Objective To investigate the correlation between interleukin 1β gene-511C/T polymorphism of and essential hypertension in the Yi ethnic group of Yunnan province.Methods-511C/T polymorphism of interleukin 1β gene was detected by PCR-RFLP in 85 Yi patients with essential hypertension(EH group)and 106 Yi healthy people(control group)in Shuanghe Township,Jinning County,Yunnan Province.Genotype and allele frequencies were analyzed by SPSS 27.0 software,and association analysis was performed.Results The frequency distribution of CC,CT and TT genotypes at the mutation site 511 of the IL-1βgene in EH group was 18.82%,44.71%and 36.47%,respectively,and it was 5.66%,26.42%and 67.92%in the control group.The difference in genotype frequency between the two groups was statistically significant(P＜0.05).The allele frequency of C and T in EH group was 41.18%and 58.82%,respectively,and the allele frequency of C and T in control group was 18.87%and 81.13%.The frequency difference of alleles between the two groups was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Both genotype frequency and allele frequency found in males and females had statistical differences(P＜0.05).Conclusions The distribution of IL-1β gene-511C/T polymorphism is related to the incident of essential hyper-tension among the Yi ethnic group Yunnan Province,and is the susceptibility gene of the Yi ethnic group to essen-tial hypertension.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of rutin on the browning of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and the mechanism. MethodCell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay was used to detect the effect of different concentration of rutin （3.125， 6.25， 12.5， 25， 50， 100， 200 μmol·L^-1） on 3T3-L1 cell activity， and Western blot to examine the effect of rutin （12.5， 25， 50 μmol·L^-1） on the expression of thermogenesis-associated proteins uncoupling protein 1 （UCP1）， PR domain containing 16 （PRDM16） and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α （PGC-1α） in adipocytes. After the optimal concentration of rutin was determined， the effect of rutin on lipid droplet formation in adipocytes was observed based on oil red O staining， and the expression of nuclear respiratory factor 1 （NRF1）， nuclear respiratory factor 2 （NRF2） and mitochondrial transcription factor A （TFAM）， which were the landmark proteins of mitochondrial biosynthesis， was detected by Western blot. ResultCompared with the blank group， 200 μmol·L^-1 rutin inhibited 3T3-L1 cell activity （P<0.01）. Compared with the blank group， at the concentration of 12.5， 25， 50 μmol·L^-1 rutin significantly promoted the expression of thermogenesis-associated proteins （UCP1， PRDM16， and PGC-1α） （P<0.01）， which was determined as the optimal concentration. Compared with the blank group， 50 μmol·L^-1 rutin significantly increased the immunofluorescence intensity of mitochondrial UCP1 protein in 3T3-L1 cells （P<0.01） and the expression of the markers of mitochondrial biosynthesis （NRF1， NRF2， and TFAM） （P<0.01）. In addition， 50 μmol·L^-1 rutin significantly inhibited lipid droplet formation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes （P<0.01）. ConclusionRutin inhibited lipid droplet deposition in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and increased the expression of thermogenesis-related proteins （UCP1， PRDM16， and PGC-1α） and markers of mitochondrial biosynthesis （NRF1， NRF2， and TFAM）， thereby inducing the browning of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This lays a basis for the development of drugs that safely regulate the browning of white cells.

Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf is a well-established traditional Chinese botanical and culinary resource. It has found widespread application in the management of diabetes. The bioactive constituents of mulberry leaf, specifically mulberry leaf flavonoids (MLFs), exhibit pronounced potential in the amelioration of type 2 diabetes (T2D). This potential is attributed to their ability to safeguard pancreatic β cells, enhance insulin resistance, and inhibit α-glucosidase activity. Our antecedent research findings underscore the substantial therapeutic efficacy of MLFs in treating T2D. However, the precise mechanistic underpinnings of MLF's anti-T2D effects remain the subject of inquiry. Activation of brown/beige adipocytes is a novel and promising strategy for T2D treatment. In the present study, our primary objective was to elucidate the impact of MLFs on adipose tissue browning in db/db mice and 3T3-L1 cells and elucidate its underlying mechanism. The results manifested that MLFs reduced body weight and food intake, alleviated hepatic steatosis, improved insulin sensitivity, and increased lipolysis and thermogenesis in db/db mice. Moreover, MLFs activated brown adipose tissue (BAT) and induced the browning of inguinal white adipose tissue (IWAT) and 3T3-L1 adipocytes by increasing the expressions of brown adipocyte marker genes and proteins such as uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and beige adipocyte marker genes such as transmembrane protein 26 (Tmem26), thereby promoting mitochondrial biogenesis. Mechanistically, MLFs facilitated the activation of BAT and the induction of WAT browning to ameliorate T2D primarily through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) signaling pathway. These findings highlight the unique capacity of MLF to counteract T2D by enhancing BAT activation and inducing browning of IWAT, thereby ameliorating glucose and lipid metabolism disorders. As such, MLFs emerge as a prospective and innovative browning agent for the treatment of T2D.
Mice ; Animals ; Adipose Tissue, Brown ; Sirtuin 1/pharmacology* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism* ; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism* ; Morus/metabolism* ; Flavonoids/metabolism* ; Prospective Studies ; Signal Transduction ; Adipose Tissue, White ; Plant Leaves ; Uncoupling Protein 1/metabolism* ; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha/metabolism*

The aging population and the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases in the elderly have brought a significant economic burden to families and society. The non-invasive wearable sensing system can continuously and real-time monitor important physiological signs of the human body and evaluate health status. In addition, it can provide efficient and convenient information feedback, thereby reducing the health risks caused by chronic diseases in the elderly. A wearable system for detecting physiological and behavioral signals was developed in this study. We explored the design of flexible wearable sensing technology and its application in sensing systems. The wearable system included smart hats, smart clothes, smart gloves, and smart insoles, achieving long-term continuous monitoring of physiological and motion signals. The performance of the system was verified, and the new sensing system was compared with commercial equipment. The evaluation results demonstrated that the proposed system presented a comparable performance with the existing system. In summary, the proposed flexible sensor system provides an accurate, detachable, expandable, user-friendly and comfortable solution for physiological and motion signal monitoring. It is expected to be used in remote healthcare monitoring and provide personalized information monitoring, disease prediction, and diagnosis for doctors/patients.
Humans ; Aged ; Monitoring, Physiologic/methods* ; Wearable Electronic Devices ; Chronic Disease

The incidence of diabetes has been on the rise as the result of lifestyle changes， especially the high-fat diet and reduced exercise. Thus， it has become a global public health problem and it is an urgent task to explore effective therapy. There has been an explosion of research on the relationship of transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β） signaling pathways with diabetes complications and tumors， but the role of the pathways in the occurrence and progression of diabetes remains unclear. TGF-β signaling pathways can be activated by many factors， directly or indirectly leading to the apoptosis of islet β cells and insulin resistance （IR）， and thus they are expected to become new targets for the treatment of diabetes. TGF-β-related signaling pathways involve AMP-activated proteinkinase （AMPK）， protooncogene （c-Myc）， Ski-relatednovel protein N （SnoN）， Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 1 （Smurf1）， miR-335-5p， and other signaling molecules. They participate in the occurrence and development of IR， apoptosis of islet β cells， insulin secretion disorder， fibrosis of adipocytes， and metabolic disorder of adipocytes， and inhibit the browning of white adipose tissue， playing an important part in the pathological process of human diabetes. According to traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， the pathogenesis of diabetes is the deficiency of Qi and Yin， and the late stage is characterized by the syndrome of Qi deficiency， and Yang deficiency and blood stasis， which should be treated according to the principle of replenishing Qi and nourishing Yin， warming Yang and activating blood. It has been found that the efficacy of some Chinese medicinals and compound prescriptions on diabetes is closely related to the TGF-β signaling pathways. This paper reviews TGF-β-associated signaling pathways， elucidating the roles of them in pathogenesis of diabetes， and analyzes the relationship of TGF-β-associated signaling pathways with the effect of compound Chinese medicine prescriptions against diabetes. This study is expected to lay a theoretical basis for the research on the treatment diabetes.

ObjectiveTo investigate the medicinal effect of total flavonoids of mulberry leaves on regulating liver lipid metabolism disorder in diabetes mellitus type 2 （T2DM） rats， and the mechanism based on liver peroxidase proliferators activate receptors-α （PPAR-α） and carnitine palmityl transferase-1 （CPT-1） proteins. MethodTotal flavonoids of mulberry leaves were extracted and purified by ethanol extraction + macroporous resin purification and then identified. T2DM rat model was induced by high fat diet （HFD） + streptozocin（STZ）method. Rats with blood glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol·L^-1 were divided into three administration groups with the high dose （300 mg·kg^-1）， medium dose （150 mg·kg^-1）， and low dose （75 mg·kg^-1） of total flavonoids of mulberry leaves for 8 weeks， respectively， to observe the weight and blood glucose of the rats. The pathological changes of rat livers were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Biochemical method was used to detect the levels of total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， low density lipoprotein-cholesterol （LDL-C）， and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol （HDL-C） of blood lipid metabolism in rats. The messenger ribonucleic acid （mRNA） and protein expressions of PPAR-α and CPT-1 were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） and Western blot. ResultAfter 8 weeks of intervention of total flavonoids of mulberry leaves， compared with the control group， the food intake， liver index， and fasting blood glucose of rats in the model group increased significantly （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the food intake， fasting blood glucose， and liver index of rats in the administration groups decreased significantly （P<0.01）. The results of HE staining showed that the liver tissue structure of rats in the control group was complete and there was no obvious abnormality. The model group showed vacuolar degeneration and inflammatory infiltration of hepatocytes of rats. There was no obvious abnormality in the liver structure of rats in the administration groups. The results of blood lipid showed that compared with the control group， the levels of TC， TG， and LDL-C increased significantly （P<0.01）， but the level of HDL-C decreased significantly （P<0.01） in the model group. Compared with the model group， the levels of TC， TG， and LDL-C decreased significantly （P<0.05， P<0.01）， whereas the level of HDL-C increased significantly （P<0.01） in the administration groups. The results of Real-time PCR showed that compared with the control group， the mRNA expression of PPAR-α and CPT-1 of rats in the model group decreased significantly （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the mRNA expressions of PPAR-α and CPT-1 of rats in the high-dose group increased significantly （P<0.01）. The results of Western blot showed that compared with the control group， the protein expressions of PPAR-α and CPT-1 of rats in the model group decreased significantly （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the protein expressions of PPAR-α and CPT-1 of rats in the high-dose group increased significantly （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionTotal flavonoids of mulberry leaves can effectively reduce blood glucose and improve liver lipid metabolism disorder in T2DM rats. The total flavonoids of mulberry leaves could regulate lipid metabolism and play a hypoglycemic role by activating and regulating PPAR-α and CPT-1 proteins and promoting oxidative decomposition of fatty acids.

Epilepsy is one of the five major neuropsychiatric diseases on which the World Health Organization focuses. New treatment methods are emerging, such as neuromodulation and radiofrequency ablation to remove lesions and precise treatment for gene mutation. However, antiepileptic drug therapy is still the first choice mostly. Since potassium bromide was applicated in epilepsy in 1857, which opened the prelude to the development of modern antiepileptic drugs, more than 20 kinds of antiepileptic drugs have been used in clinical practice. This article reviews the present status and future development of antiepileptic drugs at home and abroad.

Objective:To explore the changes in serum metabolic profile in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to identify the diagnostic biomarkers in order to provide new ideas for the early diagnosis of OSCC.Methods:In total, 76 OSCC patients who were diagnosed at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and 70 healthy individuals who at the Department of Medical Center of The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from August 2019 to January 2020 were recruited in The study. According to the random number table method, all subjects were divided into a test group ( n=96) and a verification group ( n=50). Subjects in the test group consisted of 51 OSCC patients and 45 healthy subjects and subjects in the verification group included 25 OSCC patients and 25 healthy individuals. Serum samples and clinical data of each of the subjects were collected. The serum samples were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-Orbitrap high resolution accurate mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis, orthogonal partial least square discrimination analysis and t-test were used to profile the differential metabolites in the test group. Pathway analysis of differential metabolites was performed. In addition, binary logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic analysis were used in order to establish the potential diagnostic panel. Results:Twenty-one endogenous differential metabolites were identified showing significant association with OSCC. Results of pathway analysis suggested that OSCC associated with lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism ( P<0.05). A novel diagnostic panel consisting of lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) (16∶0/0∶0), LysoPC[18∶1(9z)/0∶0], taurine and D-glutamic acid was defined. The panel performed a high area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.998, 95% CI: 0.994-0.999, P<0.05). Conclusions:There were obvious lipid and amino acid metabolism disorders in OSCC patients. It was an effective method to establish a diagnostic model by metabolomics.

Objective:To explore the clinical value of Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) version 2017 with contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for the risk prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods:Five hundred and seventy-one patients with HCC risk factors had received CEUS examination in Tianjin Third Central Hospital, 270 patients with 295 nodules were enrolled in this study according to the inclusion criteria. The final diagnostic reference standard was decided by surgical pathology or ultrasound-guided biopsy pathology. Each nodule was classified according to CEUS LI-RADS v2017. The diagnostic accuracy of CEUS LI-RADS v2017 for the prediction of HCC was analyzed retrospectively.Results:Of all 295 nodules, 95 nodules were diagnosed by surgical pathology and 200 nodules by ultrasoud-guided biopsy pathology, among which with 245 HCC, 13 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), 8 combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma(CHC), 2 metastatic neoplasm of other cellular origin and 27 benign nodules.The numbers of LR-3, LR-4, LR-5 and LR-M categories were 16(5.4%), 28(9.5%), 183(62.0%), 68(23.1%) and the positive predictive value (PPV) of LR-3, LR-4 and LR-5 were 43.8%, 60.7%, 98.4% for HCC, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of LR-5 category for HCC were 73.5%, 94.0%, 98.4%, respectively. 60.3%(41/68) LR-M category nodules were pathologically confirmed to be HCC.Conclusions:CEUS LI-RADS v2017 classification standard has reliable risk prediction value for patients with high risk factors of HCC, of which the LR-5 category has higher PPV for HCC. However, the differential diagnosis between HCC and other non-HCC malignancies still remains to be further studied for LR-M observations.

Objective:To compare enhancement patterns of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (CHC) in CEUS and CECT/MRI and to explore the role of imaging, the discordance of imaging findings and tumor markers, differences in tumor markers in the diagnosis of CHC.Methods:Thirty-five CHCs from July 2011 to August 2019 in Third Central Hospital of Tianjin confirmed by pathological diagnosis were retrospectively reviewed. The enhancement patterns of CHCs on CEUS and CECT/MRI were compared. A combination of the discordance of CEUS and CECT/MRI, the discordance of elevated tumor markers and imaging findings and the discordance of tumor markers was applied to diagnose CHC.Results:About 62.9% and 37.1% lesions showed the HCC and ICC enhancement patterns on CEUS, while 48.6%, 31.4% and 20% lesions showed the HCC, ICC and CHC enhancement patterns, on CECT/MRI, respectively. For 12 lesions with a diameter≤3.0 cm, all of which presented HCC enhancement patterns on CEUS, and 91.7% lesions showed HCC enhancement pattern and 9.3% lesions showed ICC enhancement pattern on CECT/MRI, respectively. For 23 lesions with a size >3.0 cm, 43.5% and 56.5% of which showed the HCC and ICC enhancement patterns on CEUS, respectively. And 26.1%, 43.5% and 30.4% of the lesions showed the HCC, ICC and CHC enhancement patterns on CECT/MRI, respectively. If the discordance of CEUS and CECT/MRI, the discordance of image features and tumor markers, or simultaneous elevation of AFP and CA19-9, were used as diagnostic information, 78.6% of the lesions met at least one of the three criteria.Conclusions:CHCs show different enhancement patterns on CEUS and CECT/MRI. With the increase of size of tumors, the enhancement patterns of CHCs have changed from HCC-like to ICC-like or CHC-like. Combination of the discordance of CEUS and CECT/MRI, the discordance of imaging findings and tumor markers and differences in tumor markers can improve the detection rate of CHCs.