As people’s attention to health continues to increase, the market demand for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is growing steadily. The quality and safety of Chinese medicinal materials have attracted unprecedented social attention. In particular, the issue of exogenous harmful residue pollution in TCM has become a hot topic of concern for both regulatory authorities and society. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition further refines the detection methods and limit standards for exogenous harmful residues in TCM. This not only reflects China’s high-level emphasis on the quality and safety of TCM but also demonstrates the continuous progress made by China in the field of TCM safety supervision. Basis on this study, by systematically reviewing the development history of the detection standards for exogenous harmful residues in TCM and analyzing the revisions and updates of these detection standards in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition, deeply explores the key points of the changes in the monitoring standards for exogenous harmful residues in TCM in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition. Moreover, it interprets the future development directions of the detection of exogenous residues in TCM, aiming to provide a reference for the formulation of TCM safety supervision policies.

Medicinal plants are a valuable source of essential medicines and herbal products for healthcare and disease therapy. Compared with chemical synthesis and extraction, the biosynthesis of natural products is a very promising alternative for the successful conservation of medicinal plants, and its rapid development will greatly facilitate the conservation and sustainable utilization of medicinal plants. Here, we summarize the advances in strategies and methods concerning the biosynthesis and production of natural products of medicinal plants. The strategies and methods mainly include genetic engineering, plant cell culture engineering, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology based on multiple "OMICS" technologies, with paradigms for the biosynthesis of terpenoids and alkaloids. We also highlight the biosynthetic approaches and discuss progress in the production of some valuable natural products, exemplifying compounds such as vindoline (alkaloid), artemisinin and paclitaxel (terpenoids), to illustrate the power of biotechnology in medicinal plants.

BACKGROUND:Compared with traditional two-dimensional culture,three-dimensional microtissue culture can show greater advantages.However,more favorable cultivation methods in three-dimensional culture still need to be further explored. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the cell behavior of microtissue and its ability to promote cartilage formation under two three-dimensional culture methods. METHODS:Cartilage-derived microcarriers were prepared by chemical decellularization and tissue crushing.DNA quantification and nuclear staining were used to verify the success of decellularization,and histological staining was used to observe the matrix retention before and after decellularization.The microcarriers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and CCK-8 assay.Cartilage-derived microtissues were constructed by combining cartilage-derived microcarriers with human adipose mesenchymal stem cells through three-dimensional static culture and three-dimensional dynamic culture methods.The cell viability and chondrogenic ability of the two groups of microtissues were detected by scanning electron microscopy,live and dead staining,and RT-qPCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Cartilage-derived microcarriers were successfully prepared.Compared with before decellularization,the DNA content significantly decreased after decellularization(P<0.001).Scanning electron microscope observation showed that the surface of the microcarrier was surrounded by collagen,maintaining the characteristics of the natural extracellular matrix of cartilage cells.CCK-8 assay indicated that microcarriers had no cytotoxicity and could promote cell proliferation.(2)Scanning electron microscopy and live and dead staining results showed that compared with the three-dimensional static group,the three-dimensional dynamic group had a more extended morphology of microtissue cells,and extensive connections between cells and cells,between cells and matrix,and between matrix.(3)The results of RT-qPCR showed that the expressions of SOX9,proteoglycan,and type Ⅱ collagen in microtissues of both groups were increased at 7 or 14 days.The relative expression levels of each gene in the three-dimensional dynamic group were significantly higher than those in the three-dimensional static group at 14 days(P<0.05).At 21 days,the three-dimensional static group had significantly higher gene expression compared with the three-diomensional dynamic group(P<0.001).(4)The results showed that compared with three-dimensional static culture microtissue,three-dimensional dynamic culture microtissue could achieve higher expression of chondrogen-related genes in a shorter time,showing better cell viability and chondrogenic ability.

Sheep pox is widespread worldwide and is the most severe animal pox virus infection. This study aimed to identify the key microRNAs (miRNAs) differentially expressed in the exosomes of sheep poxvirus-infected cells and their target genes and related pathways and provide a theoretical basis for an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms of sheep poxvirus-infected cells. In this study, the differentially expressed miRNAs were verified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and the target genes of miRNAs were predicted and analyzed by bioinformatics. The qPCR results showed that the expression trends of oar-miR-21, oar-miR-10b, oar-let-7f, oar-let-7b, and oar-miR-221 were consistent with the sequencing results. The Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes results showed that differentially expressed miRNAs were mainly involved in the immune system processes of the Arf6 downstream pathway. The target genes Reactome pathways were mainly enriched in the RAC1 GTPase cycle, CDC42 GTPase cycle, RHO GTPase cycle, RHOV GTPase cycle, and post-transcriptional silencing of small RNAs. The transcription factors SP4, NKX6-1, MEF2A, SP1, EGR1, and POU2F1 that may be connected to sheep pox virus (SPPV)-infected cells were discovered by transcription factor annotation screening. In conclusion, this study screened for differentially expressed miRNAs in SPPV-infected cells and performed a series of bioinformatic analyses of their target genes to provide a theoretical basis for the molecular mechanism of sheep pox virus infections of cells. The data can be used as basic information in future studies on the defense mechanisms against poxvirus infections.

Most of the maxillary impacted third molars are located in the maxillary tuberosity,where the vision and op-eration space are limited.This paper reports a case of surgical extraction of the left maxillary horizontal superhigh impact-ed third molar,which is located between the roots of the adjacent teeth and is closely related to the maxillary sinus.The digital simulation technology was used to reconstruct a three-dimensional visual image of the patient's maxilla,related teeth,and other adjacent anatomical structures to assist in finding the optimal surgical method accurately.Root dis-location before the crown not only protects the roots of the adjacent tooth,but also reduces the risk of maxillary sinus lining damage or perforation during operative procedures,improves the efficiency of the operation,and reduces surgical trauma,which conforms to the concept of minimally inva-sive surgery and provides a new idea and experience for the clinical extraction of such maxillary impacted third molars.

Objective Space radiation is an important environmental factor affecting the health and efficiency of astronauts.To explore the effects of radiation on electroencephalogram(EEG)signal,and to provide references for further study of the effects of radiation on Central Nervous System(brain)injury.Methods The resting state EEG of radiotherapy volunteers were collected before and after X-ray exposure.The effects of radiation on EEG was studied by means of spectral analysis,nonlinear dynamic characteristic analysis,correlation coefficient analysis and microstate analysis.Results The results show that radiation induced a"slow wave"phenomenon in the EEG spectrum,with a decrease in Gravity Frequency,Sample Entropy,and Lempel-Ziv Complexity,and an increase in Fatigue Index.The average duration and frequency of EEG microstate C both significantly decreased,and the proportion of time for microstate D decreased,while the average correlation coefficient between microstates A and C increased.Conclusion A decrease was induced by radiation in neuronal excitability,which may affect cognitive brain networks and brain attention.This study can provide reference for the study of radiation damage to the Central Nervous System(brain).

AIM:To investigate the potential impact of mitoNEET[mitochondrial protein containing Asn-Glu-Glu-Thr(NEET)sequence]on mitochondrial metabolism in brown adipocytes,and to elucidate its underlying mecha-nism.METHODS:An in vitro model of primary mouse brown adipocytes was established.Western blot were utilized to detect relevant proteins,and iron ion and ATP content was measured using kits.Mitochondrial membrane potential and re-active oxygen species(ROS)were assessed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry.RESULTS:The expression of the ferroptosis-related protein ACSL4 increased by 1.13 times in ferroptosis inducer erastin treatment group,whereas the expression of SLC7A11 and GPX4 decreased by 27.33%and 25.33%,respectively,compared with control group(P<0.05).The expression of Nrf1,PGC-1α,MFN2 and UCP1 proteins,related to mitochondrial energy metabolism,de-creased by 20.98%,15.17%,15.03%and 34.22%,respectively(P<0.05).Additionally,the mitoNEET protein con-tent was significantly reduced by 42.14%(P<0.05).The iron ion content in erastin group was substantially increased by 1.80 times compared with control group.However,a notable decrease in ATP content of 14.95%was seen(P<0.05).The results obtained from fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry demonstrated a significant decrease in the mitochon-drial membrane potential of brown adipocytes in erastin group,with reductions of 52.18%and 61.31%(P<0.05),re-spectively.A substantial increase in mitochondrial ROS content of 80.97%was seen(P<0.05).Western blot analysis of overexpressed stable strains revealed a significant elevation in mitoNEET levels in brown adipocytes following lentivirus transfection,exhibiting an increase of 11.19 times(P<0.05),thus confirming successful transfection.The LV-mitoNEET group exhibited a significant decrease of 37.95%in the expression of ferroptosis-related protein ACSL4 in brown adipose cells compared with control group.Additionally,there was a notable increase of 77.82%and 66.3%in the expression of SLC7A11 and GPX4,respectively(P<0.05).Up-regulation was observed in the expression of MFN2(79.06%),PGC-1α(72.89%),Nrf1(40.14%),and UCP1(31.68%)(P<0.05).The test results demonstrated that the LV-mitoNEET group experienced a reduction of 43.5%in iron ion content compared with control group while exhibiting an increase of 33.5%in ATP content(P<0.05).The results obtained from fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry demonstrated that mitoNEET overexpression led to a significant increase in the mitochondrial membrane potential of erastin-induced brown adipocytes,with increments of 17.61%and 96.05%,respectively.Additionally,mitoNEET overexpression effec-tively reduced the production of mitochondrial ROS by 24.48%(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Our findings suggest that mitoNEET overexpression can effectively inhibit the disruption of mitochondrial energy metabolism caused by ferroptosis-induced death of brown adipocytes.

Objective To evaluate the clinical outcome of kidney transplantation from donation after brain death(DBD)donors complicated with acute kidney injury(AKI).Methods Clinical data of 216 DBD donors were retrospectively analyzed,and they were divided into the AKI group(n=69)and control group(n=147)according to the Kidney Disease:Improving Global Outcomes(KDIGO)guidelines.Donors in the AKI group were further divided into the KDIGO stage 1 and stage 2-3 subgroups.One hundred and thirty-five recipients were assigned into the AKI group and 288 recipients in the control group.Postoperative recovery of renal function and clinical outcomes of the recipients were recorded.The risk factors of delayed graft function(DGF)were identified.Results The highest serum creatinine(Scr)level,Scr level before procurement,the highest blood sodium level and blood sodium level before procurement in the AKI group were higher than those in the control group.The application duration of vasopressors in the AKI group was longer than that in the control group.In the AKI group,the amount of fluid resuscitation within 48 h was higher,the HCO3-level at admission was lower,and the incidence of diabetes insipidus and hypotension was higher than those in the control group.The highest Scr level and the Scr level before procurement in KDIGO stage 2-3 donors were significantly higher than those in KDIGO stage 1 counterparts(all P＜0.05).Compared with the control group,the incidence of DGF and acute rejection was higher,the proportion of continuous renal replacement therapy was higher,the Scr level within postoperative 90 d was higher,and the urine amount within postoperative 3 d was less than those of recipients in the AKI group.Compared with KDIGO stage 1 recipients,KDIGO stage 2-3 recipients had higher Scr levels at postoperative 3,4,5 and 15 d,and less urine amount at postoperative 2 d(all P＜0.05).Univariate analysis showed that donor age,the highest Scr level,the highest blood sodium level and the amount of fluid resuscitation within 48 h were the risk factors for DGF in recipients after kidney transplantation.Multivariate analysis showed that donor age was the independent risk factor for DGF in recipients after kidney transplantation(all P＜0.05).Conclusions For the application of DBD donors complicated with AKI,active organ maintenance should be performed to alleviate AKI.It exerts no effect upon graft function and survival rate at postoperative 6 months,which may achieve equivalent efficacy as non-AKI donors and may be used as a source of extended criteria donor kidneys.

Objective:To explore the role of cathepsin S(CTSS) in diabetic vascular injury-induced restenosis.Methods:(1) Dendritic cells(DCs) were stimulated with different concentrations of glucose, and CTSS was either knocked down or upregulated in dendritic cells using adenovirus transfection. The mRNA and protein expression levels of CTSS were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot, and the changes of interleukin(IL)-6 levels were assessed using RT-qPCR and ELISA in response to CTSS. (2) The extent of Th17 cell differentiation was evaluated with Flow cytometry when CTSS was downregulated or overexpressed. Levels of ROR-γt, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, and IL-23 were measured. (3) Streptozomycin(STZ, 60 mg/kg) was injected into the intraperitoneal cavity of rats fasted for 12 h to obtain a diabetic rat model, and the restenosis model was obtained by balloon catheter and carotid guidewire injury, and the differentiation degree of Th17 cells in different groups of rats was compared when CTSS was up-regulated and down-regulated.Results:(1) DC viability decreased when stimulated with 35 mmol/L glucose for 48 hours. Compared to the control group, glucose treatment led to a concentration-dependent increase in CTSS and IL-6 levels in DCs( P<0.05). Inhibition of CTSS reduced IL-6 protein levels, while its overexpression increased IL-6 protein levels( P<0.05). (2) Compared with the control group, CTSS inhibition in DC decreased the percentage of Th17 cells in T cells, with decreased protein levels of ROR-γt, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, and IL-23, and vice versa ( P<0.050). (3) After carotid artery injury, CTSS expression was increased in perivascular adipose tissue(PVAT) of rats, and levels of ROR-γt, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, and IL-23 in PVAT were significantly elevated. Down-regulation of CTSS eliminated the glucose-induced enhancement. Conclusion:Inhibition of CTSS in DC reduces Th17 cell differentiation and thereby suppresses restenosis following diabetic vascular injury.

Objective:To summarize the experience of brain death determination under veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) assisted circulatory support, especially apnea test (AT) precautions, and to provide references for brain death determination in this scenario.Methods:In 78 patients who had VA-ECMO at Organ Transplant Center, Zhengzhou People's Hospital from October 2019 to December 2023, 8 organ donors had brain death determination under VA-ECMO assisted circulatory support. Baseline data, clinical data, and VA-ECMO data during AT trial were collected from these 8 patients to summarize the process of brain death determination.Results:Six of the 8 donors met the criteria of brain death; 10 EEG, 12 evoked potentials and 15 ATs were performed. Complications in ATs, including hypotension, decreased oxygenation and arrhythmia, were alleviated after timely improved VA-ECMO flow and applied cardiotonic and pressor drugs.Conclusion:AT is key for successful brain death determination in organ donors under VA-ECMO assisted circulatory support; therefore, complications should be closely monitored and managed.