"Dog ear" deformity is a common skin tissue protrusion defect following surgical procedures. Persistent instances of "dog ear" deformity, which do not naturally resolve, may impact postoperative aesthetics and the quality of life for patients, necessitating a secondary corrective surgical intervention. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms contributing to the formation of " dog ear" deformities and the proficient application of suitable correction techniques are imperative for both plastic and dermatologic surgeons. This paper provides a summary of the mechanisms behind the formation of " dog ear" deformity and offers a detailed review of surgical treatment method and strategies. It categorizes the treatments and indications based on different types and locations of "dog ear" deformity and includes surgical diagrams for reference.

"Dog ear" deformity is a common skin tissue protrusion defect following surgical procedures. Persistent instances of "dog ear" deformity, which do not naturally resolve, may impact postoperative aesthetics and the quality of life for patients, necessitating a secondary corrective surgical intervention. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms contributing to the formation of " dog ear" deformities and the proficient application of suitable correction techniques are imperative for both plastic and dermatologic surgeons. This paper provides a summary of the mechanisms behind the formation of " dog ear" deformity and offers a detailed review of surgical treatment method and strategies. It categorizes the treatments and indications based on different types and locations of "dog ear" deformity and includes surgical diagrams for reference.

Objective:To explore the current status of surgery for portal hypertension to grasp current status and future development of surgery in China.Methods:This study is jointly sponsored by China Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Specialist Alliance & Portal Hypertension Alliance in China (CHESS).Comprehensive surveying is conducted for basic domestic situations of surgery for portal hypertension, including case load, surgical approaches, management of postoperative complications, primary effects, existing confusion and obstacles, liver transplantation(LT), laparoscopic procedures and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS), etc.Results:A total of 8 512 cases of portal hypertension surgery are performed at 378 hospitals nationwide in 2021.Splenectomy plus devascularization predominated(53.0%)and laparoscopy accounted for 76.1%.Primary goal is preventing rebleeding(67.0%) and 72.8% of hospitals used preventive anticoagulants after conventional surgery.And 80.7% of teams believe that the formation of postoperative portal vein thrombosis is a surgical dilemma and 65.3% of hospitals practiced both laparoscopy and TIPS.The major reasons for patients with portal hypertension not receiving LT are due to a lack of qualifications for LT(69.3%)and economic factors(69.0%).Conclusions:Surgery is an integral part of management of portal hypertension in China.However, it is imperative to further standardize the grasp of surgical indications, the handling of surgical operation and the management of postoperative complications.Moreover, prospective, multi-center randomized controlled clinical studies should be performed.

Melanoma is a kind of malignant tumor with high invasiveness and high mortality rate. Recent studies have demonstrated that many factors contributed to the transformation from melanocytic nevus to melanoma, including the mutation of BRAF V600E, MAPK pathway negative feedback disorder, DNA damage repair, p53 gene mutation, immune disorder, etc. In this paper, the basic research progress of the relationship between melanocyte nevus and the development of melanoma was reviewed.

Skin and soft tissue expansion is an important treatment in the field of plastic surgery. It can not only enables patients to harvest a large number of new soft tissues with matching color, texture and thickness to that surrounding the defective area, but also repair different parts of the body through a variety of preoperative design and transfer method. In the case of shortage of donor sites and higher appearance requirement in head, face and neck, skin and soft tissue expansion is indispensable for the reconstruction of post-burn scar. This article reviews the related literature of skin and soft tissue expansion in the treatment of post-burn scar in head, face and neck, in order to be helpful to the above clinical work.

Melanoma is a kind of malignant tumor with high invasiveness and high mortality rate. Recent studies have demonstrated that many factors contributed to the transformation from melanocytic nevus to melanoma, including the mutation of BRAF V600E, MAPK pathway negative feedback disorder, DNA damage repair, p53 gene mutation, immune disorder, etc. In this paper, the basic research progress of the relationship between melanocyte nevus and the development of melanoma was reviewed.

Skin and soft tissue expansion is an important treatment in the field of plastic surgery. It can not only enables patients to harvest a large number of new soft tissues with matching color, texture and thickness to that surrounding the defective area, but also repair different parts of the body through a variety of preoperative design and transfer method. In the case of shortage of donor sites and higher appearance requirement in head, face and neck, skin and soft tissue expansion is indispensable for the reconstruction of post-burn scar. This article reviews the related literature of skin and soft tissue expansion in the treatment of post-burn scar in head, face and neck, in order to be helpful to the above clinical work.

The etiology and pathogenesis of keloid are still not clear. It is believed that the formation of keloid is due to the joint action of many factors, during which process the external factor of fibroblast play an important role. Reprogramming of glucose metabolism in keloid fibroblasts is a new research direction. TGF-β 1 and its related TGF-β 1/Smad signalling pathway are considered to be the most closely related to the formation of keloid. This article reviews the research progress on extracellular factors, glucose metabolism and signaling pathways of keloids.

Skin soft tissue expansion is of great importance to plastic surgery. Skin and soft tissue expansion is an important treatment in the field of plastic surgery. It can not only enables patients to harvest a large number of new soft tissues with matching color, texture and thickness, but also repair different parts of the body through a variety of preoperative design and transfer method . In the case of shortage of donor sites and higher appearance requirement in head, face and neck, skin and soft tissue expansion is indispensable for the reconstruction of post-burn scar. This article reviews the related literature of skin and soft tissue expansion in the treatment of post-burn scar in head, face and neck, in order to be helpful to the above clinical work.

Objective:To explore the safety and efficacy of serial expansion without delay for the treatment of giant congenital melanocytic nevi (GCMN) on the back.Methods:The clinical date of children with GCMN on the back admitted to the Ninth Department of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from February 2017 to March 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. In stage Ⅰ, an expander was placed on each side of the back to laterally expand the skin on the back, as a whole. In stage Ⅱ, after the expanders were removed and part of the nevus was removed, the expanded flaps were advanced integrally across the back with additional incisions on both sides of the trunk. The new expanders were then placed under the expanded flaps simultaneously for serial expansion. In stage Ⅲ, the expanded flaps were used to reconstruct the wound after resection of GCMN. The color, texture of the flaps and the postoperative scar on the back were observed.Results:Ten patients were enrolled, including 4 males and 6 females, with an average age of 3.4 years (ranged between 2-6 years). All patients completed three stages of treatment. In the second stage, new expanders were placed under the expanded flap for serial expansion simultaneously. The three-stage operation took a total of 6.80 to 11.77 months, and all the nevus on the back were removed. The mean follow-up time was 16.6 months (ranged between 12-24 months). In one case, the skin flap necrosis (1.5 cm × 1.2 cm) was caused by abrasion at the end of stage Ⅱ when the inflation of the expander was nearly completed, without exposure of the dilator. After the expanders were removed in stage Ⅲ, the flap survived well. In the other children, no wound dehiscence, infection, dilator exposure and other complications occurred. The back was maintained as a whole aesthetic unit without conspicuous scars and the postoperative scars were located on the sides of the trunk. The color and texture of the flap were similar to its surrounding tissue.Conclusions:Serial expansion without delay is safe and efficient in the treatment of GCMN on the back. It not only eliminates the need to wait 4 to 15 months for the expander implantation, but also saves one operation and anesthesia. During the treatment, additional incisions are only made on both sides of the trunk, which could maintain the back as a whole aesthetic unit and obtain a better postoperative appearance.