Objective: To evaluate the vitamin D nutritional status in Chinese women of child-bearing age by analyzing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in 2010-2012. Methods: Data were obtained from the China Nutrition and Health Survey in 2010-2012. Using cluster sampling and proportional stratified random sampling, 1 514 women of child-bearing age (18-44 years old) from 34 metropolis and 41 small and medium-sized cities were included in this study. Demographic information was collected by questionnaire and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay, in accordance with the 2010 Institute of Medicine of the National Academies standards. We compared differences in vitamin D levels, specifically serious deficiency, lack of deficiency, insufficiency, and excess. Results: The overall serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of Chinese urban women of child-bearing age (P₅₀ (P₂₅-P₇₅)) was 20.1 (15.1-26.3) ng/ml; minorities had a significantly higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of 22.0 (15.9-27.5) ng/ml compared with women of Han nationality (19.8 (14.9-26.2) ng/ml) (χ²=7.02, P=0.008). The proportions of women with serious deficiency, lack of deficiency, insufficiency, and excess vitamin D were 11.6% (n=175), 37.9% (n=574), 35.1% (n=531), and 0.3% (n=5), respectively. Only 15.1% (n=229) of women of child-bearing age had normal vitamin D nutritional status. No significant differences in vitamin D nutritional status were observed according to age, body mass index, city, nationality, educational level, marital status, or household income per capita (P>0.05). Conclusion Most Chinese urban women of child-bearing age have poor vitamin D levels and require vitamin D supplementation.

Objective: To investigate the vitamin A nutritional status of 6- to 17-year-old urban children and adolescents by analyzing serum retinol level, between 2010 and 2012 in China. Methods: Data were obtained from the China Nutrition and Health Survey in 2010-2012. Using multi-stage stratified sampling and the population proportional stratified random sampling method, 6 617 children aged 6-17 years from 32 metropolis and 41 middle-sized and small cities of China were selected. The questionnaire survey was used to collect demographic information. Blood samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography to determine serum retinol concentration, and the World Health Organization guidelines were used to evaluate the nutritional status of vitamin A. Vitamin A levels, vitamin A deficiency, and marginal vitamin A deficiency in children with different characteristics were compared. Results: A total of 3 785 cases with valid samples were obtained. The overall mean serum retinol concentration level was (1.49±0.71) μmol/L; the mean serum retinol concentration was (1.55±0.69) μmol/L for metropolis and (1.49±0.75) μmol/L for middle-sized and small cities (P>0.05). The mean serum retinol concentration was (1.52±0.78) μmol/L for boys and (1.47±0.68) μmol/L for girls (P>0.05). The mean serum retinol concentration level was (1.46±0.70) μmol/L for 6- to 11-year-old children and (1.54±0.65) μmol/L for 12- to 17-year-old children (P<0.05). The total vitamin A deficiency rate and marginal vitamin A deficiency rate was 7.69% (291/3 785) and 18.57% (703/3 785), respectively. The vitamin A deficiency rate was 8.00% (36/450) for metropolis and 7.64% (65/3 335) for middle-sized and small cities; 8.12% (155/1 908) for boys and 7.25% (136/1 877) for girls; and 8.04% (171/2 115) for 6- to 11-year-old children and 7.18% (120/1 670) for 12- to 17-year-old children. No significant differences were observed for region, sex, or age (P>0.05). The marginal vitamin A deficiency rate was 19.11% (86/450) for metropolis and 18.50% (617/3 335) for middle-sized and small cities; 18.19% (347/1 908) for boys and 18.97% (356/1 877) for girls, with no significant differences observed (P>0.05). The marginal vitamin A deficiency rate was 16.54% (350/2 115) for 6- to 11-year-old children and 21.13% (353/1 670) for 12- to 17-year-old children (P<0.05). Conclusion The vitamin A nutritional status of 6- to 17-year-old Chinese urban children and adolescents between 2010 and 2012 has improved, and the gap between cities is narrowing. However, vitamin A deficiency overall remains high, especially in younger children, and requires specific attention.

OBJECTIVEThe level of blood hemoglobin and the anemia status of Chinese urban residents in 2010-2012 was analyzed.

METHODSAll the data in this study came from the China Nutrition and Health Survey in 2010-2012. By using multi-stage stratified sampling and population proportional stratified random sampling method, 74 276 residents aged above 6 from 34 metropolis and 41 middle-sized and small cities were included in this study. The concentration of blood hemoglobin was determined by cyanmethemoglobin method. Anemia was judged by the anemia standard recommended by WHO, combined with elevation correction standard. The level of blood hemoglobin, the prevalence of anemia and the 95%CI value were analyzed by using the complex sampling weighted processing, combined with the population figures released by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2009.

RESULTSIn 2010-2012, the level of blood hemoglobin of Chinese city population was(144.16 ± 0.78)g/L, (152.88 ± 0.94)g/L for male and(135.01 ± 0.71)g/L for female, while (145.65 ± 1.22)g/L for metropolis and (143.90 ± 0.89)g/L for small and medium-sized. The anemia prevalence of Chinese city population (pregnant women were not included) was 9.7%(95%CI: 9.4%-10.1%), 6.8%(95%CI: 6.4%-7.3%) for male and 12.8%(95%CI: 12.2%-13.4%) for female, while 8.5%(95% CI: 8.0%-9.0%) for metropolis and 10.0%(95%CI: 9.5%-10.4%) for small and medium-sized. The anemia prevalence of 18-44 women (15.4%, 95%CI: 14.3%-16.6%) was the highest among all the age-groups, and the average anemia prevalence of people more than 60 years-old (including) (12.5%, 95%CI: 11.8%-13.2%) was higher than the other age-groups.

CONCLUSIONThe anemia prevalence of Chinese city population in 2010-2012 was obviously decreased in comparison of 10 years ago, while, more attention and improvement measures should be take upon women at reproductive age and the elder people.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Anemia ; epidemiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Cities ; Female ; Health Surveys ; Hemoglobins ; analysis ; Humans ; Male ; Methemoglobin ; analogs & derivatives ; analysis ; Middle Aged ; Nutritional Status ; Prevalence ; Urban Population ; Young Adult

Carrier Proteins ; Humans ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nutritional Status ; Population Surveillance ; Xenopus Proteins

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the iron utilization in children using single stable isotopes tracer.

METHODS57 children aged from 10 to 12 from a primary school of Beijing in 2010 were selected, 30 of them were boys and 27 were girls. All the subjects were given 5 ml artificial enriched ⁵⁷FeSO₄ twice per day within 5 days, and the total amount of ⁵⁷Fe was 30 mg. 5 ml blood were taken at 1 day before and 14 days after test, and all the feces during the test were collected. The samples were detected by AAS and MC-ICP-MS after pre-treatment to determine the content and abundances of iron in samples, then the iron utilization in whole blood were calculated.

RESULTSThe blood volume of male and female subjects 14 days after test were (3.19 ± 0.41) and (3.15 ± 0.29) ml respectively, and there was no significantly difference (t = 1.13, P > 0.05) between them; The amount of ⁵⁷Fe intake by male and female subjects were (27.46 ± 0.25) and (27.29 ± 0.15) mg (t = 1.13, P > 0.05); The amount of ⁵⁷Fe in blood were (5.92 ± 0.71) and (6.30 ± 0.65) mg respectively (t = 2.29, P < 0.05); The iron utilization in whole blood at 14 days of male and female subjects were (20.41 ± 2.03)% and (22.04 ± 0.80)% respectively, male subjects were significantly lower than females (t = 2.51, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSingle stable isotopes tracer can be used in iron utilization evaluation in children, and the iron utilization in whole blood of female children is higher than males.

Biological Availability ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Iron ; blood ; Isotope Labeling ; methods ; Male

OBJECTIVEThe present study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the factorial method for estimating energy needs in individuals living in China.

METHODSSixteen healthy female adults aged 22.1±1.2 years with a body mass index (kg/m(2)) of 20.4±1.7 were selected as subjects. In free-living conditions, energy expenditure (EE) was determined by using the factorial method. At the same time, the doubly labeled water method (DLW) was also used to measure energy expenditure of the subjects and served as the criterion method. EE predicted by the factorial method (EE(factorial)) was compared with the simultaneous measurement of EE by the validated DLW method (EE(DLW)).

RESULTSThere was excellent agreement between EE(factorial) (7.46±0.59 MJ/d) and EE(DLW) (7.64 ± 0.49 MJ/d), with a difference of -2.6±4.9% (-0.18±0.36 MJ/d). No significant differences were found between the two methods. EE(factorial) was highly correlated with EE(DLW) (r=0.795, P<0.001) and a good agreement for individuals was found by using the Bland and Altman test.

CONCLUSIONThe factorial method gives satisfactory estimates of EE for both groups and individuals living in China.

Adult ; China ; Energy Metabolism ; physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Motor Activity ; physiology ; Radioisotope Dilution Technique ; Young Adult

Objective:To study the critical value of soluble transferring receptor (sTfR) for assessing iron overload in Chinese adult men. Method:226 normal iron status and 331 iron overload men were drawn from National Nutrition and Health Survey 2002 as control group and case group respectively. To compare the sTfR concentration and distribution between two groups and ascertain the sTfR critical value to assess iron overload by ROC curve. Results:The concentrations of sTfR were 1 325.46?484.92 ng/ml, 1 788.56? 457.02 ng/ml in case group and control group respectively, the former lower than the latter (P

Objective To study the effects of the genetically modified(GM) rice enriched with resistant starch on large bowel health in rats. Method Forty-eight healthy male SD rats were randomly assigned into four groups based on body weight,and given with no-GM rice diet (No-GM), GM rice diet(GM), half-GM rice diet (Half-GM) and normal diet (ND), respectively. After fed for 5 w, 4 d feces samples were collected. At 6 w all rats were killed and the contents of cecum and colon were collected. Large bowel function was evaluated by determination of cecum and colon weight, their contents, pH value, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), etc. Results GM group had similar body weight with ND and significantly less than No-GM. Compared with No-GM and ND, fecal bulk and moisture, cecum and colon weight and the cecum contents of GM and Half-GM were higher dose-dependently. The contents of SCFA in cecum, colon and feces dropped gradually. SCFA level of cecum and colon was higher significantly in GM and Half-GM compared with No-GM and ND except butyric acid of colon in Half-GM. In all groups, there were differences of acetic and propionic acid level in feces but no difference of butyric acid. Cecum and fecal pH value of GM and Half-GM dropped much significantly compared with No-GM and ND. Conclusion The genetically modified rice enriched with resistant starch can improve the large bowel health of rat.

Objective:To study the different feeding practices of Chinese infants within four months of age in 2002. Method:The method of multi-steps cluster sampling was adopted. In order to ensure the sample size sufficient additional subjects were included in this survey. Results:More than two thirds (71.6%) of infants within four months of age had been almost exclusively breastfed, 65.5% and 74.4% in urban and rural areas respectively. The average percentage of mixed feeding was 23.0% (27.0% in urban and 21.2% in rural areas); and that of artificial feeding was 5.4% (7.5% in urban and 4.4% in rural areas). The rate of breastfeeding decreased with the increase of family income. Conclusion:Although the rate of almost exclusive breastfeeding is increasing, there is still far away from the aim of 85% in 2001-2010 National Outline for Children.

Objective:To analyze the distribution of HFE gene (hemochromatosis gene) mutation in normal and iron overload men and discuss the influence of HFE gene mutation on iron overload status of Chinese adult men..Method:The data of 226 normal and 331 iron overload men were drawn from National Nutrition and Health Survey in 2002 as control and case group respectively to analyze and compare the distribution of HFE mutation including C282Y mutation, H63D mutation and S65C mutation in normal and iron overload men.Results:In case group, normal gene was 90.03%, homozygosity for H63D mutation 0.6%, heterozygosity for H63D mutation 9.07%, heterozygosity for S65C 0.3%. In control group normal gene was 94.25%, heterozygosity for H63D 5.75%, and no S65C and C282Y mutation was detected. Conclusion: HFE gene mutation was not the major reason resulting in iron overload in Chinese adult men.