The number of patients with reduced blood volume due to haemorrhage, fractures, severe infections, extensive burns and tumours is increasing, and traditional blood products are no longer able to meet the increasing clinical demand. Therefore, plasma substitutes have become particularly important in fluid resuscitation, especially artificial colloidal solutions, which have a sustained volume expansion time and a good volume expansion effect, and can significantly improve the circulatory status of patients. This article aims to review the classification of artificial colloidal plasma substitutes and their research progress in clinical practice, in order provide a more rigorous, professional and standardized reference for medicine.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a serious intracranial hemorrhage characterized by acute bleeding into the subarachnoid space. The effects of shikonin, a natural compound from the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, on oxidative stress and blood–brain barrier (BBB) injury in SAH was evaluated in this study. A rat model of SAH was established by endovascular perforation to mimic the rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Rats were then administered 25 mg/kg of shikonin or dimethylsulfoxide after surgery. Brain edema, SAH grade, and neurobehavioral scores were measured after 24 h of SAH to evaluate neurological impairment. Concentrations of the oxidative stress markers superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain cortex were determined using the corresponding commercially available assay kits. Evans blue staining was used to determine BBB permeability. Western blotting was used to quantify protein levels of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5. After modeling, the brain water content increased significantly whereas the neurobehavioral scores of rats with SAH decreased prominently. MDA levels increased and the levels of the antioxidant enzymes GSH and SOD decreased after SAH. These changes were reversed after shikonin administration. Shikonin treatment also inhibited Evans blue extravasation after SAH. Furthermore, reduction in the levels of tight junction proteins after SAH modeling was rescued after shikonin treatment. In conclusion, shikonin exerts a neuroprotective effect after SAH by mitigating BBB injury and inhibiting oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a serious intracranial hemorrhage characterized by acute bleeding into the subarachnoid space. The effects of shikonin, a natural compound from the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, on oxidative stress and blood–brain barrier (BBB) injury in SAH was evaluated in this study. A rat model of SAH was established by endovascular perforation to mimic the rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Rats were then administered 25 mg/kg of shikonin or dimethylsulfoxide after surgery. Brain edema, SAH grade, and neurobehavioral scores were measured after 24 h of SAH to evaluate neurological impairment. Concentrations of the oxidative stress markers superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain cortex were determined using the corresponding commercially available assay kits. Evans blue staining was used to determine BBB permeability. Western blotting was used to quantify protein levels of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5. After modeling, the brain water content increased significantly whereas the neurobehavioral scores of rats with SAH decreased prominently. MDA levels increased and the levels of the antioxidant enzymes GSH and SOD decreased after SAH. These changes were reversed after shikonin administration. Shikonin treatment also inhibited Evans blue extravasation after SAH. Furthermore, reduction in the levels of tight junction proteins after SAH modeling was rescued after shikonin treatment. In conclusion, shikonin exerts a neuroprotective effect after SAH by mitigating BBB injury and inhibiting oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a serious intracranial hemorrhage characterized by acute bleeding into the subarachnoid space. The effects of shikonin, a natural compound from the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, on oxidative stress and blood–brain barrier (BBB) injury in SAH was evaluated in this study. A rat model of SAH was established by endovascular perforation to mimic the rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Rats were then administered 25 mg/kg of shikonin or dimethylsulfoxide after surgery. Brain edema, SAH grade, and neurobehavioral scores were measured after 24 h of SAH to evaluate neurological impairment. Concentrations of the oxidative stress markers superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain cortex were determined using the corresponding commercially available assay kits. Evans blue staining was used to determine BBB permeability. Western blotting was used to quantify protein levels of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5. After modeling, the brain water content increased significantly whereas the neurobehavioral scores of rats with SAH decreased prominently. MDA levels increased and the levels of the antioxidant enzymes GSH and SOD decreased after SAH. These changes were reversed after shikonin administration. Shikonin treatment also inhibited Evans blue extravasation after SAH. Furthermore, reduction in the levels of tight junction proteins after SAH modeling was rescued after shikonin treatment. In conclusion, shikonin exerts a neuroprotective effect after SAH by mitigating BBB injury and inhibiting oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a serious intracranial hemorrhage characterized by acute bleeding into the subarachnoid space. The effects of shikonin, a natural compound from the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, on oxidative stress and blood–brain barrier (BBB) injury in SAH was evaluated in this study. A rat model of SAH was established by endovascular perforation to mimic the rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Rats were then administered 25 mg/kg of shikonin or dimethylsulfoxide after surgery. Brain edema, SAH grade, and neurobehavioral scores were measured after 24 h of SAH to evaluate neurological impairment. Concentrations of the oxidative stress markers superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain cortex were determined using the corresponding commercially available assay kits. Evans blue staining was used to determine BBB permeability. Western blotting was used to quantify protein levels of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5. After modeling, the brain water content increased significantly whereas the neurobehavioral scores of rats with SAH decreased prominently. MDA levels increased and the levels of the antioxidant enzymes GSH and SOD decreased after SAH. These changes were reversed after shikonin administration. Shikonin treatment also inhibited Evans blue extravasation after SAH. Furthermore, reduction in the levels of tight junction proteins after SAH modeling was rescued after shikonin treatment. In conclusion, shikonin exerts a neuroprotective effect after SAH by mitigating BBB injury and inhibiting oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a serious intracranial hemorrhage characterized by acute bleeding into the subarachnoid space. The effects of shikonin, a natural compound from the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, on oxidative stress and blood–brain barrier (BBB) injury in SAH was evaluated in this study. A rat model of SAH was established by endovascular perforation to mimic the rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Rats were then administered 25 mg/kg of shikonin or dimethylsulfoxide after surgery. Brain edema, SAH grade, and neurobehavioral scores were measured after 24 h of SAH to evaluate neurological impairment. Concentrations of the oxidative stress markers superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain cortex were determined using the corresponding commercially available assay kits. Evans blue staining was used to determine BBB permeability. Western blotting was used to quantify protein levels of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5. After modeling, the brain water content increased significantly whereas the neurobehavioral scores of rats with SAH decreased prominently. MDA levels increased and the levels of the antioxidant enzymes GSH and SOD decreased after SAH. These changes were reversed after shikonin administration. Shikonin treatment also inhibited Evans blue extravasation after SAH. Furthermore, reduction in the levels of tight junction proteins after SAH modeling was rescued after shikonin treatment. In conclusion, shikonin exerts a neuroprotective effect after SAH by mitigating BBB injury and inhibiting oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex.

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of progressive transfer of penile flap combined with local scrotal flap in correction of severe concealed penis in children.Methods:The clinical data of children with severe concealed penis admitted to the Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from July 2021 to July 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The concealed penis was corrected by progressive transfer of penile flap combined with local scrotal flap. During the operation, a small amount of excess inner prepuce was removed and the outer prepuce was cut in the middle of the dorsal side of the penis. Then the penile flap was transferred from dorsal to ventral, gradually covering the wound without tension. The local scrotal flap was lifted upwards and sutured to the frenulum for covering the ventral foreskin defect of the penis. The amount of blood loss during the operation was recorded. The pain tolerance, the duration of prepuce edema, the length of penis extension and the healing of skin flap were observed. The appearance of the penis was followed up to observe whether the penis was retracted, and the satisfaction of the children and their guardians was recorded.Results:A total of 32 male children were enrolled, ranging in age from 3 to 10 years, with an average age of 7.2 years. The penis of all the children had a conical appearance, and the penile shaft was buried under the subcutaneous anterior pubis, which was difficult to palpate in its natural state. The average intraoperative blood loss was about 5 ml. All patients had pain after the operation. Two patients needed a pump to relieve pain, and the rest could tolerate it after rectum administration of indomethacin suppositories. The edema of the prepuce was mild after the operation, and the edema basically disappeared when the patient was discharged 7-9 days later. The penis could be lengthened by 1.5-3.0 cm under static conditions, averaging about 2.0 cm. After surgery, only 1 patient had a small area (about 5 mm × 4 mm) of infection in the scrotal flap and poor incision healing, and scar healing after dressing change and intensive nursing. The other flaps healed well. After 6 to 12 months of follow-up, the penis length of 2 cases was slightly retracted from the time of discharge, and the remaining 30 cases had no significant change. The patients and their guardians were satisfied with the operation results.Conclusion:The progressive transfer of penile flap combined with local scrotal flap correction of severe concealed penis in children can fully lengthen the penile body, and the degree of postoperative retraction is low, the appearance of the penis is good, and the patient satisfaction is high.

Based on the natures and flavors of herbal medicinals recorded in Shen Nong's Classic of the Materia Medica （《神农本草经》）； Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians （《名医别录》）， this study analyzed the characte-ristics of the natures， flavors and combination of medicinals of the two-herb compound formulas in Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases （《伤寒杂病论》）.Finally， 31 compound formulas were included， and it was found that the nature and flavor of the herbs in these two-herb compound formulas are closely related to the functions of the compound formulas， such as the common pairing of the acrid and the sweet herbs to warm yang and transform qi， the acrid and the bitter herbs in pairs to regulate and harmonize cold and heat， the sweet and the bitter in pairs to remove dampness and clear heat， the acrid and the acrid in pairs to arrest vomiting and direct qi downward， and the sour and the sweet in pairs to slow the urgent and relieve pain. Regardless of the deficiency or excess nature of the disease， the corresponding two-herb compound formulas often aim to reinforce healthy qi while eliminating pathogenic factors， with some formulas showcasing a unique correspondence between the disease pattern and the symptoms addressed.

Objective:To discuss the effect of microRNA(miR)-30c-5p on the proliferation,migration,and invasion of the human prostate cancer cells(LNCap),and to clarify its possible mechanism.Methods:The LNCap cells were divided into LNCap group(without plasmid transfection),miR-30c-5p mimic group(transfected with miR-30c-5p mimic),mimic NC group(transfected with miR-30c-5p mimic NC),sh-DNA damage inducible transcript 4(DDIT4)group(transfected with sh-DDIT4),sh-NC group(transfected with sh-DDIT4 NC),miR-30c-5p mimic+pc-DNA3.1-NC group(co-transfected with miR-30c-5p mimic and pc-DNA3.1 empty vector),and miR-30c-5p mimic+pc-DNA3.1-DDIT4 group(co-transfected with miR-30c-5p mimic and pc-DNA3.1-DDIT4 over-expression plasmid).The RWPE-1 cells were cultured normally.Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)method was used to detect the expression levels of miR-30c-5p and DDIT4 mRNA in the cells in various groups;Western blotting method was used to detect the expression levels of DDIT4 protein in the cells in various groups;CCK-8 method was used to detect the proliferation rates of the LNCap cells in various groups;Transwell assay was used to detect the numbers of the invasion LNCap cells in various groups;Scratch assay was used to detect the scratch healing rates of LNCap cells in various groups;dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to detect the targeting relationship between miR-30c-5p and DDIT4.In the in vivo tumor formation experiment,18 male BALB/c nude mice were divided randomly into blank group,agomiR-NC group(transfected with agomiR-30c-5p NC),and agomiR-30c-5p group(transfected with agomiR-30c-5p);there were six mice in each group.The mice in agomiR-NC group and agomiR-30c-5p group were subcutaneously injected with LNCap cells,while the mice in blank group were given an equal volume of physiological saline.The volumes of tumor of the mice in various groups were detected.HE staining was used to observe the morphology of prostate cancer tissue the mice of in various groups;RT-qPCR method and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the expression levels of miR-30c-5p and DDIT4 mRNA and the fluorescence intensities of DDIT4 protein in prostate cancer tissue of the mice in various groups.Results:The In vitro prostate cancer cell experiment results showed that compared with RWPE-1 cells,the expression level of miR-30c-5p in the prostate cancer LNCap cells was decreased(P<0.01),and the expression levels of DDIT4 mRNA and protein were increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01).After 48 of transfection,compared with LNCap group and mimic NC group,the expression level of miR-30c-5p in the LNCap cells in miR-30c-5p mimic group was increased(P<0.01).Compared with LNCap group and sh-NC group,the expression level of DDIT4 mRNA in the LNCap cells in sh-DDIT4 group was decreased(P<0.01).Compared with miR-30c-5p mimic group and miR-30c-5p mimic+pcDNA3.1 NC group,the expression level of miR-30c-5p in The LNCap cells in miR-30c-5p mimic+pc-DNA3.1-DDIT4 group was decreased(P<0.01);compared with miR-30c-5p mimic group and miR-30c-5p mimic+pcDNA3.1 NC group,the expression level of DDIT4 mRNA in the LNCap cells in miR-30c-5p mimic+pc-DNA3.1-DDIT4 group was increased(P<0.01);compared with miR-30c-5p mimic group and miR-30c-5p mimic+pcDNA3.1 NC group,the expression level of DDIT4 protein in the LNCap cells in miR-30c-5p mimic+pc-DNA3.1-DDIT4 group was increased(P<0.05).The CCK-8 method results showed that compared with LNCap group and mimic NC group,the proliferation rate of the LNCap cells in miR-30c-5p mimic group was decreased(P<0.01);compared with LNCap group and sh-NC group,the proliferation rate of the LNCap cells in sh-DDIT4 group was decreased(P<0.01);compared with miR-30c-5p mimic group and miR-30c-5p mimic+pcDNA3.1 NC group,the proliferation rate of the LNCap cells in miR-30c-5p mimic+pc-DNA3.1-DDIT4 group was increased(P<0.01).The Transwell assay results showed that compared with LNCap group and mimic NC group,the number of the invasion LNCap cells in miR-30c-5p mimic group was decreased(P<0.01);compared with LNCap group and sh-NC group,the number of invasion LNCap cells in sh-DDIT4 group was decreased(P<0.01);compared with miR-30c-5p mimic group and miR-30c-5p mimic+pcDNA3.1 NC group,the number of the invasion LNCap cells in miR-30c-5p mimic+pc-DNA3.1-DDIT4 group was increased(P<0.01).The scratch assay results showed that compared with LNCap group and mimic NC group,the scratch healing rate of the LNCap cells in miR-30c-5p mimic group was decreased(P<0.01);compared with LNCap group and sh-NC group,the scratch healing rate of the LNCap cells in sh-DDIT4 group was decreased(P<0.01);compared with miR-30c-5p mimic group and miR-30c-5p mimic+pcDNA3.1 NC group,the scratch healing rate of the LNCap cells in miR-30c-5p mimic+pc-DNA3.1-DDIT4 group was increased(P<0.01).The dual-luciferase reporter assay results showed that compared with the LNCap cells co-transfected with WT-DDIT4 and mimic NC,the luciferase activity of the LNCap cells co-transfected with WT-DDIT4 and miR-30c-5p mimic was decreased(P<0.01).The in vivo nude mouse tumor formation experiment results showed that on the 3 rd,6 th,9 th,12 th,and 15th days after cell injection,compared with blank group and agomiR-NC group,the tumor volumes of the nude mice in agomiR-30c-5p group were decreased(P<0.05).The HE staining results showed that in prostate cancer tissue of the mice in blank group and agomiR-NC group,the cell nuclei were enlarged,and nucleoli were prominent and deformed.In the mice in agomiR-30c-5p group,some regions of prostate cancer tissues results showed neatly arranged cells with normally shaped nuclei.The RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence staining showed that compared with agomiR-NC group,the expression level of miR-30c-5p in prostate cancer tissue of the mice in agomiR-30c-5p group was increased(P<0.01).Compared with blank group and agomiR-NC group,the expression level of DDIT4 mRNA in prostate cancer tissue of the mice in agomiR-30c-5p group was decreased(P<0.01).DDIT4 protein was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm.Compared with blank group and agomiR-NC group,the fluorescence intensity of DDIT4 protein in prostate cancer tissue of the mice in agomiR-30c-5p group was decreased(P<0.01).Conclusion:The expression level of miR-30c-5p in the prostate cancer LNCap cells is decreased,and it inhibits the proliferation,migration,and invasion of the prostate cancer cells by targeting downregulation of DDIT4,thereby participating in the occurrence and development of prostate cancer.

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of progressive transfer of penile flap combined with local scrotal flap in correction of severe concealed penis in children.Methods:The clinical data of children with severe concealed penis admitted to the Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from July 2021 to July 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The concealed penis was corrected by progressive transfer of penile flap combined with local scrotal flap. During the operation, a small amount of excess inner prepuce was removed and the outer prepuce was cut in the middle of the dorsal side of the penis. Then the penile flap was transferred from dorsal to ventral, gradually covering the wound without tension. The local scrotal flap was lifted upwards and sutured to the frenulum for covering the ventral foreskin defect of the penis. The amount of blood loss during the operation was recorded. The pain tolerance, the duration of prepuce edema, the length of penis extension and the healing of skin flap were observed. The appearance of the penis was followed up to observe whether the penis was retracted, and the satisfaction of the children and their guardians was recorded.Results:A total of 32 male children were enrolled, ranging in age from 3 to 10 years, with an average age of 7.2 years. The penis of all the children had a conical appearance, and the penile shaft was buried under the subcutaneous anterior pubis, which was difficult to palpate in its natural state. The average intraoperative blood loss was about 5 ml. All patients had pain after the operation. Two patients needed a pump to relieve pain, and the rest could tolerate it after rectum administration of indomethacin suppositories. The edema of the prepuce was mild after the operation, and the edema basically disappeared when the patient was discharged 7-9 days later. The penis could be lengthened by 1.5-3.0 cm under static conditions, averaging about 2.0 cm. After surgery, only 1 patient had a small area (about 5 mm × 4 mm) of infection in the scrotal flap and poor incision healing, and scar healing after dressing change and intensive nursing. The other flaps healed well. After 6 to 12 months of follow-up, the penis length of 2 cases was slightly retracted from the time of discharge, and the remaining 30 cases had no significant change. The patients and their guardians were satisfied with the operation results.Conclusion:The progressive transfer of penile flap combined with local scrotal flap correction of severe concealed penis in children can fully lengthen the penile body, and the degree of postoperative retraction is low, the appearance of the penis is good, and the patient satisfaction is high.