The chemical constituents in dried roots of Atractylodes macrocephala were investigated in this study. Through utilizing normal-phase silica gel and ODS column chromatography, TLC, and semi-preparative HPLC, 4 new sesquiterpenoids were purified from the ethyl acetate extract of A. macrocephala. By various spectroscopic techniques, such as 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, IR, UV, and CD, their structures were identified as atractylmacron A (1), 9β-hydroxyasterolide (2), atractylenolide H (3), atractylenolide J (4). Compound 1 possesses a rare 6/7 bicyclic skeleton.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of Huanglian Wendantang on damp-heat type diabetes enteropathy rats based on the G protein coupled bile acid receptor 5/glucagon like peptide-1 （TGR5/GLP-1） signaling pathway and intestinal flora. MethodsA total of 72 male Sprague Dawley （SD） rats were adaptively fed for one week. Twelve SD rats were randomly selected as a blank group and fed with an ordinary diet. The rest of the SD rats were fasted for 12 hours without water. A rat model with damp-heat type diabetes enteropathy was made by left intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin （55 mg·kg^-1） and high sugar and high fat diet （20% sucrose solution + high fat diet） in a humid and hot environment （artificial climate box： temperature 30-34 ℃， relative humidity： 85%-95%）. After successful modeling， the rats were randomly divided into a model group， a metformin group （200 mg·kg^-1）， low-dose， medium-dose， and high-dose Huanglian Wendantang groups （7.10， 14.20， 28.39 g·kg^-1）， with 12 rats in each group. The normal group and the model group were orally administered with physiological saline once a day for 6 consecutive weeks. During the observation period， the weight and blood glucose levels of rats were measured and recorded weekly. After the administration， fresh feces were collected from rats， and 16S rRNA sequencing technology was used to study the differences and changes in intestinal flora among different groups. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and interleukin-6 （IL-6） in the serum of rats were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）， and the pathological morphological changes of colon tissue were examined. The expression of TGR5 and GLP-1 in colon tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry， and the expression of TGR5 and GLP-1 proteins in colon tissue was measured by Western blot. ResultsCompared with the blank group， the model group showed a decrease in body weight， an increase in blood glucose， and significant damp-heat symptoms. The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in serum were significantly increased （P<0.01）. The expression of TGR5 and GLP-1 was decreased （P<0.01）， and the pathogenic bacteria were increased. Compared with the model group， the treatment groups exhibited improvements in body weight， blood glucose levels， and damp-heat syndrome in rats. Among them， the high-dose group of Huanglian Wendantang displayed the most significant improvement effect， with significantly reduced inflammation levels （P<0.01） and elevated expression of TGR5 and GLP-1 （P<0.01）. Colonic pathological sections showed that Huanglian Wendantang could effectively ameliorate colonic pathological changes. The 16S rRNA sequencing result indicated a significant increase in beneficial bacteria in the treatment groups. ConclusionHuanglian Wendantang can effectively ameliorate the damp-heat symptoms and blood glucose levels in rats with damp-heat type diabetes enteropathy， and it may exert an effect by regulating the TGR5/GLP-1 signaling pathway and intestinal flora disorder.

background Current assessment of noise-induced hearing loss relies on the hearing threshold statistical distribution table of ISO 7029-2017 standard (ISO 7029), which is based on foreign population data and lacks a hearing threshold distribution table derived from pure-tone audiometry data of the Chinese population, hindering accurate evaluation of hearing loss in this group. Objective To establish a statistical distribution table of hearing threshold level (HTL) for otologically normal Chinese adults and to provide a scientific basis for revising the diagnostic criteria of occupational noise-induced deafness in China. Methods A total of 1271 otologically normal Chinese adults aged 18-60 years were divided into four groups with 10-year age intervals. Based on the pure tone audiometry data and power function operation formula, the relevant parameters of the median and percentile calculation formula of ISO 7029 were adjusted. Based on the adjusted parameters, a statistical distribution table of HTL of normal Chinese adults in otology was preliminarily constructed according to the calculation formula of ISO 7029. A nonparametric rank sum test was used to compare the difference between the adjusted median deviation value and the ISO 7029 calculation. Results Except for a few frequencies (2000, 3000, and 8000 Hz), the value of parameter α adjusted for the auditory threshold deviation of the Chinese population (α_CHN-md) increased with the increase of frequency, while the value of parameter β adjusted for the auditory threshold deviation of the Chinese population (β_CHN-md) decreased with the increase of frequency. The preliminary distribution table of otologically normal Chinese adults' median hearing threshold deviation (ΔH_CHN-md) showed that the hearing threshold deviation increased with age and frequency. At 8000 Hz, the increase in ΔH_CHN-md with age was the greatest for both men and women, from 0 dB to 23 dB and 21 dB respectively. The minimal threshold elevation was noted at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz, which increased from 0 dB to 2 dB. In otologically normal Chinese adults, the maximum increase of ΔH_CHN-md with frequency was observed at age of 50 years, which increased from 2 dB at 500 Hz to 23 dB at 8000 Hz in men and from 2 dB at 500 Hz to 21 dB at 8000 Hz in women. The comparison results with the ISO 7029 calculation showed that the trend was consistent. The median hearing threshold deviation value of the adjusted Chinese population was lower than that of the ISO 7029 calculation (ΔH_md). However, they had no significant statistical difference (P>0.05). For otologically normal normal Chinese men and women, the maximum difference of ΔH_md between the 50-year-old group and the ISO calculation at 8000 Hz was 7 dB and 9 dB, respectively. Conclusion This preliminary analysis of hearing threshold deviations in otologically normal Chinese adults suggests that current standards may potentially underestimate hearing loss at frequencies below 8000 Hz while possibly overestimating it at 8000 Hz. These findings require further validation through expanded sample sizes to more accurately assess the characteristics of hearing thresholds in the Chinese population and their discrepancies with existing standards.

Aim To investigate the role of metabolites of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in promoting the transdifferentiation of pancreatic α cells to β cells. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were injected intraperitoneally with 60 mg/kg streptozocin (STZ) for five consecutive days to establish a type 1 diabetes (T1DM) mouse model. After two weeks, they were randomly divided into model groups and 97% EPA diet intervention group, 75% fish oil (50% EPA +25% DHA) diet intervention group, and random blood glucose was detected every week; after the model expired, the regeneration of pancreatic β cells in mouse pancreas was observed by immunofluorescence staining. The islets of mice (obtained by crossing GCG

This study aims to investigate the effect of salvianolic acid B (Sal B), the active ingredient of Salvia miltiorrhiza, on H9C2 cardiomyocytes injured by oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) through regulating mitochondrial fission and fusion. The process of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury was simulated by establishing OGD/R model. The cell proliferation and cytotoxicity detection kit (cell counting kit-8, CCK-8) was used to detect cell viability; the kit method was used to detect intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), total glutathione (t-GSH), nitric oxide (NO) content, protein expression levels of mitochondrial fission and fusion, apoptosis-related detection by Western blot. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) detection kit and Hoechst 33342 fluorescence was used to observe the opening level of MPTP, and molecular docking technology was used to determine the molecular target of Sal B. The results showed that relative to control group, OGD/R injury reduced cell viability, increased the content of ROS, decreased the content of t-GSH and NO. Furthermore, OGD/R injury increased the protein expression levels of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), mitofusions 2 (Mfn2), Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3 (caspase 3), and decreased the protein expression levels of Mfn1, increased MPTP opening level. Compared with the OGD/R group, it was observed that Sal B had a protective effect at concentrations ranging from 6.25 to 100 μmol·L^-1. Sal B decreased the content of ROS, increased the content of t-GSH and NO, and Western blot showed that Sal B decreased the protein expression levels of Drp1, Mfn2, Bax and caspase 3, increased the protein expression level of Mfn1, and decreased the opening level of MPTP. In summary, Sal B may inhibit the opening of MPTP, reduce cell apoptosis and reduce OGD/R damage in H9C2 cells by regulating the balance of oxidation and anti-oxidation, mitochondrial fission and fusion, thereby providing a scientific basis for the use of Sal B in the treatment of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury.

Objective To observe the regulating effect and mechanism of Yichang Sanjie Granules on intestinal flora and immune function in mice with colon cancer.Methods Sixty mice were randomly divided into six groups,i.e.,the normal group,the model group,the low-,medium-and high-dose groups of Yichang Sanjie Granules,and the overexpression of melanoma absent gene 2(AIM2)plasmid(pcDNA-AIM2)intervention group,with 10 mice in each group.Colorectal cancer model was prepared by oxidized azomethine(AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)induction method in all groups except normal group.After drug administration,the survival curves of mice in each group were plotted and the tumor volume was calculated;serum levels of immunoglobulin(Ig)G,IgM,interleukin(IL)-1β and IL-18 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA);peripheral blood levels of CD3+,CD4+,CD8+ T cells were detected by flow cytometry;the splenic index was determined;Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was used to observe the pathological changes in colon tissues;16S-rDNA intestinal flora sequencing was used to detect the α-diversity of intestinal flora and the structure of intestinal flora communities;and protein immunoblotting(Wetsern Blot)was used to detect the protein expressions of AIM2,apoptosis-associated speckled-like protein containing a CARD(ASC),and cystatinase-1(caspase-1)in colon tissues.Results Compared with the normal group,the survival rate,serum levels of IgG and IgM,peripheral blood levels of CD3+ and CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ ratio,protein expression levels of colon tissue AIM2,ASC and caspase-1 in the model group were significantly decreased,and the tumor volume,serum levels of IL-1β and IL-18,peripheral blood level of CD8+,and splenic index were significantly increased(all P＜0.05),and the HE staining results showed the characteristic manifestations of colon cancer;compared with the model group,the survival rate,serum levels of IgG and IgM,peripheral blood levels of CD3+ and CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ ratio,protein expression levels of colon tissue AIM2,ASC and caspase-1 in the low-,medium-and high-dose groups of Yichang Sanjie Granules and the pcDNA-AIM2 group were significantly increased,and the tumor volume,serum levels of IL-1β and IL-18,level of peripheral blood CD8+,and splenic index were significantly decreased(all P＜0.05),and the HE staining results showed the manifestations of colon cancer were improved.Compared with the normal group,the Observed index,Chao1 index,Shannon index,the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes,Proteobacteria,Muribaculaceae,Lachnospiraceae-NK4A136group,and Ruminiclostridium in the model group were significantly decreased,while the relative abundance of Firmicutes,Actinobacteria,Patescibateria,Lactobacillus,Odoribacter,Alistipes,Ruminococcaceae-uncultured and Bacteroides was increased in the model group(P＜0.05);compared with the model group,the Observed index,Chao1 index,Shannon index,the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes,Proteobacteria,Muribaculaceae,Lachnospiraceae-NK4A136group and Ruminiclostridium were significantly increased,and the relative abundance of Firmicutes,Actinobacteria,Patescibateria,Lactobacillus,Odoribacter,Alistipes,Ruminococcaceae-uncultured and Bacteroides was decreased in the low-,medium-and high-dose groups of Yichang Sanjie Granules and the pcDNA-AIM2 group(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Yichang Sanjie Granules can increase autoimmunity and improve intestinal flora structure in mice with colon cancer,and its mechanism is related to the activation of AIM2 inflammatory vesicles.

This article discussed the evolution of the traditional preparation process of Pinelliae Rhizoma Fermentata.The production methods for Pinelliae Rhizoma Fermentata in Song Dynasty include cake-making of Pinelliae Rhizoma together with ginger juice and fermentation after cake-making,and the former method of cake-making was the mainstream.The process technology in Jin and Yuan Dynasties inherited from that in Song Dynasty,and the application of Pinelliae Rhizoma Fermentata had certain limitations.The medical practitioners of Ming Dynasty elucidated the mechanism of processing of Pinelliae Rhizoma Fermentata,and proposed the view of"sliced Pinelliae Rhizoma being potent while fermented Pinelliae Rhizoma being mild".In the Ming Dynasty,LI Shi-Zhen defined the cake-making process and fermentation process for Pinelliae Rhizoma,and HAN Mao's Han Shi Yi Tong(Han's Clear View of Medicine)contained five prescriptions for the processing of Pinelliae Rhizoma Fermentata,which had the epoch-making signficance in the expansion of prescriptions for the processing of Pinelliae Rhizoma Fermentata.In the Qing Dynasty,HAN Fei-Xia's ten methods for making Pinelliae Rhizoma Fermentata were summarized on the basis of the methods recorded in Han Shi Yi Tong,and at that time,the processing of Pinelliae Rhizoma Fermentata and the preparation of Massa Medicata Fermentata interacted with each other.After the founding of the People's Republic of China,the local experience in the preparation of Pinelliae Rhizoma Fermentata was deeply influenced by the methods in the Qing Dynasty,and the local preparation technical standards gradually became the same.Moreover,this article also explored the issues of the importance of"Pinelliae Rhizoma"and"ingredients for fermentation",the pre-treatment of Pinelliae Rhizoma,the distinction between cake-making process and fermentation process for Pinelliae Rhizoma,the amount of flour added as well as the timing of adding,the addition of Massa Medicata Fermentata powder,the role of Alum in Pinelliae Rhizoma Fermentata and so on.

Objective: To construct a prediction model for preeclampsia (PE) risk in twin-pregnant women, so as to provide the basis for early screening and prevention of PE. Methods: A total of 467 twin-pregnant women who underwent prenatal examination and delivered at Huzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital were selected. Sixty cases with preeclampsia (PE) were included in the case group, and 60 women without PE were included in the control group. General information, blood biochemical indicators and uterine artery resistance index (UtA-RI) were collected. A logistic regression model was used to screen predictive factors and establish a nomogram. The Bootstrap method was performed for the internal validation; the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve and decision curve analysis were employed to evaluate the discrimination, calibration and clinical utility of the nomogram, respectively. Results: In the case group, there were 47 individuals (78.33%) aged younger than 35 years, 21 individuals (35.00%) with pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m2 and above, and 33 individuals (55.00%) with in vitro fertilization. In the control group, there were 57 individuals (95.00%) aged younger than 35 years, 8 individuals (13.33%) with pre-pregnancy BMI of 25 kg/m2 and above, and 39 individuals (65.00%) with natural pregnancy. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified age, pre-pregnancy BMI, method of conception, placental growth factor (PLGF) and UtA-RI as risk prediction factors for PE in twin-pregnant women. The established nomogram had an area under the ROC curve of 0.827 (95%CI: 0.755-0.899), a sensitivity of 0.767, a specificity of 0.733, a good discrimination and calibration, and a relatively high clinical net benefit. Conclusion The nomogram established by age, pre-pregnancy BMI, method of conception, PLGF and UtA-RI has a good predictive value for the risk of PE in twin-pregnant women.

Objective To analyze the detection of helicobacter pylori(Hp)in different parts of gastric antrum,and to provide clinical guidance for finding the best biopsy site for Hp.Methods Patients who underwent 13C urea breath test and electronic gastroscopy from January 2020 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed and divided into 13C urea breath test positive group[delta over baseline(DOB)≥4]and 13C urea breath test negative group(DOB<4)according to DOB value.Gastroscopy reports and pathological data of patients were collected.According to different biopsy sites in gastric antrum,patients were divided into conventional biopsy site group,elevated erosive site group and flat erosive site group,and the detection rate of Hp in different biopsy sites was compared.13C urea breath test positive group was divided into group A(435)according to DOB value,and the gastric antral biopsy and pathology of each group were classified and analyzed.Combined with endoscopic reports and pathological data,patients were divided into atrophic gastritis group and non-atrophic gastritis group.Results In the 13C urea breath test positive group,the detection rate of Hp in the elevated erosive site group(96.4%)was higher than that in the conventional biopsy site group(92.7%)and the flat erosive site group(93.9%),and the difference was statistically significant(P = 0.036).In DOB group A,the detection rate of Hp was the highest at the site of elevated erosive and the lowest at the site of conventional biopsy,and the detection rate of Hp at the three biopsy sites was compared,the difference was statistically significant(P = 0.016);There was no significant difference in the detection rate of Hp at three biopsy sites between group B and group C(P = 0.622;P = 0.721);the non-atrophic gastritis group,the detection rate of Hp at the elevated erosive site(96.5%)was higher than that at the conventional biopsy site(91.2%)and the flat erosive site(92.0%),and the difference was statistically significant(P = 0.043).There was no significant difference in the detection rate of Hp at three biopsy sites in the atrophic gastritis group(P = 0.614).13C urea breath test negative group:There was no significant difference in Hp detection rate among the three biopsy sites(P = 0.255).Conclusion For patients with positive 13C urea breath test but low DOB value,the positive rate of Hp in the elevated erosive site is higher.For non-atrophic gastritis patients,the detection rate of Hp was higher in the elevated erosive sites than in the conventional biopsy sites.But for patients with atrophic gastritis,there was little difference in the detection rate of Hp in different parts of antrum.For patients with negative 13C urea breath test,there was no significant difference in Hp detection rate among the three biopsy sites.In future clinical work,for similar patients,precise biopsy can be performed to improve the detection rate of Hp.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of erianin on the angiogenesis of glomerular endothelial cells in diabetic nephropathy(DN)rats and the role of slit homolog 2 protein(Slit2)/roundabout homolog 1(Robo1)consecutive signaling pathway.METHODS Rats were fed with high sugar and high fat feed for 8 weeks,before being intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin solution(35 mg·kg-1)to prepare a DN rat model.DN rats were divided into the model group and model+erianin 10,20 and 40 mg·kg-1 groups,with 10 rats in each,while another 10 rats served as normal control group.The urine protein quantification kit was used to measure the 24 h urine protein level of rats in each group while the automatic biochemical analyzer was used to detect the fasting plasma glucose(FPG)and serum creatinine(Scr)levels of rats in each group.PAS staining was applied to observe the pathological changes in the renal tissue of rats in each group.Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expressions of platelet endo-thelial cell adhesion molecule-31(CD31)and podocalyxin(PCX)in kidney tissue of rats in each group.Western blot was adopted to detect the expressions of Slit2 and Robo1 proteins in the renal tissues of rats in each group.RESULTS Compared with normal control group,the CD31 protein expressions,FPG,Scr,24 h urine protein levels,and renal tissue Slit2 and Robo1 protein expressions were significantly increased in the model group(P<0.05).Pathological and immunofluorescence results suggested that rats in the model group developed many neoplastic glomerular capillaries,glomerular hypertrophy,and dilated mesangial areas,with non-tubular CD31 staining lacking adjacent PCX staining,and partial staining of tubular areas of CD31 lacking adjacent PCX staining.Compared with the model group,the CD31 glomerular endothelial area,FPG,Scr,24 h urine protein levels,and protein expressions of Slit2 and Robo1 in renal tissues were significantly reduced in the model+erianin 10,20 and 40 mg·kg-1 groups(P<0.05).Pathological and immunofluorescence results showed new glomerular capillaries,glomerular hypertrophy and dilatation of the thylakoid area were attenuated in rats,and CD31 tubular region staining was essentially adjacent to the PCX foot cell region staining in the model+erianin 10,20 and 40 mg·kg-1 groups.CONCLUSION Erianin may inhibit angiogenesis in glomerular endothelial cells of DN model rats by inhibiting the Slit2/Robo1 signaling pathway.