Fear memory contextualization is critical for selecting adaptive behavior to survive. Contextual fear conditioning (CFC) is a classical model for elucidating related underlying neuronal circuits. The primary visual cortex (V1) is the primary cortical region for contextual visual inputs, but its role in CFC is poorly understood. Here, our experiments demonstrated that bilateral inactivation of V1 in mice impaired CFC retrieval, and both CFC learning and extinction increased the turnover rate of axonal boutons in V1. The frequency of neuronal Ca²⁺ activity decreased after CFC learning, while CFC extinction reversed the decrease and raised it to the naïve level. Contrary to control mice, the frequency of neuronal Ca²⁺ activity increased after CFC learning in microglia-depleted mice and was maintained after CFC extinction, indicating that microglial depletion alters CFC learning and the frequency response pattern of extinction-induced Ca²⁺ activity. These findings reveal a critical role of microglia in neocortical information processing in V1, and suggest potential approaches for cellular-based manipulation of acquired fear memory.
Mice ; Animals ; Primary Visual Cortex ; Extinction, Psychological/physiology* ; Learning/physiology* ; Fear/physiology* ; Hippocampus/physiology*

Objective:To analyze the association between thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) and differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) metastases detected by post-radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy scan, when stimulated thyroglobulin (sTg) <1 μg/L.Methods:A total of 314 (68 males, 246 females, age (44.5±12.5) years) post-thyroidectomy DTC patients whose sTg <1 μg/L between March 2013 and May 2017 in Henan Cancer Hospital were enrolled retrospectively. Patients underwent 131I whole-body planar imaging ( 131I-WBS) and SPECT/CT imaging 5 d after 131I administration. Iodine avid metastases were compared between TgAb-positive group and TgAb-negative (TgAb<4 kU/L) group. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess odds ratio ( OR) for iodine avid metastases in each subgroup (Q1: 4 kU/L≤TgAb≤9.27 kU/L; Q2: 9.27 kU/L101.43 kU/L) of TgAb-positive patients, with the TgAb-negative patients as the reference. χ2 test was used to analyze the data. Results:Iodine avid metastases were found in 16.9% (53/314) of DTC patients and were more frequently in TgAb-positive group with TgAb>26.75 kU/L than TgAb-negative group (26.0%(19/73) vs 13.7%(23/168); χ2=5.382, P=0.02). Most metastases (92.5%, 49/53) occurred in cervical and mediastinal lymph nodes. The OR for iodine avid metastases was obviously high in TgAb-positive patients with 26.75 kU/L

The clinical application of doxorubicin (DOX) in cancer chemotherapy is limited by its life-threatening cardiotoxic effects. Chrysophanol (CHR), an anthraquinone compound isolated from the rhizome of L., is considered to play a broad role in a variety of biological processes. However, the effects of CHR׳s cardioprotection in DOX-induced cardiomyopathy is poorly understood. In this study, we found that the cardiac apoptosis, mitochondrial injury and cellular PARylation levels were significantly increased in H9C2 cells treated by Dox, while these effects were suppressed by CHR. Similar results were observed when PARP1 activity was suppressed by its inhibitors 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) and ABT888. Ectopic expression of PARP1 effectively blocked this CHR׳s cardioprotection against DOX-induced cardiomyocyte injury in H9C2 cells. Furthermore, pre-administration with both CHR and 3AB relieved DOX-induced cardiac apoptosis, mitochondrial impairment and heart dysfunction in Sprague-Dawley rat model. These results revealed that CHR protects against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by suppressing cellular PARylation and provided critical evidence that PARylation may be a novel target for DOX-induced cardiomyopathy.

To investigate the clinical efficacy, feasibility and safety of new "three tubes" method in the treatment of spontaneous esophageal rupture. A total of 22 patients with spontaneous esophageal rupture were retrospectively analyzed. Through the new "three tubes" method of treatment, patients achieved leak cured with reduced hospital stay, less medical expenses and early resumption of oral diet. The new "three tubes" method for spontaneous esophageal rupture has the advantages of easy handling, minimal invasion, few complication and exact curative effect.

Objective To investigate the risk factors of pathological upgrading in gastric mucosal lesions with low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN) after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD).Methods From January 2010 to December 2016,the complete clinical data of 326 patients pathologically diagnosed with gastric LGIN lesions before ESD were retrospectively analyzed.Single factor analysis of variance and multiple factor Logistic regression analysis were performed to analyze the risk factors of pathological upgrading after ESD.Results A total of 326 patients with gastric LGIN lesions diagnosed by preoperative biopsy before ESD were enrolled.Among them the postoperative pathological diagnosis of 244 cases (74.85％) were still LGIN,while the postoperative pathological diagnosis of 82 cases (25.15 ％) were upgraded,of which 61 cases (18.71％) were upgraded to high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and 21 (6.44％) were upgraded to gastric early cancer.The results of single and multiple factor analysis indicated that lesion size≥2.0 cm,deep depressed-type,surface erythema,lesion mucosa with ulceration and lesions with spontaneous bleeding were the risk factors of pathological diagnosis upgrading after ESD (F=5.37,6.44,4.56,7.56 and 7.78,respectively;all P＜0.01),odds ratio (OR) value and 95％ confidence interval (CI) were 4.086 (2.035 to 10.786),7.435 (2.845 to 19.862),3.205 (1.535 to 8.541),8.668 (3.365 to 21.457) and 7.056 (2.732 to 18.355).The age,gender and location of the lesion were not the risk factors.Conclusions Pathological upgrading is common in gastric lesions with LGIN after ESD.The lesions with high risk factors should be alerted and treated more actively.

Background:Hydrotalcite has been used in the treatment of gastric ulcer,but its mechanism is not clear. Aims:To investigate the efficacy and mechanism of hydrotalcite on experimental gastric ulcer in rats. Methods:Experimental acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer model was established in rats. Model rats were randomly assigned into control group,low and high dose hydrotalcite groups,and 0. 9% NaCl solution,880 mg·kg - 1 ·d - 1 ,1 230 mg·kg - 1 ·d - 1 hydrotalcite were intragastrically administrated,respectively. After 14 days,macroscopic examination was performed;and HE staining, CD31 staining and VG staining were used to evaluate the histological maturity,AB-PAS staining,level of hexosamine, immunohistochemical staining,serum levels of epidermal growth factor( EGF),prostaglandin E2( PGE2 )were used to evaluate the functional maturity. Results:Compared with control group,ulcer index(UI)was significantly decreased in high dose hydrotalcite group(P < 0. 05). Thickness of restored mucosa was significantly increased(P < 0. 05),number of cystically dilated gland was significantly decreased(P < 0. 01),microvessel density(MVD),collagen fiber,secretion of mucus,level of hexosamine,expressions of EGF,EGR receptor(EGFR)and PGE2 ,serum levels of EGF and PGE2 were significantly increased in low and high hydrotalcite groups( P < 0. 05,P < 0. 01). Conclusions:Hydrotalcite could obviously improve the histological and functional maturity of regenerative mucosa,as well as the quality of ulcer healing. The mechanism might be related to the neutralization of gastric acid,enhancement of mucus-HCO3 - barrier and up-regulation of expressions of EGF and PGE2 .

Objective To explore the efficacy of tepronone and folic acid in the treatment of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) evaluated by the marking targeting biopsy (MTB).Methods A total of 224 H.pylori negative CAG patients were selected and divided into group A (n 96,tepronone 50 mg/time,folic acid 10 mg/time,three times/day),group B (n=23,tepronone 50 mg/time,three times/day),group C (n=74,unspecific treatment) and group D (n=31,no treatment).The treatment course lasted for one year.The clinical symptoms improvement of each group was observed before and after treatment.The pathological improvement of gastric mucosa by MTB was inspected before and after treatment.The chi square test was performed for the comparison between groups.Results The total efficacy rates of group A,B,C and D were 43.8％ (42/96),39.1％ (9/23),33.8％(25/74) and 32.3％ (10/31) respectively,there was no significant difference between groups (x2 =2.328,P =0.507).For the significant efficacy rate of gastric mucosa pathological improvement,group A was compared with group D,group A was compared with group C and group B was comparedwith group D,the differences were significant (x2 =14.520,14.628 and 8.995,all P＜0.01).In the total efficacy rate of gastric mucosa pathological improvement,group A (49.8％,131/263) was compared with group D (24.2％,16/66),group A was compared with group C (35.9％,66/184)and group B (44.7％,21/47) was compared with group D,the differences were significant (x2 =13.953,8.535 and 5.207,all P＜0.05).Conclusion Teprenone alone or teprenone and folic acid combination can obviously improve pathological changes of CAG patients.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of stomach intestine power regulator, intestinal microecology preparation and tricyclic antidepressant treatment in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and to investigate its pathological mechanism. Methods From November 2006 to November 2010, 103 patients with diarrhea-dominant IBS (D-IBS), who fulfilled the Rome Ⅱ criteria and were excluded from organic disease by entewscope were divided into pinaverium bromide group (26 cases), pinaverium bromide + bifid triple viable group (28 cases), pinaverium bromide + doxepin group (25 cases) and pinaverium bromide +bifid triple viable + doxepin group(24 cases ) by random digits table. The symptom grade, intestinal flora and SCL-90 was tested before treatment and 4 weeks after treatment. Results The total effective rate of pinaverium bromide + bifid triple viable + doxepin group was 83.33%(20/24), significant higher than that in pinaverium bromide group [65.38%(17/26)], pinaverium bromide + bifid triple viable group [71.43%(20/28)], pinaverium bromide + doxepin group [68.00% ( 17/25 )] (P < 0.05 ). Five kinds of intestinal flora and psychiatric symptoms were improved in the four groups, and those in pinaverium bromide + bifid triple viable + doxepin group improved significantly. Conclusions To interfere the correlation factor of IBS can have better efficacy. There is a close relation between brain and gut in patients with IBS, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of IBS.

Objective To evaluate the role of Akt and nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway in the development of chemoresistance in gastric cancer and the relation between Akt and NF-κB.Methods SGC-7901 cells were exposed to chemotherapeutic drugs (doxorubicin and etoposide ) or chemotherapeutic drugs combined with Wortmannin or MG-132.The cell growth was detected using MTT method.The apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells was measured by TUNEL and Annexin V/PI methods.The protein level of NF-κB was analyzed by immunocytochemical staining.Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to confirm the increased nuclear translocation of NF-κB/P65.chemotherapeutic drugs could obviously inhibit the growth of SGC-7901 cells in time-dose-dependent manner.Pretreatment of SGC-7901 cells with Wortmannin or MG-132 could promote this inhibitory κB in a dose-dependent manner.Wortmannin or MG-132 pretreatment could enhance the apoptosis of NF-κB was found in SGC-7901 cells stimulated with Wortmannin,but no activation of Akt was noted in those treated with MG-132.Conclusions The chemotherapeutic drugs can both induce apoptosis and activate Akt and NF-κB in SGC-7901 cells.The efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs can be increased via inhibiting activation of Akt or NF-κB.

Objective To approach the effect on mechanical barricade of the mucous membrane of small intestine caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs).Methods Thirty-two male SD rats were randomly divided into control group and model group.The rats of the model group were given 7.5 mg/kg diclofenac by gavage,bid;the rats of the control group were given the same dose of saline.Then thev were further randomly divided into two subgroups(n=8)at the first day and the fifth day after making the models to observe the scores of anatomical lesion on stomach and small intestine and the scores of tissue damage of mucous membrane and to quantitatively analyze the height of villi,as well as the thickness and the section area of mucous membrane with Carl Zeiss Imaging Systems.Observation of the change of ultrastructural organization of mucous membrane was carried out with transmission electron microscope.Results The mucous membrane of stomach of the model groups was slightly edematous.There was no difference between the scores of the model groups and control groups.It was seen that the mucous membrane of small intestine of the first day model group presented with erythema,anabrosis and ulcer.The ulcer was distributed along mesentery.The mucous membrane of small intestine of the fifth day model group showed bleeding,perforation and sinus tract formation,and the scores of anatomical lesion was higher than that of the control group(P＜0.05).The scroes of the lesions of the first and fifth day model groups were 3.5 and 5.0.The difference had statistical significance when compared with those of the control groups(the scores were O)(P＜0.05).Cell degeneration and cellular necrosis of epithelial mueosa of small intestine wag also seen in the first day model group.The top of villi was ablated.The height of the pile on jejunum was (126.9±32.0)μm and that on ileum wag(118.6±22.9)μm They were lower than those of the control group(P＜0.05).However there was no difference of the thickness and section area between them,but the thickness and section area showed a tendency of decrease.It was also seen that there were apomorphosis and sphacelism of epithelial cells in the fifth day model group.Some villi were ablated and laminae propna exposed.The height of villi on jejunum[(73.4±25.4)μm]and that on ileum[(109.3±17.6)μm]decreased significantiy.The thickness of mucous membrane[(123.8±51.6)μm and(165.7±37.4)μm]decreased alnd the section area[(2.48±1.01)mm2 and(3.27±0.76)mm2]became smaller(P＜0.05 vs control group).The mucous membrane of the villi on small intestine wag continuous but arranged disorderly.Cytochondriome swelled,endocytoplasmic reticulia expanded with different degrees,intercellular junction widened Dartly.The microviili in the fifth day model group were ablated more obviously and intercellular iunctions were broken and destroyed gravely.Conclusions Diclofenac can cause damage to the function of mucous membrane barricade of small intestine.It could also lead to shortening of the villi,thinning of the mucous membrane,ablation of the microvilli,and widening of the tight intercellular junction as the characteristic morphological change.