This paper outlines the development of artificial intelligence （AI） and its applications in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） research， and elucidates the roles and advantages of large language models， knowledge graphs， and natural language processing in advancing syndrome identification， prescription generation， and mechanism exploration. Using spleen-stomach diseases as an example， it demonstrates the empowering effects of AI in classical literature mining， precise clinical syndrome differentiation， efficacy and safety prediction， and intelligent education， highlighting an upgraded research paradigm that evolves from data-driven and knowledge-driven approaches to intelligence-driven models. To address challenges related to privacy protection and regulatory compliance in cross-institutional data collaboration， a "trusted federated evidence-based analysis platform for TCM spleen-stomach diseases" is proposed， integrating blockchain-based smart contracts， federated learning， and secure multi-party computation. The deep integration of AI with privacy-preserving computing is reshaping research and clinical practice in TCM spleen-stomach diseases， providing feasible pathways and a technical framework for building a high-quality， trustworthy TCM big-data ecosystem and achieving precision syndrome differentiation.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 （GLP-1） receptor agonists are a novel class of antidiabetic drugs that also possess lipid- lowering and cardiovascular protective effects， with liraglutide and semaglutide being their representative medications. Based on a systematic literature search， this review summarizes the lipid-lowering mechanisms by which liraglutide and semaglutide exert direct effects on the liver and kidney （regulating autophagy， key lipid metabolism pathways， reverse cholesterol transport， etc.）， direct actions on adipose tissue （affecting adipocyte proliferation and differentiation， expression of lipid metabolism proteins， and gene transcription）， activation of sympathetic pathways through the central nervous system， and modulation of the gut microbiota. Additionally， it summarizes the clinical evidence of their lipid-lowering effects in populations with type 2 diabetes mellitus， overweight individuals， and others. These findings indicate that GLP-1 receptor agonists exert lipid-lowering effects by acting on multiple tissues or systems， providing crucial evidence for further elucidating the molecular mechanisms of these drugs in lipid regulation and exploring potential new ideas for their clinical applications.

Artificial intelligence （AI） and population pharmacokinetics （PPK） technologies have demonstrated significant potential in the personalized medication of immunosuppressants after organ transplantation, enabling precise prediction of drug dosages. This article provides a comprehensive review of the application status of AI and PPK in the individualized administration of immunosuppressants after organ transplantation， focuses on monitoring blood drug concentration， predicting efficacy/adverse reactions， and establishing individualized dosing models for organ transplant recipients after immunosuppressant administration， and analyzes and compares the application characteristics of different methods in different organ transplant patients as well as the integration and future development of AI and PPK technologies. AI and PPK technologies can not only significantly reduce the dependence on human resources， but also greatly improve the level of individualized treatment of immunosuppressants after organ transplantation， and reduce the discomfort and burden caused by frequent blood concentration monitoring to patients.

Cuproptosis, a recently identified form of regulated cell death triggered by excess intracellular copper, has emerged as a promising cytotoxic strategy for cancer therapy. However, the therapeutic efficacy of copper ionophores such as elesclomol (ES) is often hindered by cellular copper homeostasis mechanisms that limit copper influx and cuproptosis induction. To address this challenge, we developed a nanoagent utilizing outer membrane vesicle (OMV) derived from Akkermansia muciniphila (Akk) for co-delivery of antioxidant 1 copper chaperone (Atox1)-targeting siRNA and ES (siAtox1/ES@OMV) to tumors. In vitro, we demonstrated that Atox1 knockdown via siRNA significantly disrupted copper export mechanisms, resulting in elevated intracellular copper levels. Simultaneously, ES facilitated efficient copper influx and mitochondrial transport, leading to Fe-S cluster depletion, increased proteotoxic stress, and robust cuproptosis. In vivo, siAtox1/ES@OMV achieved targeted tumor delivery and induced pronounced cuproptosis. Furthermore, leveraging the immunomodulatory properties of OMVs, siAtox1/ES@OMV promoted T-cell infiltration and the activation of tumor-reactive cytotoxic T cells, enhancing tumor immune responses. The combination of siAtox1/ES-induced cuproptosis and immunogenic cell death synergistically suppressed tumor growth in both subcutaneous breast cancer and orthotopic rectal cancer mouse models. This study highlights the potential of integrating copper homeostasis disruption with a copper ionophore using an immunomodulatory OMV-based vector, offering a promising combinatorial strategy for cancer therapy.

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is an autosomal dominant inherited disease characterized by recurrent and unpredictable episodes of subcutaneous or submucosal edema. These attacks could induce fatal risk when larynx is involved. The estimated prevalence of HAE is about 1 in 50 000. Due to its rarity and the diversity of clinical manifestations, HAE is known little by related physicians and misdiagnosis and mistreatment happens very often. Therefore, it is crucial to improve physicians′ understanding of HAE. To address this, a comprehensive management approach for the diagnosis and treatment of HAE have developed in our hospital. This approach includes intra-hospital multi-disciplinary treatment (MDT), collaboration with provincial network hospitals, patient education online and offline interacting with media propaganda. By implementing this approach, the diagnostic precision was significantly improved, the diagnostic time was significantly shortened, and the frequency of emergency interventions for severe laryngeal edema was significantly reduced. Additionally, the collection of data from HAE patients has provided valuable clinical insights for the diagnosis and treatment of HAE in China.

Objective:To assess the association between the polymorphisms of integral protein α4 ( ITGA4) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 ( ICAM-1) genesand the risk and clinicopathological characteristics of Crohn′s disease (CD) among Chinese patients. Methods:From January 2010 to January 2021, a total of 215 CD patients and 529 gender- and age-matched healthy controls were enrolled from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University as the study subjects. Genotypes of ITGA4 (rs6740847, rs7562325) and ICAM-1 (rs5498) were determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Harvey-Bradshaw Index (HBI) was applied to assess the disease activity of CD, and the patients were further divided into subgroups based on the Montreal Classification Criteria of CD. Unconditional logistic regression was employed to analyze the distribution of ITGA4 (rs6740847, rs7562325) and ICAM-1 (rs5498) polymorphisms between the patients and healthy controls and their association with the clinicopathological characteristics of the patients. Results:The frequencies of T allele and CT+ TT genotypes of ITGA4 (rs7562325) were higher in CD patients than the healthy controls (40.70% vs. 31.57%, P=0.001; 62.79% vs. 54.36%, P=0.042). The G variant and AG+ GG genotypes of ITGA4 (rs6740847) were less common in patients with moderately to severely active CD compared with those with mildly active CD (31.18% vs. 51.72%, P=0.002; 55.91% vs. 75.86%, P=0.042). However, the opposite conclusion was drawn for the G allele (G) and AG+ GG genotypes of ICAM-1 (rs5498) (31.45% vs. 17.24%, P=0.027; 54.30% vs. 31.04%, P=0.020). Compared with patients with terminal ileal or ileocolic CD, G allele and AG+ GG genotypes of ITGA4 (rs6740847) were more prevalent in patients with colonic CD (55.26% vs. 29.38%, P<0.000 1; 84.21% vs. 53.11%, P<0.000 1). The same conclusion could also be drawn for the G allele and AG+ GG genotypes of ICAM-1 (rs5498) (42.11% vs. 26.84%, P=0.008; 73.69% vs. 46.33%, P=0.002). The frequency of homozygous GG genotype of ICAM-1 (rs5498) was lower in patients with stricturing and penetrating CD than those with non-stricturing and non-penetrating CD (0.00% vs. 12.32%, P=0.001). The G allele and AG+ GG genotypes of the ITGA4 (rs6740847) were more common in patients with perianal lesions than those without (40.28% vs. 30.77%, P=0.049; 72.22% vs. 51.75%, P=0.004). Conclusion:Variants of the ITGA4 (rs7562325) may be a risk factor for CD, whilst those of the ITGA4 (rs6740847) may be associated with the decline of disease activity and risk for colon involvement and perianal lesions. Variants of the ICAM-1 (rs5498) may increase the risk of disease activity and colonic involvement in CD patients, however, it may be a protective factor for stenosis and penetration. In addition, variants of the ITGA4 (rs6740847) and ICAM-1 (rs5498) may be associated with the early onset of CD.

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is an autosomal dominant inherited disease characterized by recurrent and unpredictable episodes of subcutaneous or submucosal edema. These attacks could induce fatal risk when larynx is involved. The estimated prevalence of HAE is about 1 in 50 000. Due to its rarity and the diversity of clinical manifestations, HAE is known little by related physicians and misdiagnosis and mistreatment happens very often. Therefore, it is crucial to improve physicians′ understanding of HAE. To address this, a comprehensive management approach for the diagnosis and treatment of HAE have developed in our hospital. This approach includes intra-hospital multi-disciplinary treatment (MDT), collaboration with provincial network hospitals, patient education online and offline interacting with media propaganda. By implementing this approach, the diagnostic precision was significantly improved, the diagnostic time was significantly shortened, and the frequency of emergency interventions for severe laryngeal edema was significantly reduced. Additionally, the collection of data from HAE patients has provided valuable clinical insights for the diagnosis and treatment of HAE in China.

Objective:To design a heating and pressurizing flushing device and to assess its application effect in hysteroscopic surgery.Methods:The heating and pressurizing flushing device was composed of a heating and pressing device,a liquid crystal control panel module,flushing pipeline,heating pipeline and a support frame.A total of 100 female patients who underwent gynecological hysteroscopic surgery at Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from May 2021 to April 2022 were selected and divided into observation group and control group by random number table method,with 50 cases in each group.The observation group adopted a heating and pressurizing device to perform heating and pressurizing operations during hysteroscopic surgery,the control group adopted manual inflatable pressurized infusion bags to perform heating and pressurizing operations during hysteroscopic surgery by inflating and squeezing the air bag.The clarity of dilated uterus,operation time,preoperative,intraoperative and postoperative body temperature of the patients,and satisfaction of doctors and nurses were compared between the two groups.Results:The clarity rate of dilated uterus and satisfaction of doctors and nurses in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group,the difference was statistically significant(x2=7.862,8.392,P<0.05).The operation time of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group,the difference was statistically significant(t=51.099,P<0.05).The body temperature of the patients at 15 minutes during operation and 20 minutes after operation in the observation group were higher than those in the control group,the difference was statistically significant(t=-13.153,-17.911,P<0.05).Conclusion:The use of heating and pressurizing device in gynecological hysteroscopic surgery can increase the clarity of dilated uterus,effectively shorten operation time,save human resources,reduce complications and improve the satisfaction of medical staff.The clinical application effect is good.

Bladder perfusion is one of the main methods for the treatment of bladder cancer. In order to further improve the standardization of bladder cancer bladder perfusion operation for nursing staff, this paper, guided by evidence-based methods, formed the expert consensus on the whole process management of bladder perfusion for bladder cancer through Delphi expert consultation and expert demonstration meeting, and provided guidance for the standardization of clinical nursing practice and management institutionalization of bladder cancer bladder perfusion from seven aspects, namely, perfusion environment, operators, drug allocation, operation process, adverse reactions, health education and continuous nursing.

Sick sinus syndrome(SSS)refers to damage to the sinoatrial node and its surrounding tissues,which leads to excitation and conduction dysfunction of the sinoatrial node,Resultsing in arrhythmia diseases.A better understanding of the pathogenesis of SSS is required to provide a basis for its treatment,including establishing an animal model that can simulate human sinus node dysfunction.In this paper,we review the animal selection,the principles and method of modeling,and the evaluation method and detection indicators of the models,to provide a basis for further studies of the pathogenesis of SSS.