Objective To investigate genotyps of Treponema pallidum (Tp) in several cities in Guangxi province. Methods A total of 300 patients with suspected early syphilis were enrolled from STD clinics in Guangxi between January 2012 and July 2016, and tissue fluid samples were collected from skin lesions. Silver staining was performed to detect Tp, and PCR to amplify the Tp polA gene for the diagnosis of early syphilis. Positive samples were subjected to PCR amplification of a 60-bp tandem repeat region within the arp gene, restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP)analysis of the tpr Ⅱgene after digestion with Mse Ⅰ enzyme and tp0548 genotyping. Results Finally, 215 patients were diagnosed with early syphilis, including 210(97.7%)patients positive for PCR and 105(48.8%)patients positive for silver staining, and the positive rate significantly differed between the two methods (χ2 = 103.01, P < 0.05). Among the PCR-positive samples, 190 could be genotyped by analysis of three target genes, and 17 genotypes were identified. The genotype 14d/f was predominant (45.3%, 86/190), followed by 15d/f (13.7%, 26/190), 16d/f(11.6%, 22/190), 17d/f(7.4%, 14/190), 13d/f(6.8%, 13/190), 10d/f(4.2%, 8/190), 18d/f(1.6%, 3/190), 16a/f(1.6%, 3/190), 5d/f(1.1%, 2/190), 7d/f(1.1%, 2/190), 12d/f(1.1%, 2/190), 16d/e(1.1%, 2/190), 14a/f(1.1%, 2/190), 9h/c(1.1%, 2/190), 15l/f(0.5%, 1/190), 25a/e(0.5%, 1/190), 15i/f(0.5%, 1/190). Conclusion Tp genotypes are diversified in patients with early syphilis in Guangxi, and the genotype 14 d/f is predominant.

OBJECTIVETo conduct health economic evaluation of the prevention of mother-to-child HIV among pregnant women in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province, China from 2004 to 2013.

METHODSData on cost were collected mainly from the annual prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) reporting system of Dehong prefecture, and supplemented by HIV PMTCT-related resource allocation data from local health bureau. Effectiveness indexes were from local continuous HIV surveillance system and annual reported data. Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis were used to conduct the health economic evaluation.

RESULTSFrom 2004 to 2013, 283980 pregnant women were screened for HIV, 2 059 were detected as positive, and the HIV positive rate was 0.73%. The total cost of the PMTCT program was 14 227 000 RMB after discounting, and the unit cost of positive case finding was 4 200 RMB. A total of 26 cases of adults and 325 infants were avoided HIV infection, and the cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) was 40 500 RMB/case. The total obtained quality adjusted life years (QALY) from the program was 8 911.5, each one of which cost 1 600 RMB/QALY. If the feeding pattern were breast feeding, CER would be 42 800 RMB/case and each one of QALY would cost 2 200 RMB.

CONCLUSIONBased on the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis, the HIV PMTCT of Dehong prefecture had economic value, which indicates that continued investment is needed to strengthen local HIV PMTCT work.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Adult ; Child ; China ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Female ; HIV Infections ; Health ; Humans ; Infant ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; Mothers ; Pregnancy ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years

OBJECTIVETo understand provider initiated HIV testing and counseling (PITC) in a region with high HIV/AIDS epidemic in China, and analyze its effect to early detection of HIV infections.

METHODSBetween January and December, 2013, 37 county level medical institutions were selected as the study sites, among which, 19 were public medical institutions and 18 were private institutions. According to the related regulation, procedures and contents of PITC, the study was implemented among outpatients and inpatients who seek for doctors in these medical institutions and PITC were provided for them. The 'Individual Investigation Form' was used to record the information and high-risky factors, and the respondents were taken venous blood and given HIV screening and confirmation. All available serum samples of newly found HIV/AIDS cases were tested using the BED HIV Incidence Capture Enzyme Immunoassay (BED-CEIA) to differentiate the long-term infections and new infections (early detected infections). Chi-square analysis was used to compare the differences of characteristics of newly infected patients.

RESULTSBetween January and December, 2013, a total of 37 medical institutions provided PITC. 55 164 person times were received HIV screening, among which 658 were HIV positive, and 598 were confirmed to be HIV positive. The 598 cases were all provided transferring service. The differences of age, marital status, education levels, transmission routes and testing institutions had statistical significance to early detection (χ(2) equals to 23.54, 10.50, 17.96, 21.22 and 4.80; P equals to < 0.001, 0.005, < 0.001, < 0.001 and 0.029, respectively). And the early detection proportions among patients aged from 20 to 29 and from 50 to 84 were 47.1% (114/242) and 42.1% (24/57), respectively; the proportions among single and married patients were 37.8% (56/148) and 38.9% (143/368), respectively; the proportion among patients with high school education levels were 42.6% (26/61); the proportion among patients transmitted by fixed heterosexual sexual partners was 46.0% (86/187); the proportion among private hospitals was 40.3% (58/144).

CONCLUSIONA certain proportion of HIV infections were early detected by PITC in this region. The HIV early detection proportions among specific age group and population with spouse/fixed sexual partners were relatively high.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; China ; Counseling ; Early Diagnosis ; Epidemics ; HIV Infections ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Marital Status ; Mass Screening ; Middle Aged ; Outpatients ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo understand the characteristics and retention situation of clients in extension clinic of methadone maintenance therapy.

METHODSFrom December 20, 2010 to March 10, 2011, the system sampling method was used to get the cases. A total of 462 heroin addicts from 22 methadone maintenance therapy clinics and extension clinics located in Mangshi, Ruili, Longchuan, Yingjiang, Lianghe of Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province were interviewed, and the demographic characteristics, quality of life, urine testing results for morphine of the patients between the extension MMT clinic and standard MMT clinic were also collected and compared. A cohort study was conducted to analyze retention situation of the new clients with Kaplan Meier method during 9 months treatment.

RESULTSOf the 462 cases, 239 cases were from standard MMT clinic, and 223 cases were from the extension MMT clinic. Among them, 117 cases were new research objects into the group during the investigation. Among the clients of extension MMT clinic, 96.7% (147/152) of them were males, 37.5% (57/152) were Dai nationality, and 61.2% (93/152) were married, 38.8% (59/152) with primary school education, 95.4% (145/152) lived with their family or relatives, 96.7% (147/152) could arrive at the clinic from their habitation within 15 minutes. The positive detection rates 72% (13/18), 71% (24/34), 58% (30/52), 29% (15/52), 14% (6/44), 14% (4/29), 15% (5/34), 17% (6/35), 6% (2/33), 16% (5/31) of urine-morphine testing among new clients of extension MMT clinics decreased as the period of treatment lengthened (χ(2) = 61.04, P < 0.05). The period of retention of the clients in extension MMT clinics was 175-days averagely, with an average retention 122 days of when withdrawing. The retention rates of the clients were 52% (37/71)and 61% (28/46) at 9th month of the extension MMT clinics and standard MMT clinics respectively. There was no difference in the retention rate between those of two types of clinics (χ(2) = 0.82, P = 0.37) .

CONCLUSIONMost of the clients in extension MMT clinics lived with their family or relatives, and spent less time on the way to the clinics. After 9 months methadone maintenance therapy, the quality of life of clients in extension clinics was improved while addiction among them decreased. The extension clinic was an effective strategy for retention in remote areas.

China ; Cohort Studies ; Demography ; Heroin Dependence ; Humans ; Male ; Methadone ; Opiate Substitution Treatment ; Quality of Life ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo demonstrate the effectiveness of prevention of mother-to-child HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B transmission among pregnant women in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province, China from 2011 to 2013.

METHODSData were collected mainly from the continuous HIV surveillance system and prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) reporting system of Dehong prefecture, and supplemented by annual reported data on HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B PMTCT to know the general demographic characteristics, HIV testing and counseling service, PMTCT service, and other medical services. Data were presented as absolute numbers and proportions.

RESULTSFrom 2011 to 2013, the number of pregnant women participating in HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B testing in Dehong prefecture increased and the HIV testing rates were 99.2% (18 694/18 854), 99.9% (22 047/22 060) and 99.9% (21 751/21 756), the syphilis testing rates were 56.0% (10 550/18 854), 99.6% (21 980/22 060) and 99.9% (21 751/21 756), and the hepatitis B testing rates were 60.2% (11 358/18 854), 99.6% (21 974/22 060) and 99.9% (21 751/21 756). From 2011 to 2013, the HIV positive rates were 0.87% (327/37 787),0.82% (319/38 817) and 0.85% (315/37 261), the syphilis positive rates were 0.05% (10/18 520),0.12% (43/36 817) and 0.11% (40/35 888), the hepatitis B positive rates were 2.46% (456/18 520), 2.23% (794/35 547) and 2.14% (739/34 468), respectively. The rates of HIV-positive pregnant women giving birth in hospitals were 99.2% (128/129), 100.0% (141/141) and 100.0% (141/141). From 2011 to 2013, the proportions of HIV-positive pregnant women receiving antiretroviral therapy were 99.2% (128/129), 99.3% (140/141) and 99.3% (140/141), respectively. And the treatment rate of syphilis-positive pregnant women were 71% (5/7), 89% (16/18) and 97% (32/33). The rates of hepatitis B immunoglobulin injection among new-borns of hepatitis B-positive pregnant women were 92.9% (263/283), 99.7% (612/614) and 99.4% (629/633). The estimated rates of mother-to-child transmission of HIV were 2.28%, 2.30% and 3.00%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThere was an increasing trend of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B testing rate and the positive rate kept at a low level. The proportions of HIV-positive pregnant women receiving HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B PMTCT services increased annually, while the proportion of HIV MTCT kept at an overall low level from 2011 to 2013, which indicated its effectiveness of HIV PMTCT work during recent years in Dehong prefecture,Yunnan province, China.

Child ; China ; Female ; HIV Infections ; Hepatitis B ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; prevention & control ; Mass Screening ; Mothers ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ; Syphilis

Objective To demonstrate the effectiveness of prevention of mother-to-child HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B transmission among pregnant women in Dehong prefecture , Yunnan province,China from 2011 to 2013.Methods Data were collected mainly from the continuous HIV surveillance system and prevention of mother-to-child transmission ( PMTCT ) reporting system of Dehong prefecture , and supplemented by annual reported data on HIV , syphilis, and hepatitis B PMTCT to know the general demographic characteristics , HIV testing and counseling service , PMTCT service, and other medical services.Data were presented as absolute numbers and proportions.Results From 2011 to 2013,the number of pregnant women participating in HIV ,syphilis,and hepatitis B testing in Dehong prefecture increased and the HIV testing rates were 99.2%( 18 694/18 854 ) , 99.9%( 22 047/22 060 ) and 99.9%( 21 751/21 756),the syphilis testing rates were 56.0%(10 550/18 854),99.6%(21 980/22 060) and 99.9%(21 751/21 756),and the hepatitis B testing rates were 60.2%(11 358/18 854),99.6%(21 974/22 060) and 99.9%(21 751/21 756).From 2011 to 2013, the HIV positive rates were 0.87%(327/37 787), 0.82%(319/38 817) and 0.85%(315/37 261),the syphilis positive rates were 0.05%(10/18 520), 0.12%(43/36 817) and 0.11%(40/35 888),the hepatitis B positive rates were 2.46%(456/18 520), 2.23%(794/35 547) and 2.14%(739/34 468),respectively.The rates of HIV-positive pregnant women giving birth in hospitals were 99.2%(128/129),100.0%(141/141) and 100.0%(141/141).From 2011 to 2013,the proportions of HIV-positive pregnant women receiving antiretroviral therapy were 99.2%(128/129),99.3%(140/141) and 99.3%(140/141),respectively.And the treatment rate of syphilis-positive pregnant women were 71%(5/7),89%(16/18) and 97%(32/33).The rates of hepatitis B immunoglobulin injection among new-borns of hepatitis B-positive pregnant women were 92.9%(263/283),99.7%(612/614) and 99.4%(629/633).The estimated rates of mother-to-child transmission of HIV were 2.28%, 2.30%and 3.00%,respectively.Conclusion There was an increasing trend of HIV ,syphilis,and hepatitis B testing rate and the positive rate kept at a low level.The proportions of HIV-positive pregnant women receiving HIV,syphilis,and hepatitis B PMTCT services increased annually ,while the proportion of HIV MTCT kept at an overall low level from 2011 to 2013,which indicated its effectiveness of HIV PMTCT work during recent years in Dehong prefecture ,Yunnan province ,China.

Objective To understand the characteristics and retention situation of clients in extension clinic of methadone maintenance therapy.Methods From December 20,2010 to March 10,2011, the system sampling method was used to get the cases .A total of 462 heroin addicts from 22 methadone maintenance therapy clinics and extension clinics located in Mangshi , Ruili, Longchuan, Yingjiang, Lianghe of Dehong prefecture , Yunnan province were interviewed , and the demographic characteristics , quality of life, urine testing results for morphine of the patients between the extension MMT clinic and standard MMT clinic were also collected and compared.A cohort study was conducted to analyze retention situation of the new clients with Kaplan Meier method during 9 months treatment.Results Of the 462 cases,239 cases were from standard MMT clinic ,and 223 cases were from the extension MMT clinic . Among them,117 cases were new research objects into the group during the investigation .Among the clients of extension MMT clinic ,96.7%( 147/152 ) of them were males , 37.5%( 57/152 ) were Dai nationality , and 61.2%(93/152) were married,38.8%(59/152) with primary school education,95.4%(145/152) lived with their family or relatives ,96.7%( 147/152 ) could arrive at the clinic from their habitation within 15 minutes.The positive detection rates 72%(13/18),71%(24/34),58%(30/52),29%(15/52),14%(6/44),14%(4/29),15%(5/34),17%(6/35),6%(2/33),16%(5/31) of urine-morphine testing among new clients of extension MMT clinics decreased as the period of treatment lengthened (χ2 =61.04, P<0.05).The period of retention of the clients in extension MMT clinics was 175-days averagely , with an average retention 122 days of when withdrawing.The retention rates of the clients were 52%( 37/71 ) and 61%(28/46) at 9th month of the extension MMT clinics and standard MMT clinics respectively.There was no difference in the retention rate between those of two types of clinics (χ2 =0.82,P=0.37).Conclusion Most of the clients in extension MMT clinics lived with their family or relatives , and spent less time on the way to the clinics.After 9 months methadone maintenance therapy , the quality of life of clients in extension clinics was improved while addiction among them decreased.The extension clinic was an effective strategy for retention in remote areas.

Objective To demonstrate the effectiveness of prevention of mother-to-child HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B transmission among pregnant women in Dehong prefecture , Yunnan province,China from 2011 to 2013.Methods Data were collected mainly from the continuous HIV surveillance system and prevention of mother-to-child transmission ( PMTCT ) reporting system of Dehong prefecture , and supplemented by annual reported data on HIV , syphilis, and hepatitis B PMTCT to know the general demographic characteristics , HIV testing and counseling service , PMTCT service, and other medical services.Data were presented as absolute numbers and proportions.Results From 2011 to 2013,the number of pregnant women participating in HIV ,syphilis,and hepatitis B testing in Dehong prefecture increased and the HIV testing rates were 99.2%( 18 694/18 854 ) , 99.9%( 22 047/22 060 ) and 99.9%( 21 751/21 756),the syphilis testing rates were 56.0%(10 550/18 854),99.6%(21 980/22 060) and 99.9%(21 751/21 756),and the hepatitis B testing rates were 60.2%(11 358/18 854),99.6%(21 974/22 060) and 99.9%(21 751/21 756).From 2011 to 2013, the HIV positive rates were 0.87%(327/37 787), 0.82%(319/38 817) and 0.85%(315/37 261),the syphilis positive rates were 0.05%(10/18 520), 0.12%(43/36 817) and 0.11%(40/35 888),the hepatitis B positive rates were 2.46%(456/18 520), 2.23%(794/35 547) and 2.14%(739/34 468),respectively.The rates of HIV-positive pregnant women giving birth in hospitals were 99.2%(128/129),100.0%(141/141) and 100.0%(141/141).From 2011 to 2013,the proportions of HIV-positive pregnant women receiving antiretroviral therapy were 99.2%(128/129),99.3%(140/141) and 99.3%(140/141),respectively.And the treatment rate of syphilis-positive pregnant women were 71%(5/7),89%(16/18) and 97%(32/33).The rates of hepatitis B immunoglobulin injection among new-borns of hepatitis B-positive pregnant women were 92.9%(263/283),99.7%(612/614) and 99.4%(629/633).The estimated rates of mother-to-child transmission of HIV were 2.28%, 2.30%and 3.00%,respectively.Conclusion There was an increasing trend of HIV ,syphilis,and hepatitis B testing rate and the positive rate kept at a low level.The proportions of HIV-positive pregnant women receiving HIV,syphilis,and hepatitis B PMTCT services increased annually ,while the proportion of HIV MTCT kept at an overall low level from 2011 to 2013,which indicated its effectiveness of HIV PMTCT work during recent years in Dehong prefecture ,Yunnan province ,China.

Objective To understand the characteristics and retention situation of clients in extension clinic of methadone maintenance therapy.Methods From December 20,2010 to March 10,2011, the system sampling method was used to get the cases .A total of 462 heroin addicts from 22 methadone maintenance therapy clinics and extension clinics located in Mangshi , Ruili, Longchuan, Yingjiang, Lianghe of Dehong prefecture , Yunnan province were interviewed , and the demographic characteristics , quality of life, urine testing results for morphine of the patients between the extension MMT clinic and standard MMT clinic were also collected and compared.A cohort study was conducted to analyze retention situation of the new clients with Kaplan Meier method during 9 months treatment.Results Of the 462 cases,239 cases were from standard MMT clinic ,and 223 cases were from the extension MMT clinic . Among them,117 cases were new research objects into the group during the investigation .Among the clients of extension MMT clinic ,96.7%( 147/152 ) of them were males , 37.5%( 57/152 ) were Dai nationality , and 61.2%(93/152) were married,38.8%(59/152) with primary school education,95.4%(145/152) lived with their family or relatives ,96.7%( 147/152 ) could arrive at the clinic from their habitation within 15 minutes.The positive detection rates 72%(13/18),71%(24/34),58%(30/52),29%(15/52),14%(6/44),14%(4/29),15%(5/34),17%(6/35),6%(2/33),16%(5/31) of urine-morphine testing among new clients of extension MMT clinics decreased as the period of treatment lengthened (χ2 =61.04, P<0.05).The period of retention of the clients in extension MMT clinics was 175-days averagely , with an average retention 122 days of when withdrawing.The retention rates of the clients were 52%( 37/71 ) and 61%(28/46) at 9th month of the extension MMT clinics and standard MMT clinics respectively.There was no difference in the retention rate between those of two types of clinics (χ2 =0.82,P=0.37).Conclusion Most of the clients in extension MMT clinics lived with their family or relatives , and spent less time on the way to the clinics.After 9 months methadone maintenance therapy , the quality of life of clients in extension clinics was improved while addiction among them decreased.The extension clinic was an effective strategy for retention in remote areas.

In order to prove that ectopic over-expression of Pim-2 could induce malignant transformation of human liver cell line L02, three groups of cells were set up including human liver cell line L02 (L02), L02 cells transfected with Pim-2 gene (L02/Pim-2) and L02 cells transfected with empty-vector (L02/Vector). Pim-2 expression levels were detected. The morphology, proliferation level, apoptosis rate and migration ability of the cells were detected respectively. Then the cells were subcutaneously inoculated into athymic mice and the microstructures of the neoplasm were observed. Compared with the controls, Pim-2 expression levels were significantly higher in L02/Pim-2 cells (P<0.05), and their morphology had obvious malignant changes. They also showed a significantly increased proliferation rate (P<0.05) and migration capacity (P<0.05), as well as a significantly decreased apoptosis rate (P<0.05). Only the athymic mice inoculated with L02/Pim-2 cells could generate neoplasm, and the morphology of the neoplasm coincided with that of the hepatoma. The results manifest that ectopic Pim-2 gene could be stably expressed in L02/Pim-2 cells. Both the morphological and biological changes of L02/Pim-2 cells demonstrate the trend of malignant transformation. L02/Pim-2 cells could generate hepatoma in athymic mice. In conclusion, Pim-2 could induce malignant transformation of human liver cell line L02.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Line ; Cell Movement ; Cell Proliferation ; *Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Liver/pathology/physiology ; *Liver Neoplasms/genetics/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; *Oncogenes ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/*metabolism