.67-18.0 years), weight of(27.1±11.7) kg(6.4-76.0 kg).13 cases were diagnosed as WPW syndrome by Echocardiography. There were 11 cases of VSD, 42 cases of ASD, 34 cases of PFO, 6 cases of PS and 127 cases of TI. The surgical strategy included 92 cases of biventricular repair(including 20 cases retained atrial shunt) and 35 cases of one and a half ventricular repair(including 8 cases retained atrial shunt). Except 2 patients underwent simple tricuspid valve repair(including 1 case of tricuspid annuloplasty ring), 125 EA patients in this group were all treated with cone reconstruction method for atrioventricular folding and tricuspid valvuloplasty.Results:6 patients died within perioperative period because of low cardiac output, pulmonary infection and cerebral hemorrhage, with a mortality of 4.7%. The complete atrioventricular block occurred in 2 patients and pacemaker were implanted postoperatively. 7 patients(5.5%) underwent pericardial fenestration due to pericardial effusion. All the other patients recovered successfully and were discharged from hospital without serious complications. The echocardiographic result indicated that the degree of tricuspid insufficiency were significantly reduced and cardiac function were improved before all patients discharged. The ratio of functional right ventricle to atrialized right ventricle(FRV/ARV) in the whole group was 0.87±0.37. FRV/ARV ratios of biventricular repair group and one and a half ventricular repair group were 1.12±0.39 and 0.48±0.28, respectively. And the difference between the two groups was statistically significant( t=5.685, P< 0.001). 110 cases were followed up in 3 to 96 months. 3 patients(2.7%) died during medium and long-term follow-up. Conclusion:The principle of the techniques is to reconstruct the tricuspid valve and right ventricle anatomically. Surgical treatment strategies should be decided according to the condition of tricuspid valve, ratio of FRV/ARV. Surgical treatment has a good effect for Ebstein’s anomaly in the medium and long-term.

Objective:To explore the causes and management of reoperation for mitral regurgitation in children with congenital heart disease.Methods:Twenty-four patients required reoperation for moderate to severe mitral regurgitation after mitral valve repair. The median age was 6.7 years, ranging 7 months to 14 years; and their median weight was 18.5 kg, ranging 9.2 to 47.0 kg. Among the patients who underwent reoperation for mitral insufficiency, mitral valvuloplasty was performed in 23 cases and mitral valve replacement was performed in 1 case. Reoperation for mitral valvuloplasty was performed in 7 cases after repair for partial endocardial cushion defect, 3 cases after repair for complete endocardial cushion defect, 11 cases after mitral valvuloplasty combined with other intracardiac malformations, 3 cases after mitral valvuloplasty. Reoperation for mitral replacement was performed in 1 case after mitral valvuloplasty. Reasons for reoperation included enlargement of annulus, prolapse of valves, cleft of valves, perforation of valves, avulsion of original suture and hemolysis.Results:There was no early and later death during the follow-up. Enlarged mitral annulus in 21 cases, cleft valve in 14 cases, valve prolapse in 9 cases, valve perforation in 3 cases, relaxation of tendon chord in 1 case, shortening of tendon chord in 1 case, loss of tendon chord in 2 cases and avulsion of original suture in 3 cases were confirmed. Mitral annuloplasty, annular junction contraction, cleft closure, aberrant orifice closure, Chordae shortening or neo-chordae implantation, prosthetic ring and mitral valve replacement were performed in these cases. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass time and aorta clamp time were(129.8±69.9)min and(69.1±41.1)min. Echocardiograghy revealed slight and mild mitral regurgitation in 21 cases, moderate mitral regurgitation in 2 cases and severe mitral regurgitation in 1 case. During the follow-up for 7 to 84 months. Six months after discharge, 21 cases showed slight and mild mitral regurgitation and 3 cases had moderate mitral regurgitation.Conclusion:The main reasons for reoperation of mitral insufficiency in children are mainly due to the progress of valvular disease or inappropriate suture in the first operation. The clinical results were excellent after reoperation for mitral valve insufficiency.

Objective The study was designed to analyze the risk factors for perioperative adverse events in Ebstein's a-nomaly(EA) after cone construction.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on EA cases undergoing cone con-struction in pediatric heart center of Beijing Anzhen Hospita from January 2010 to January 2017.Patients were divided into group A( no adverse events occurred) and group B( adverse events occurred) according to the presence or not of perioperative adverse events.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed with 9 preoperative and intraoperative var-iables as the predicted risk factors.Results The incidence of adverse events was 13.1％.Univariate logistic regression analy-sis showed that preoperative percutaneous oxygen saturation(SpO2)≤0.90(P=0.001, OR=10.578) and extracorporeal cir-culation time(P=0.034, OR=1.021) were risk factors for perioperative adverse events.Results of multivariate logistic re-gression analysis: preoperative SpO2≤0.90 was an independent risk factor for perioperative adverse events(P=0.002, OR=9.108).In 64 cases(64.6％) with atrial septum defect, there was no significant correlation between preoperative SpO2 and preoperative tricuspid regurgitation(P=0.838, r =0.026).Conclusion Preoperative SpO2≤0.90 is an independent risk factor for adverse events in the perioperative period of cone reconstruction .It is a simple and efficient method to evaluate the operation difficulty and determine the prognosis by SpO 2 .

Objective To explore CT and MRI features of peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors (pPNET) .Methods CT and MRI findings were retrospectively analyzed in 9 cases with pPNET confirmed by pathology .Of them ,8 patients underwent CT imaging ,and 5 patients underwent MR imaging .Results The lesions occurred in head and neck in 2 cases ,chest in 3 cases ,scrotum in 1 case ,right scapular region in 1 case ,and lower extremity in 2 cases .The lesions were more solitary (7/9) with round ,lobular or irregular shape .The longest diameter was between 1 .6 cm -13 .8 cm ,and the median diameter was 6 .2 cm .8 cases had blurred boundary .On CT plain scanning ,the lesions were mixed density with predominant isodensity .On MR imaging ,the lesions were slightly T1 hypointensity and heterogeneous T2 hyperintensity .Enhancement patterns were varied ,and the common way was mild‐to‐moderate heterogeneous enhancement .3 cases of them were closely associated with bone ,and showed osteolytic bone destruction . Conclusion The CT and MRI features of pPNET has lack characteristics ,CT and MR imaging have some value for localization diagnosis .