Weight loss is a prevalent non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease(PD), often appearing several years before motor symptoms and continuing throughout the course of the disease.The cause of weight loss in PD may be linked to an imbalance in energy and neuroendocrine function.Ghrelin and leptin are thought to be significant factors in the weight loss experienced by those with PD.Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome may independently increase the risk of PD and significantly impact the cognitive and motor functions, as well as other non-motor symptoms, of PD patients.Research has shown that a hypoxic environment can enhance the expression and aggregation of the pathogenic protein α-synuclein.This suggests that hypoxic stress and intermittent hypoxia may be contributing factors to the development of PD.This article examines the correlation between weight loss in patients with Parkinson's disease and the hormones ghrelin and leptin, as well as the impact of a hypoxic environment on these hormones.

Objective:To compare the clinical efficacy of ultrasound-guided spinal nerve block (SNB) and paraverteral nerve block (PVB) in treating postherpetic neuralgia.Methods:A total of 52 patients with postherpetic neuralgia who visited the Pain Clinic of the Xiangya Hospital, Central South University from February 2020 to December 2022 were selected and randomly divided into an ultrasound-guided SNB group and a PVB group using a random number table method, with 26 patients in each group. Patients in the SNB group received ultrasound-guided spinal nerve block therapy; The PVB group received ultrasound-guided paraverteral nerve block treatment. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores, 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) scores, and total effective rate were observed in two groups of patients before treatment, 2 weeks after treatment, 1 month after treatment, 3 months after treatment, and 6 months after treatment. Complications during treatment were also observed.Results:The total effective rates of SNB group patients at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment were significantly higher than those of PVB group (all P<0.05). After treatment, the VAS scores of both groups of patients at each time point were significantly reduced compared to before treatment (all P<0.05); The VAS scores of patients in the SNB group were lower than those in the PVB group at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment, but the difference was not statistically significant (all P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores between SNB and PVB groups before nerve block treatment (all P>0.05). The MCS and PCS scores of the two groups of patients were significantly higher than before treatment at 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after treatment (all P<0.05). The MCS scores of the SNB group were significantly higher than those of the PVB group at 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after treatment (all P<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference in PCS scores between the two groups (all P>0.05). Both groups of patients did not experience any serious complications related to the treatment in this study during the follow-up period. Conclusions:Both ultrasound-guided spinal nerve block and paraverteral nerve block can safely and effectively treat postherpetic neuralgia. The clinical effect of ultrasound-guided spinal nerve block in treating postherpetic neuralgia is better than that of paraverteral nerve block.

Objective To investigate the impact of dexamethasone(DEX)on diaphragmatic atrophy caused by acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)and its correlation with diaphragmatic protein metabolism.Methods Twenty healthy male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly assigned to control,ARDS model,low-dose DEX,and high-dose DEX group,with each group consisting of five rats.ARDS was induced in the rats by intratracheal administration of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)at 4 mg/kg.Conversely,intratracheal saline was administered to the control group at 2 mL/kg.Following the induction of the model,an intraperitoneal injection of DEX at 1 mg·kg-1·d-1 was administered to the low-dose DEX group.Conversely,DEX at 5 mg·kg-1·d-1 was administered to the high-dose group for 7 consecutive days.Subsequently,on the eighth day of the experiment,the diaphragmatic weight of all rats was measured.Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was utilized to assess the mRNA expression of interleukins(IL-1β,IL-18)in each group.Western blotting was employed to determine the protein expression levels of nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)p65,NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3),caspase-1,Gasdermin D(GSDMD),myosin heavy chain 2(Myh2),and F-box protein 32(Fbxo32).Additionally,immunohistochemistry was utilized to evaluate the ratio of fast to slow muscle fibers in the diaphragm.Results The ARDS model group showed significant reductions in body weight,diaphragm weight,fast muscle fibers,and Myh2 protein expression compared to the control group[body weight(g):266±17 vs.292±15,diaphragm weight(g):0.77±0.02 vs.0.92±0.08,fast muscle fibers:(74±1)%vs.(78±3)%,Myh2 protein expression(Avalue):0.75±0.07 vs.0.95±0.05,all P<0.05].Conversely,significant increases were observed in the expressions of IL-1β and IL-18 mRNA,slow muscle fibers,and the proteins NF-κB p65,NLRP3,caspase-1,GSDMD,Fbxo32[IL-1β mRNA(IL-1β/GAPDH):2.2±0.3 vs.1.0±0.2,IL-18 mRNA(IL-18/GAPDH):2.3±0.3 vs.1.0±0.3,slow muscle fibers:(26±1)%vs.(22±3)%,NF-κB p65 protein expression(A value):0.40±0.15 vs.0.17±0.05,NLRP3 protein expression(A value):0.51±0.05 vs.0.27±0.08,caspase-1 protein expression(A value):0.54±0.12 vs.0.30±0.19,GSDMD protein expression(A value):0.40±0.12 vs.0.20±0.05,Fbxo32 protein expression(A value):0.51±0.15 vs.0.33±0.08,all P<0.05].Compared with the ARDS group,both low and high doses of DEX were found to further reduce body weight,diaphragm weight,fast muscle fibers,and Myh2 protein expression,and further increase the expressions of IL-1β and IL-18 mRNA,slow muscle fibers,and the proteins NF-κB p65,NLRP3,caspase-1,GSDMD,Fbxo32,with the changes in the high dose DEX group being more significant than those in the low dose group[body weight(g):198±14 vs.222±16,diaphragm weight(g):0.57±0.04 vs.0.68±0.04,fast muscle fibers:(56±5)%vs.(69±2)%,Myh2 protein expression(A value):0.29±0.16 vs.0.57±0.15,IL-1βmRNA expression:5.6±1.4 vs.3.3±0.6,IL-18 mRNA expression(IL-18/GAPDH):5.8±1.2 vs.3.9±0.6,slow muscle fibers:(44±5)%vs.(31±2)%,NF-κB p65 protein expression(A value):0.87±0.04 vs.0.70±0.07,NLRP3 protein expression(A value):0.75±0.08 vs.0.63±0.04,caspase-1 protein expression(A value):0.99±0.06 vs.0.82±0.08,GSDMD protein expression(Avalue):0.85±0.11 vs.0.61±0.10,Fbxo32 protein expression(Avalue):1.00±0.10 vs.0.78±0.12,all P<0.05].Normal muscle fiber structure was revealed by microscopic observation in the control group,clear fiber separation in the ARDS model group,and disordered muscle fiber arrangement with structural distortion was noted in both low and high-dose DEX groups.Conclusion Prolonged administration of DEX may worsen diaphragmatic atrophy induced by ARDS,possibly by promoting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and cell pyroptosis.

Objective:To construct an evaluation index system for the perioperative medical service efficiency.Methods:From September to November 2023, this study conducted literature search and research group discussions to select initial indicators for evaluating the efficiency of perioperative medical services guided by value-based healthcare; 2-round Delphi methods were used to construct an evaluation index system for perioperative medical service efficiency, and the weights of the indicators were determined using the analytic hierarchy process.Results:The expert motivation for both rounds of Delphi method was 100.00%, the expert authority coefficient was 0.94, and the Kendall coordination scores were 0.56 and 0.75, respectively. The final established evaluation index system for perioperative medical service efficiency included 2 primary indexes, 9 secondary indexes, and 41 tertiary indexes. The first level indexes included medical quality and medical cost, with relative weights of 66.67% and 33.33%, respectively. Among them, medical quality included 7 secondary indexes: medical management, medical safety, service mode, information construction, patient outcomes, service efficiency, and satisfaction; Medical costs include 2 secondary indiexes: patient costs and medical institution costs.Conclusions:The evaluation index system for the efficiency of perioperative medical services reflected the connotation of value-based healthcare and could comprehensively and objectively evaluate the efficiency of perioperative medical services.

The main clinical manifestation of dyslipidemia is hyperlipidemia， which is an important risk factor leading to the occurrence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis， coronary heart disease and stroke. In clinical practice， lipid-lowering drugs are mainly used for treatment， but there are issues such as individual differences and genetic effects. Therefore， it is necessary to perform gene detection on patients， so as to guide individualized application of lipid-lowering drugs. This review mainly previews the definition of gene detection and the individualized treatment of lipid-lowering drugs， and introduces the application of gene detection in the individualized treatment of lipid-lowering drugs （statins， fibrates， nicotinic acid and ezetimibe）. Among them， the gene polymorphisms of APOE， SLCO1B1 and CYP450 family play a key role in the efficacy and safety of statins； the gene polymorphisms of APOA/B/C family have a significant impact on the efficacy of fenofibrate； the gene polymorphisms of HCAR2 and DGAT2 have an important impact on the efficacy of niacin； the gene polymorphisms of NPC1L1 have a significant impact on the efficacy of ezetimibe. It is suggested to conduct genotype detection for patients with dyslipidemia to select appropriate treatment strategies， so as to provide individualized medication guidance.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a pernicious tumor with high heterogeneity, which creates a conundrum for making a precise diagnosis and choosing an optimal treatment approach. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) with anatomical and functional sequences has evolved as a routine and significant paradigm for the detection and characterization of PCa. Moreover, using radiomics to extract quantitative data has emerged as a promising field due to the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) and image data processing. Radiomics acquires novel imaging biomarkers by extracting imaging signatures and establishes models for precise evaluation. Radiomics models provide a reliable and noninvasive alternative to aid in precision medicine, demonstrating advantages over traditional models based on clinicopathological parameters. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of related studies of radiomics in PCa, specifically around the development and validation of radiomics models using MRI-derived image features. The current landscape of the literature, focusing mainly on PCa detection, aggressiveness, and prognosis evaluation, is reviewed and summarized. Rather than studies that exclusively focus on image biomarker identification and method optimization, models with high potential for universal clinical implementation are identified. Furthermore, we delve deeper into the critical concerns that can be addressed by different models and the obstacles that may arise in a clinical scenario. This review will encourage researchers to design models based on actual clinical needs, as well as assist urologists in gaining a better understanding of the promising results yielded by radiomics.
Male ; Humans ; Artificial Intelligence ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods* ; Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging* ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods* ; Precision Medicine ; Retrospective Studies

The end of the COVID-19 infection peak in 2022 prompts a backlog of cardiovascular surgical patients to gradually return to the hospital, resulting in a surge in cardiovascular surgeries. However, against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, the clinical practice of cardiovascular surgery faces many problems. Therefore, organized by Beijing Anzhen Hospital, experts in cardiovascular surgery and related fields have formulated hospital expert experience on perioperative treatment principles of cardiovascular surgery for patients infected with COVID-19. This article summarizes the clinical decision-making of patients requiring cardiovascular surgery after COVID-19 infection, and advises on the corresponding recommendations according to the existing evidence-based medical evidence as well as the actual clinical practice experience of relevant experts. The main content of the article includes special requirements for cardiovascular surgical treatment indications in patients with COVID-19 infection, selection of surgical timing, special requirements of preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative management, etc., which aims to provide COVID-19-infected patients with guidance on rational decision-making when receiving cardiovascular surgery.

Objective:To explore the prognostic value of the serum concentration of human soluble stromelysin-2(sST2)combined with ultrasonic left ventricular diastolic function parameters for elderly patients with septic shock.Methods:This prospective study involved 150 elderly patients with septic shock admitted to the intensive care unit(ICU)of the First Hospital of Jiaxing between May 2019 and May 2022.Data on the following parameters were recorded on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 in the ICU: sST2 concentration, mitral early-diastolic inflow peak velocity(E), mitral late-diastolic inflow peak velocity(A), E/A ratio, early diastolic mitral annular velocity(e'), and E/e' ratio.According to the 28-day prognostic outcome obtained during follow-up, patients were divided into a survival group and a death group to compare differences in values of the above parameters between the two groups and at different time points.Logistic regression was used to analyze independent risk factors for 28-day mortality.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to analyze the predictive value for 28-day mortality, and further risk stratification was performed according to optimal cut-off values to compare differences in 28-day mortality under different risk stratification methods.The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to compare 28-day cumulative survival under different risk stratification methods and analyze the predictive value of the combination of the parameters for 28-day mortality.Results:On day 5 following ICU admission, e' was lower and E/e' and sST2 were higher in the death group than in the survival group.Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis suggested that sST2(odds ratio: 1.010, P<0.001)was an independent risk factor for 28-day mortality in elderly patients with septic shock.sST2 had a sensitivity of 50.2%, a specificity of 79.1%, and an area under the curve of 0.660 for predicting 28-day mortality in patients with septic shock.The sST2 concentration was 89.3 μg/L on day 5 after ICU admission, which was the clinical cutoff point for predicting 28-day mortality.Based on the risk stratification of sST2 levels, the 28-day mortality rate was higher in the sST2>89.3 μg/L group than in the sST2≤89.3 μg/L group.Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the 28-day cumulative survival rate was significantly lower in the sST2>89.3 μg/L group than in the sST2≤89.3 μg/L group(44.0% vs.66.7%, log-rank test: χ2=9.101, P=0.003).The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the combination of sST2, e', and E/e' significantly improved the prediction efficiency of 28-day mortality in elderly patients with septic shock, with an area under the curve of 0.844, a sensitivity of 89.7%, and a specificity of 66.5%. Conclusions:sST2 is an independent risk factor for 28-day mortality in elderly patients with septic shock.When combined with e' and E/e', sST2 can more accurately evaluate the survival prognosis of these patients.

Objective:To explore the mechanism of Ion peptidase 1,mitochondrial(LONP1)in the progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer(CRPC). Methods:The expression levels of LONP1,N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 1(NDRG1)and androgen receptor(AR)proteins in benign prostatic hyperplasia cell line BPH-1,androgen-dependent human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP and castration-resistant prostate cancer(CRPC)cell line PC3 were examined by Western blotting.Recombinant vector carrying full-length LONP1 gene was delivered into LNCaP cells via lentiviral infection to establish stable LONP1-overexpressing(OE-LONP1)cell line,and LNCaP cells transfected with empty vector was used as the corresponding negative control(OE-NC).shRNA specifically targeting LONP1 gene(shLONP1)was delivered into PC3 cells to establish stable LONP1-silencing cell line,and PC3 cells transfected with empty shRNA vector(shNC)was used as the negative control.The effect of LONP1-overexpression and silencing on cell proliferation and invasion was analyzed by CCK-8 assay,colony formation assay and Transwell invasion assay in OE-LONP1 and shLONP1 cell lines.The effect of LONP1 on the AR/DNRG1 signaling axis was analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay.The effect of NDRG1-silencing on the proliferation and invasion of shLONP1-expressing PC3 cells was evaluated by CCk-8 assay and Transwell assay.Tumor xenograft model was established by subcutaneously inoculating shLONP1-expressing PC3 cells and the negative control cells(PC3-shNC cells)into BALB/c nude mice.The mice were treated with DMSO or AR antagonist enzalutamide(ENZ).Then,the expression level of Ki-67 in tumor tissues was examined by immunohistochemical staining,and the cell apoptosis in tumor tissues was evaluated by TUNEL assay. Results:Compared with BPH-1 cells,LNCaP cells had lower(P＜0.05)while PC3 cells had higher(P＜0.05)expression level of LONP1 protein.The expression of AR and NDRG1 were inhibited in LNCaP cells when LONP1 was overexpressed(P＜0.05),whereas the expression of AR and NDRG1 were increased in PC3 cells when LONP1 was silenced(P＜0.05).The proliferation and invasion of LNCaP cells were promoted when LONP1 was overexpressed(P＜0.05),whereas the proliferation and invasion of PC3 cells were suppressed when LONP1 was knocked-down(P＜0.05).LONP1 can directly bind with AR to recognize the androgen response element(ARE)of NDRG1,which further inhibits the AR/NRDG1 signaling pathway to promote the progression of prostate cancer.The treatment of xenograft tumors in mouse models showed that both LONP1-silencing and ENZ application could inhibit tumor growth,and the best inhibitory effect was observed in mice treated with LONP1-silencing in combination with ENZ.The results of immunohistochemical staining and TUNEL assay indicated that the tumor tissues in the shLONP1+ENZ group had lower level of Ki-67 expression and higher level of cell apoptosis(P＜0.001). Conclusion:LONP1 is highly expressed in CRPC cell line PC3,and promotes prostate cancer progression by inhibiting AR/NDRG1 signaling transduction.

Objective:To explore the correlation between carotid blood flow and the parameters derived by pulse oximetry Plethysmographic waveform in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, so as to provide a new index for carotid blood flow monitoring in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.Methods:Seven male domestic pigs were utilized for cardiac arrest model through ventricular fibrillation induced by electrical stimulation. Eight minutes after cardiac arrest, artificial chest compression was given for 4 min, and epinephrine 20 μg/kg was injected intravenously at 2 min after chest compression. The compression frequency, compression depth, right carotid blood flow, pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveform, aortic pressure, right atrium pressure and end tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure were continuously monitored and recorded. From 30 s to 4 min after chest compression, the values of the mean right carotid blood flow, the area under curve (AUC) of pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveform, the mean perfusion index, the mean coronary perfusion pressure and the average end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure during 6 s before time point were calculated every 30 s. The correlations between right carotid blood flow and the AUC of pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveform and perfusion index were analyzed respectively.Results:Ventricular fibrillation was induced successfully in seven animals. There were no significant differences in the mean chest compression frequency and depth per min during 4 min of chest compression. Right carotid blood flow at 30 s after chest compression was (92.7±32.7) mL/min, and decreased to (48.5±23.5) mL/min at 1 min after chest compression ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in blood flow before and after epinephrine injection ( P>0.05). The AUC of the blood oxygen plethysmographic waveform and perfusion index showed synchronous change trends with right carotid blood flow. Both coronary perfusion pressure and end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure showed different change trends with right carotid blood flow. There was a positive correlation between the right carotid blood flow and the AUC of blood oxygen plethysmographic waveform ( r=0.66, P<0.01), and also a positive correlation between right carotid blood flow and perfusion index ( r=0.57, P<0.01). Conclusions:Carotid blood flow is positively correlated with the AUC of blood oxygen plethysmographic waveform and perfusion index in a porcine model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Real-time monitoring of the two parameters derived by pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveform can reflect the changes of carotid blood flow to a certain extent.