Objective:To understand the current and integrated disease burden and economic burden caused by breast cancer in females in China.Methods:Based on six updated data sources, including the series of Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report, China Death Cause Surveillance Datasets, China Health Statistical Yearbook, GLOBOCAN, Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD), the information about incidence, mortality and disability adjusted life years (DALY) of breast cancer were extracted for the analysis on the current incidence and time trend of breast cancer and predicted disease burden of breast cancer in females in China. Software Joinpoint was used for time trend analysis. The data of economic burden were systematically updated and analyzed by literature review.Results:1) GLOBOCAN 2022 estimated that the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and one- year prevalence rate of breast cancer in females were 33.0/100 000, 6.1/100 000 and 40.1/100 000, respectively, in China in 2022. According to Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report, the ASIR and ASMR were 28.4/100 000 and 5.8/100 000, respectively, in 2018. The China Death Cause Surveillance Datasets showed that the ASMR was 4.5/100 000 in 2021, and the urban to rural area mortality ratio was 1.2∶1. GBD reported that the DALYs of breast cancer were 2.921 million in China in 2021, accounting for 14.4% of the global total. 2) Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report data showed that the ASIR and ASMR of breast cancer decreased by 2.1% and 11.4%, respectively, in China from 2009 to 2018, while increased by 43.9% and 8.2% in rural area, respectively. The Joinpoint analysis showed that the average annual percentage change (AAPC) of ASIR and ASMR in China were -0.2% ( P>0.05) and -1.6% ( P<0.05). The AAPC of ASIR and ASMR in rural area were 3.9% ( P<0.05) and 0.6% ( P>0.05), and -0.3% ( P>0.05) and -1.2% ( P<0.05) in urban area, respectively. China Health Statistical Yearbook data showed that the urban ASMR decreased by 12.3% from 2014 to 2021 with AAPC of -2.6% ( P<0.05). 3) The GLOBOCAN 2022 predicted that, the breast cancer case count and death count in China would be 387 776 and 111 133 by 2050, an increase of 8.6% and 48.2%, respectively, compared with 2022, the increases would be more obvious in people over 65 years old, an increase of 80.8% and 124.9%, respectively. 4) Thirteen individual- based studies reported that the median medical expenditure per patient ( M=21 000 to 39 000 Yuan) and length of hospital stay ( M=11.0 to 30.5 days) for breast cancer treatment decreased from 2010 to 2019, while the average medical expenditure per visit ( M=9 000 to 23 000 Yuan) showed an upward trend. There was only one national-level analysis, which showed that the treatment cost of breast cancer was 25.24 billion Yuan in China in 2018, accounting for 6.4% of the total cancer treatment cost. Conclusions:According to the above updated multi-source data, the incidence and mortality of female breast cancer in China were stable in the past ten years, but the increasing trend in rural area should be noted. The direct medical expenditure of breast cancer treatment per case might decrease, but the population-level economic burden would remain heavy due to population aging.

Existing studies have shown that Astragalus membranaceus(AM)and its active ingredients astragalus polysaccharides,oninon,and astragalus methyl glycosides can attenuate X-ray radiation-induced injury.However,there are no studies on how isoliquiritigenin(ISL)attenuate the bystander effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)induced by carbon ion radiation therapy for lung cancer.This study aimed to investigate the AM-derived small molecule ISL to enhance radiotherapy sensitivity by attenuating the carbon ion radiation-induced bystander effect(RIBE)in BMSCs to elucidate its mecha-nism of action.In this study,we established a C57BL/6 mouse lung cancer transplantation tumor model in vivo and a co-culture model of A549 cells and BMSCs in vitro,and the models were successfully treated with carbon ions.In further work,we used flow cytometry,immunofluorescence,Western blot,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),inhibitor,short hairpin RNA(shRNA),Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8),and other methods to illustrate the mechanism.In the next experiments,we found that ISL combined with carbon ion radiotherapy had a significant anti-tumor effect and protected BMSCs from radiation damage.The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of ISL in enhancing the sensitivity of lung cancer cells to radiotherapy and attenuating RIBE in both in vitro and in vivo settings.Traditional Chinese medicine combined with radiation therapy is a promising and innovative treatment for non-small cell lung cancer.These results establish a theoretical foundation for further clinical development of ISL as a potential radiosensitizer option.

Objective:To explore the interventional effect of β-sitosterol on ovalbumin(OVA)-induced allergic asthma rats and its potential mechanism.Methods:SD male rats were randomly divided into normal group(CON),model group(M),positive drug dexamethasone group(DEX,0.075 mg/kg)and β-sitosterol group(Sit,50 mg/kg).A rat model of allergic asthma was estab-lished by intraperitoneal injection of OVA with aluminum hydrogen solution,and nebulized inhalation of OVA to stimulate.Rats were given intragastric administration 30 min before aerosol challenge,and after continuous administration for 7 days,the indicators of cough and asthma and tracheal phenol red excretion were detected.HE staining was used to observe pathological changes of lung tis-sue.Flow cytometry was used to detect reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation,apoptosis level and ratios of Th17 and Treg cells in peripheral blood.Biochemical method was used to detect contents of MDA,and activities of T-SOD and GSH-Px in rat lung tissues.ELISA was used to detect levels of Th17 and Treg-related cytokines(TNF-α,IL-4,IL-6,IL-17A,and IL-35).Results:Compared with model group,β-sitosterol significantly prolonged the incubation period of cough and gasp in rats with allergic asthma,reduced the frequency of cough and gasping,and promoted the excretion of phenol red in trachea;significantly reduced inflammatory infiltration in lung tissue of asthmatic rats;observably reduced MDA content in lung tissue,ROS of primary lung cell and apoptosis levels of asthmatic rats,increased the activities of T-SOD and GSH-Px;markedly reduced proportion of Th17 cells and levels of pro-inflammatory cyto-kines TNF-α,IL-4,IL-6 and IL-17A,increased proportion of Treg cells and levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-35.Conclusion:β-sitosterol can ameliorate airway inflammation and oxidative damage in OVA-induced allergic asthmatic rats,and its mecha-nism may be related to the regulation of β-sitosterol on Th17/Treg immune imbalance and oxidative stress response.

Objective:To systematically integrate and analyze the breast cancer screening rates among females in China and to estimate the composition of different screening service types.Methods:Based on core literature, relevant official websites, projects/survey reports, and information on breast cancer screening rates of Chinese females were extracted and analyzed, and the screening rates for 40-69 years old and 35-64 years old were standardized and compared using 2010 China's population structure. The literature review method was used to retrieve the journal literature related to the composition of breast cancer screening services types (organized screening, physical examination and opportunistic screening). The number of detected literature and the median sample size of individual screening people of the three screening service types were analyzed, and used them as weights to estimate the composition of screening service types.Results:A total of 6 related national surveys on breast cancer screening rate were identified, including 2 from the National Health Service Surveys (broader definition of "breast screening" in 2013, 2018) and 4 from the chronic disease monitoring system of China CDC (the exact definition of "breast cancer screening" in 2010, 2013 and twice in 2015). The age-standardized analysis indicated that 1-year, 2-year and 3-year breast cancer screening rates in 2015 among females in China aged 40-69 years old were 16.9%, 20.2% and 21.4%, respectively. The ever-breast cancer-screened rates were 21.1% in 2013 and 23.5% in 2015 among females aged 40-69, and the corresponding rates were 23.3% and 25.7%, respectively, among females aged 35-64. When taking the literature published in 2015 for further literature review, 130 articles were included, in which the proportions of numbers of reports on organized screening, physical examination, and opportunistic screening were 71.0%, 23.7%, and 5.3%, respectively. Along with the extracted data on median sample sizes (shown in the main text) by breast cancer screening types, it was estimated that the individual service volume of corresponding screening types accounted for 88.0%, 11.2% and 0.8% among all the screened females in China in 2015.Conclusions:The breast cancer screening rates among females of appropriate age in China in 2015 are higher than those in 2013. The literature review analysis preliminarily suggested that the current breast cancer screening service type in China is mainly organized screening service.

Objective: From a screening-focused perspective, to analyze the 30-year changes in disability adjusted life years (DALYs) caused by colorectal cancer (CRC) in China and in some other selected populations, to inform extent of burden of CRC and future related prevention and control in populations in China. Methods: Based on the data of Global Burden of Disease 2019 (GBD 2019), the DALYs, world standardized DALY rate, and the composition of different subgroups in China were collected. Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the trend during 1990-2019, and comparison was made with the international data and population screening situation. The trend of DALY burden caused by CRC in China was predicted. Results: In 2019, the DALYs due to CRC in China was 6.395 million person-years, accounting for 26.3% of the global burden and 9.5% of all cancers burden in China; the DALYs in men accounted for 65.2%, in those aged ≥65 years old accounted for 44.8%, in the age group recommended by local screening guidelines (40-75 years) accounted for 73.7%. The years lived with disability accounted for 4.8%. Compared with 1990, the CRC-caused DALYs in China increased by 181.5% in 2019. Factors with the largest increase in the attributable percentage were high Body Mass Index (151.1%), diet high in red meat (86.4%) and diet high in processed meat (78.8%), etc. For DALY rate, it was 245.6/100 000 in 1990 and 320.6/100 000 in 2019, an increase of 30.5%. For reference, Australia (began in 2006), the UK (2006), and Japan (1992), where CRC population-wide screening has been conducted, had decreases in DALY rate of 36.0%, 28.6%, and 17.8%, respectively. The predication of DALYs suggested that without continued expansion of population-based screening, the DALYs in China would reach 7.7 million person-year-9.1 million person-year by 2030, an increase of 19.9%-41.8% compared with 2019. Conclusions: The burden of CRC-caused DALYs in China increased over the past 30 years, and would become more serious because of population aging and the concomitant disability problem. The age range recommended by the current local screening guideline could theoretically include 70% of the population from which the DALYs burden originates, however, the real-world population screening coverage is still limited. The observed decline in CRC-related DALY rate in selected countries was substantially due to the implementation of mass screening, indicating the importance of speedily expanding the population coverage of CRC screening in China.
Aged ; China/epidemiology* ; Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Cost of Illness ; Disability-Adjusted Life Years ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years

Background::Non-smokers account for a large proportion of lung cancer patients, especially in Asia, but the attention paid to them is limited compared with smokers. In non-smokers, males display a risk for lung cancer incidence distinct from the females—even after excluding the influence of smoking; but the knowledge regarding the factors causing the difference is sparse. Based on a large multicenter prospective cancer screening cohort in China, we aimed to elucidate the interpretable sex differences caused by known factors and provide clues for primary and secondary prevention.Methods::Risk factors including demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, family history of cancer, and baseline comorbidity were obtained from 796,283 Chinese non-smoking participants by the baseline risk assessment completed in 2013 to 2018. Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the sex difference in the risk of lung cancer, and the hazard ratios (HRs) that were adjusted for different known factors were calculated and compared to determine the proportion of excess risk and to explain the existing risk factors.Results::With a median follow-up of 4.80 years, 3351 subjects who were diagnosed with lung cancer were selected in the analysis. The lung cancer risk of males was significantly higher than that of females; the HRs in all male non-smokers were 1.29 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20-1.38) after adjusting for the age and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.28-1.50) after adjusting for all factors, which suggested that known factors could not explain the sex difference in the risk of lung cancer in non-smokers. Known factors were 7% (|1.29-1.38|/1.29) more harmful in women than in men. For adenocarcinoma, women showed excess risk higher than men, contrary to squamous cell carcinoma; after adjusting for all factors, 47% ([1.30-1.16]/[1.30-1]) and 4% ([7.02-6.75]/[7.02-1])) of the excess risk was explainable in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The main causes of gender differences in lung cancer risk were lifestyle factors, baseline comorbidity, and family history.Conclusions::Significant gender differences in the risk of lung cancer were discovered in China non-smokers. Existing risk factors did not explain the excess lung cancer risk of all non-smoking men, and the internal causes for the excess risk still need to be explored; most known risk factors were more harmful to non-smoking women; further exploring the causes of the sex difference would help to improve the prevention and screening programs and protect the non-smoking males from lung cancers.

Objective:To systematically quantify the access to screening and surveillance service of liver cancer in populations in China, especially a series of sub-indicators of the availability.Methods:Following the specific indicators applied by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in the session of availability and use of screening practices in several cancer screening handbooks, information about the access/availability of liver cancer screening and surveillance in population in China were collected; the indicators included local policies and guidelines, procedures most commonly used or recommended, population coverage and participation rate, compliance and related factors, treatment rate, acceptability, equity and others. Systematic review approach was used, combined with searching core literatures/monograph, websites of governments and available program reports, for a systematic analysis on the access to liver cancer screening and surveillance in populations in China.Results:A total of 34 journal articles were included from the systematic review and most of which were about the participation of secondary liver screening or surveillance compliance; additional information were mainly obtained from the other sources. Overall, there were clearly recommended screening and surveillance procedures for liver cancer in the three major cancer screening programs funded by the central government of China. It was estimated that 0.09% of the population aged 35-74 years were covered by liver cancer screening in 2019 in China. The overall participation rates of secondary screening ranged from 37.5% to 62.3% in three major programs, the median compliance rate of surveillance was reported as 26.9% ( Q1, Q3: 23.5%, 41.0%) in the 6 included studies. Two studies reported the factors affecting the participation and compliance. A large-scale multicenter analysis showed that the subject acceptability to alpha fetoprotein test combined with ultrasound screening was as high as 99.3% in high-risk population in urban area. The treatment rate of liver cancer founded by screening, surveillance or follow-up was estimated to be >90% in rural population. No studies of equity were obtained via the systematic review. Conclusions:The public health service programs in China all recommend specific procedures for liver cancer screening in general population and surveillance for high-risk individuals. However, the overall availability needs to be improved, particularly in the indicator of population coverage. Participation rates of screening and compliance rates of surveillance varied among the included programs and the studies, suggesting that the influencing factors need to be further identified. The relatively high subject acceptability suggests the potential demands for screening service. More efforts are needed to address the access to screening and surveillance of liver cancer in populations in China.

A strong animal survival instinct is to approach objects and situations that are of benefit and to avoid risk. In humans, a large proportion of mental disorders are accompanied by impairments in risk avoidance. One of the most important genes involved in mental disorders is disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC1), and animal models in which this gene has some level of dysfunction show emotion-related impairments. However, it is not known whether DISC1 mouse models have an impairment in avoiding potential risks. In the present study, we used DISC1-N terminal truncation (DISC1-N
Animals ; Interneurons/metabolism* ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism* ; Neurons/metabolism* ; Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism* ; Parvalbumins/metabolism*

A strong animal survival instinct is to approach objects and situations that are of benefit and to avoid risk. In humans, a large proportion of mental disorders are accompanied by impairments in risk avoidance. One of the most important genes involved in mental disorders is disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC1), and animal models in which this gene has some level of dysfunction show emotion-related impairments. However, it is not known whether DISC1 mouse models have an impairment in avoiding potential risks. In the present study, we used DISC1-N terminal truncation (DISC1-N

Objective:Based on the data of Global Burden of Disease 2019 data, to analyze the past, current, and future burden of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in China and compare with the international status.Methods:The total number of DALYs, age-standardized DALY rate, and the composition of different subgroups were extracted and described to analyze the time trend in 2000-2019 and the current situation in 2019 for Chinese female breast cancer. The burden of DALYs in 2050 was predicted by Joinpoint using average annual percent change (AAPC).Results:In 2000-2019, the ranking of DALYs caused by female breast cancer in China rose from the fourth to the second in all female cancers. The total DALYs increased by 48.4%, of which the years lived with disability increased from 4.8% to 8.8%. The age-standardized DALY rate only slightly decreased (AAPC=-0.3%; which increased during 2016-2019, AAPC=1.6%). In 2019, the age-standardized DALY rate for breast cancer in China was 278.0/100 000. The DALYs were 2.88 million (accounting for 14.2% of the global burden and 12.1% of all female cancers burden in China), 26.5% of which attributed known risk factors (overweight and obesity were the largest: 0.34 million DALYs, but some common breast cancer risk factors were not available on the platform, such as menstruation and fertility). In 2050, the prediction suggests that the total DALYs caused by female breast cancer in China will reach 3.80 million person-years-5.16 million person-years, increasing 32.1%-79.4% over 2019. From 2000 to 2019, the peak age of DALYs and DALY rate became older, and the DALYs among females aged 65 years and above increased faster than those younger than 65 years (AAPC were 4.8% and 1.3%, respectively). In 2019, females aged 45-74 (the starting age recommended by local guidelines for breast cancer screening) contributed 74.3% of the total DALYs.Conclusions:Over the past 20 years, the age-standardized DALY rate for breast cancer in female populations in China has not changed obviously. Without the continuous expansion of effective intervention and population aging, the burden of DALYs for female breast cancer in China will increase. DALYs for breast cancer attributed leading risk factors were still limited.