BACKGROUND:Parkinson's disease has the main pathological changes in the midbrain,especially in the dense substantia nigra,leading to impaired motor and non-motor function in patients.At present,research is limited by cellular heterogeneity,and its pathogenesis still needs to be further elucidated.In recent years,single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)has gradually been applied in neurodegenerative diseases,which is of great significance for understanding intercellular heterogeneity,disease development mechanisms,and treatment strategies. OBJECTIVE:To review the research progress of scRNA-seq technology applied to Parkinson's disease in recent years,providing a theoretical basis for the application of scRNA-seq in the treatment and diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. METHODS:The first author used a computer system to search for relevant literature in the CNKI,WanFang,PubMed,and Web of Science databases,with the Chinese search terms"single-cell RNA sequencing,Parkinson's disease,cell heterogeneity,cell subtypes,dopaminergic neurons,glial cells"and English search terms"single-cell RNA seq,Parkinson disease,heterogenicity,subtypes,dopaminergic neurons,glial cells."71 articles were ultimately included for review and analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)scRNA-seq is a high-throughput experimental technique that utilizes RNA sequencing at the single-cell level to quantify gene expression profiles in specific cell populations,revealing cellular mysteries at the molecular level.Compared with traditional sequencing techniques,scRNA-seq technology is used to reveal the diversity of cell types and changes in specific gene expression in complex tissues under various physiological and pathological conditions through automatic clustering analysis of cell transcriptome.(2)By using scRNA-seq,the development process of dopaminergic neurons and the unique functional characteristics of various cell subtypes are elucidated,in order to better understand potential therapeutic molecular targets.(3)The use of scRNA-seq analysis has improved our understanding of the response of Parkinson's disease glial cells,enabling us to comprehensively map and characterize different cell type populations,identify specific glial cell subpopulations related to neurodegeneration,and draw valuable single cell maps as reference data for future research.(4)The application of scRNA-seq to detect embryonic mice and stem cells will help improve the in vitro differentiation protocol and quality control of cell therapy,as well as evaluate the overall cell quality and developmental stage of dopaminergic neurons derived from stem cells.

Exosomes are small vesicles with a lipid bilayer membrane structure that have applied in precision medicine due to their non-invasive nature， high accessibility， and stability. Exosomes play a crucial role in processes such as tumor metastasis， invasion， and angiogenesis. Gynecological malignancies primarily include cervical cancer， ovarian cancer， and endometrial cancer， and their early diagnosis and treatment have long been a focus of research. As novel biological markers， exosomes exhibit high specificity and can effectively block the occurrence and progression of gynecological malignancies. This article explores the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of exosomes in cervical cancer， ovarian cancer， and endometrial cancer in detail. In cervical cancer， exosomes are involved in processes such as HPV infection， angiogenesis， and immune evasion， with specific miRNAs （such as miR-30d-5p and let-7d-3p） serving as diagnostic markers. Furthermore， exosomes can act as targeted drug delivery vehicles and vaccine development platforms. In ovarian cancer， the miRNAs carried by exosomes （such as miR-21 and the miR-200 family） have reference value for early diagnosis， and exosomes play an important role in chemotherapy resistance and tumor progression. For endometrial cancer， miRNAs in exosomes （such as miR-15a-5p and miR-106b-5p） can serve as biomarkers for early detection. Additionally， this article highlights the challenges faced by exosomes in clinical applications， such as the complexity of isolation and extraction and the identification of cell sources， and emphasizes the necessity for further basic research and clinical trials. This study provides new ideas and methods for the early diagnosis and precision treatment of gynecological malignancies， holding significant theoretical and clinical importance.

Objective To explore the construction of α-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1) gene-knockout (GTKO) Diannan miniature pigs and the kidney xenotransplantation from pigs to rhesus macaques, and to assess the effectiveness of GTKO pigs. Methods The GTKO Diannan miniature pigs were constructed using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system and somatic cell cloning technology. The phenotype of GTKO pigs was verified through polymerase chain reaction, Sanger sequencing and immunofluorescence staining. Flow cytometry was used to detect antigen-antibody (IgM) binding and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Kidney xenotransplantation was performed from GTKO pigs to rhesus macaques. The humoral immunity, cellular immunity, coagulation and physiological indicators of the recipient monkeys were monitored. The function and pathological changes of the transplanted kidneys were analyzed using ultrasonography, hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence staining. Results Single-guide RNA (sgRNA) targeting exon 4 of the GGTA1 gene in Diannan miniature pigs was designed. The pGL3-GGTA1-sgRNA1-GFP vector was transfected into fetal fibroblasts of Diannan miniature pigs. After puromycin selection, two cell clones, C59# and C89#, were identified as GGTA1 gene-knockout clones. These clones were expanded to form cell lines, which were used as donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer. The reconstructed embryos were transferred into the oviducts of trihybrid surrogate sows, resulting in 13 fetal pigs. Among them, fetuses F04 and F11 exhibited biallelic mutations in the GGTA1 gene, and F04 had a normal karyotype. Using this GTKO fetal pig for recloning and transferring the reconstructed embryos into the oviducts of trihybrid surrogate sows, seven surviving piglets were obtained, all of which did not express α-Gal epitope. The binding of IgM from the serum of rhesus monkey 20# to GTKO pig PBMC was reduced, and the survival rate of GTKO pig PBMC in the complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay was higher than that of wild-type pig. GTKO pig kidneys were harvested and perfused until completely white. After the left kidney of the recipient monkey was removed, the pig kidney was heterotopically transplanted. Following vascular anastomosis and blood flow restoration, the pig kidney rapidly turned pink without hyperacute rejection (HAR). Urine appeared in the ureter 6 minutes later, indicating successful kidney transplantation. The right kidney of the recipient was then removed. Seven days after transplantation, the transplanted kidney had good blood flow, the recipient monkey's serum creatinine level was stable, and serum potassium and cystatin C levels were effectively controlled, although they increased 10 days after transplantation. Seven days after transplantation, the levels of white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils in the recipient monkey increased, while platelet count and fibrinogen levels decreased. The activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time and prothrombin time remained relatively stable but later showed an upward trend. The recipient monkey survived for 10 days. At autopsy, the transplanted kidney was found to be congested, swollen and necrotic, with a small amount of IgG deposition in the renal tissue, and a large amount of IgM, complement C3c and C4d deposition, as well as CD68⁺ macrophage infiltration. Conclusions The kidneys of GTKO Diannan miniature pigs may maintain normal renal function for a certain period in rhesus macaques and effectively overcome HAR, confirming the effectiveness of GTKO pigs for xenotransplantation.

Objective To investigate the changes of OAT expression in bone cells in chronic renal failure(CRF)and involved mechanism,and to explore the effect of OAT expression on bone metabolism.Methods Ra-ndomly divide the rats into a control group(n=6)and a model group(n=6).The model group established a rat chronic renal failure model using"single nephrectomy+adenine gavage"method,and the red blood cell(RBC)and hemoglobin(HGB)of the rat body were measured using a blood routine analyzer;Measure indicators such as creatinine(Cr),urea nitrogen(BUN),uric acid(UA),blood calcium(Ca2+),and blood phosphorus(P3+)using a fully automated biochemical analyzer;Pathological examination of rat kidneys;X-ray examination of rat tibia;Immunohistochemical examination of bone tissue OAT1 level.Results The bone density of the model group rats is lower than that of the control group;The calcium and phosphorus metabolism of rats in the model group was in metabolic disorder,and the OAT1 value of bone tissue binding was much lower than that of the control group(P= 0.0018),which was statistically significant.(P=0.0018)Conclusion Chronic renal failure affected the binding ability of OAT1 in bone tissue,leading to the metabolic disorder for calcium absorption and phosphorus metabolism,thus aggravating renal osteodystrophy(P<0.05).

ObjectiveTo explore the molecular mechanism of Qidi Tangshen prescription （QDTS） in regulating podocyte pyroptosis in diabetes nephropathy （DN）. MethodThrough in vivo experiment， db/db mice were divided into the model group， QDTS group （3.34 g·kg^-1）， valsartan capsule group （10.29 mg·kg^-1）， with db/m mice serving as the normal control. Each group consisted of 8 mice， and they underwent continuous intervention for 8 weeks. After the last administration， mice were euthanized， and kidney pathological changes were observed. Additionally， the expression levels of pyroptosis-related indicators， including NOD-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3）， Gasdermin D protein （GSDMD）， and interleukin-1β （IL-1β） protein， were examined. Through in vitro experiment， mouse podocytes were divided into the normal glucose group （5.5 mmol·L^-1 glucose）， high glucose group （35 mmol·L^-1 glucose）， DMSO group （35 mmol·L^-1 glucose+200 mg·L^-1 DMSO）， and QDTS group （35 mmol·L^-1 glucose+200 mg·L^-1 QDTS freeze-dried powder）. After 48 hours of intervention， the expression levels of NLRP3， GSDMD， and IL-1β proteins were measured in podocytes. A drug-ingredient-target-disease interaction network for QDTS in the treatment of DN was constructed by network pharmacology methods. The key signaling pathways regulating podocyte pyroptosis were analyzed， and validation was conducted through in vivo and in vitro experiments. ResultCompared with normal group， glomerular hyperplasia and glomerular basement membrane thickening were observed in model group， and some segments were accompanied by obvious podocellular process fusion. The protein expressions of NLRP3， GSDMD and IL-1β in mouse kidney were increased， the protein expressions of mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 （MAPK14）， V-Rel reticuloendotheliosis virus oncogene homology A （RELA） and Caspase-8 in mouse kidney were increased （P<0.05）. Compared with model group， kidney pathological injury of mice in QDTS group was significantly reduced， and the expressions of NLRP3， GSDMD and IL-1β in kidney of mice in QDTS group and valsartan group were decreased （P<0.05）. The protein expressions of MAPK14， RELA and Caspase-8 in kidney of mice in QDTS group and valsartan group were decreased （P<0.05）. Network pharmacology results showed that there were 16 targets for QDTS to regulate DN cell pyrodeath， among which MAPK14， RELA and Caspase-8 were the key targets. Compared with normal glucose group， the protein expressions of NLRP3， GSDMD and IL-1β in high glucose group were increased （P<0.05）， and the protein expressions of MAPK14， RELA and Caspase-8 in mouse podocytes were increased （P<0.05）. Compared with high glucose group， the expressions of NLRP3， GSDMD and IL-1β in podocytes of mice in QDTS group were decreased （P<0.05）， and the expressions of MAPK14， RELA and Caspase-8 in podocytes of mice in QDTS group were decreased （P<0.05）. ConclusionQDTS reduces damage to DN podocytes， which is associated with its regulation of the MAPK14/RELA/Caspase-8 signaling pathway and inhibition of podocyte pyroptosis.

Abstract On August 11, 2022, Tongxiang Center for Disease Control detected a case of brucellosis, and the case was not engaged in related work. Case finding and risk factor investigation were immediately conducted to trace the source of infection. It was revealed that the case sold aquatic products at a farmer's market and frequently picked up goods at a seafood warehouse adjacent to a lamb slaughtering site. There was a potential risk of infection due to indirect contact with slaughtered lambs or contaminants. Serological tests were conducted on 9 employees of the slaughtering site and 48 residents nearby, and the brucellosis cases diagnosed in hospitals in the same area were searched. A total of 11 brucellosis cases were identified, including 9 confirmed cases and 2 asymptomatic infections. There were 2 cases of slaughtering workers and 9 cases of non-occupational individuals from the surrounding area of the slaughtering site. Brucella melitensis biovar 3 were isolated from a slaughtering worker and a non-occupational individual. The slaughtered lambs primarily came from northern regions such as Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang. It was concluded that it was a cluster caused by Brucella melitensis biovar 3 and spread through direct or indirect contact with imported infected lambs or contaminated environments from a lamb slaughtering site. It is suggested to strengthen the quarantine of imported sheep, legally shut down non-compliant lamb slaughtering sites, implement designated slaughtering and enhance occupational protection.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of Qidi Tangshen prescription （QDTS） in alleviating podocyte injury and reducing urinary protein in diabetic nephropathy （DN）. MethodUsing network pharmacology methods， we collected the chemical components and targets of QDTS， as well as the targets related to DN. Subsequently， we constructed a "drug-ingredient-target-disease" network for QDTS in the treatment of DN to systematically elucidate the mechanism. The db/db mice were assigned into the model， QDTS （3.34 g·kg^-1）， and losartan capsules （10.29 mg·kg^-1） groups， and db/m mice served as the normal group. Each group consisted of 8 mice， and they underwent continuous intervention for 8 weeks. After the last administration， mice were euthanized， and the urinary albumin excretion rate （UAER） and renal pathological changes were measured and observed. The expression levels of protein kinase B1 （Akt1）， hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha （HIF-1α）， phosphorylated B-cell lymphoma-extra-large （p-Bcl-xl）， as well as autophagy-related indicators microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 （LC3）， ubiquitin-binding protein p62 （p62）， and autophagy-related gene 6 homolog （Beclin1）， were determined. Furthermore， mouse podocytes were divided into the normal glucose （5.5 mmol·L^-1）， high glucose （35 mmol·L^-1）， DMSO （35 mmol·L^-1 glucose+200 mg·L^-1 DMSO）， and QDTS （35 mmol·L^-1 glucose+200 mg·L^-1 QDTS freeze-dried powder） groups. After 48 h of intervention， the protein levels of Akt1， HIF-1α， p-Bcl-xl， LC3， p62， and Beclin1 in podocytes were measured. ResultQDTS had 34 active components acting on 143 targets in the treatment of DN， and 55 targets were related to autophagy， in which Akt1， HIF-1α， and Bcl-xl were the key targets. Compared with the normal group， mice in the model group exhibited significantly increased UAER， glomerular hypertrophy， deposition of blue collagen fibers， thickening of the glomerular basement membrane， and noticeable fusion of podocyte foot processes in some segments. Furthermore， the modeling up-regulated the protein levels of p-Akt1， HIF-1α， and p62 and down-regulating the protein levels of p-Bcl-xl， LC3， and Beclin1 in the renal tissue （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， QDTS and losartan decreased UAER （P<0.05） and alleviated the pathological damage in the renal tissue. Moreover， QDTS and losartan down-regulated the protein levels of p-Akt1， HIF-1α， and p62 and up-regulated the protein levels of p-Bcl-xl， LC3， and Beclin1 in the renal tissue （P<0.05）. In comparison to the normal glucose group， the high glucose group displayed up-regulated protein levels of p-Akt1， HIF-1α， and p62 and down-regulated protein levels of p-Bcl-xl， LC3， and Beclin1 in podocytes （P<0.05）. Compared with the high glucose group， QDTS down-regulated the protein levels of p-Akt1， HIF-1α， and p62 and up-regulated the protein levels of p-Bcl-xl， LC3， and Beclin1 in podocytes （P<0.05）. ConclusionQDTS alleviates podocyte damage and reduced urinary protein in DN by regulating the Akt1/HIF-1α/Bcl-xl signaling pathway， thereby enhancing podocyte autophagy.

Objective:To investigate the application value of modified multivisceral trans-plantation (MMT) in chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) secondary to autoimmune enteril leiomyositis (AEL).Methods:The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted. The clinico-pathological data of a recipient who was admitted to Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Affiliated to Tsinghua University on February 2022 and underwent MTT for CIPO secondary to AEL were collected. The recipient was a male, aged 29 years old. Results of preoperative histopathological examination showed that there were muscle plexus and ganglion cells in the rectum, sigmoid colon, ascending colon, intrinsic muscle layer of ileum, and a small amount of submucosal layer. There was also a small amount of chronic inflammatory cell infiltration in the muscle, indicating a high possi-bility of diagnosis of neurogenic CIPO.Results:(1) Surgical situations. The operation time was 14 hours and 30 minutes, and the cold ischemia time was 9 hours and 30 minutes. The intra-operative blood product dosage included 14 U of red blood cells, 1 400 mL of fresh frozen plasma, and two therapeutic doses of platelets. (2) Postoperative histopathological examination. Results of postoperative histopathological examination showed chronic inflammation and local erosion of the small intestine and duodenal mucosa, with scattered disappearance of the focal mucosal muscle layer; There is a large infiltration of CD3 + and CD8 + lymphocytes in the lamina propria, especially in the muscularis propria. In severe lesions, there is infiltration of ribbon lymphocytes in the subserosal and muscular layers; Muscle fiber degeneration, reduction, and fibrosis. Deposition of pigment granules in the cytoplasm of smooth muscle cells; No abnormalities were found in the intermuscular, submu-cosal ganglia, and Cajal cells; Fibrosis of the serosal layer with local cellulose exudation; Chronic inflammation of the colonic mucosa, scattered and focal lymphocyte infiltration in the local muscle layer, and myositis related changes. Pathological diagnosis was secondary CIPO induced by AEL. (3) Postoperative immune rejection, recurrence and treatment. Results of colonoscopy and histopatholo-gical examination at postoperative 8 days showed acute cellular rejection. The cell count of reci-pient′s B lymphocytes, CD3 + lymphocytes, CD4 + lymphocytes, and CD8 + lymphocytes were 27.00×10 3, 373.00×10 3, 179.00×10 3 and 142.00×10 3 cell/mL, respectively. Anti-immune rejection treatment was performed using tacrolimus, rabbit anti-human thymocyte immunoglobulin, methylprednisolone mycophenolate mofetil, and monoclonal antibodies against basil. The cell count of recipient′s B lymphocytes, CD3 + lymphocytes, CD4 + lymphocytes, and CD8 + lymphocytes at postoperative 57 days were 0.72×10 3, 239.59×10 3, 89.28×10 3 and 91.53×10 3 cell/mL, respectively. Results of colonoscopy and histopathological examination at postoperative 79 days showed the recurrence of AEL. The cell count of recipient′s B lymphocytes, CD3 + lymphocytes, CD4 + lymphocytes, and CD8 + lymphocytes were 0.32×10 3, 264.92×10 3, 46.95×10 3 and 169.54×10 3 cell/mL, respectively. The tacrolimus and methylprednisolone were used for treatment. Results of colonoscopy and histopathological examina-tion at postoperative 89 days showed AEL recurrence without remission. The cell count of recipient′s B lymphocytes, CD3 + lymphocytes, CD4 + lympho-cytes, and CD8 + lymphocytes were 0.28×10 3, 187.00×10 3, 55.52×10 3 and 92.45×10 3 cell/mL, respec-tively. The tacrolimus and methylprednisolone were used for treatment. Results of colonoscopy and histopathological examination at postoperative 92 days showed the intestinal mucosa had returned to a normal state. (4) Postoperative oral feeding time and time to get rid of parenteral nutrition. The recipient began oral feeding at postoperative 28 days and eliminated parenteral nutrition at postoperative 35 days. (5) Follow-up. The recipient was discharged 114 days after surgery and as of the follow-up deadline, the graft function was good. The recipient maintained a low-fat, high sugar, and high protein diet, completely consumed orally, with a body mass index of 22 kg/m 2, and has returned to normal work. Conclusion:MMT can be used for the treatment of CIPO secondary to AEL.

Obiective:To compare characteristics of alveolar macrophages(AMs)or AM-like cells in vitro cultured from different progenitors in mice of different ages in presence of GM-CSF,TGF-β and PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone(in brief,GTR),according to a previously reported optimized culture procedure.Methods:After bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)and bone marrow were isolated from mice of different ages and fetal livers were isolated from embryonic-day-15～17 mice,mononuclear cells were seeded into 12-well plates and cultured in presence of GTR.Generated cells were subjected to flow cytometry analysis to analyze expressions of AM markers F4/80,CD11b,CD170 and CD11c.Results:After culture,almost all BALF-derived cells were round-shaped under light microscope,about half bone marrow-derived cells appeared round-shaped,and about 85% fetal liver-derived cells showed round-shaped morphology.Frequency of BALF-AMs from 4-week-old mice was nearly 90%.Frequency and number of BALF-AMs increased with age of mice.Number of BALF-AMs from 12-week-old mice was nearly 1×106.Frequency of bone marrow-derived AM-like cells from 4-week-old mice was lower than 20% and increased to about 40%～45% for 8-week-old and 12-week-old mice.Number of bone marrow-derived AM-like cells increased with age of mice,and about 0.8×106 cells/well bone marrow-derived AM-like cells were produced from 12-week-old mice.Frequency of fetal liver-derived AM-like cells was around 84% and their number could reach 4×106 cells/well.Conclusion:Purity and number of AMs or AM-like cells in vitro cultured from different progenitors in mice of different ages vary dramatically.Detailed condition should be chosen according to specific study requirements.

Objective:To comprehensively search the relevant literature on prone position-cardiopulmonary resuscitation (PP-CPR) in adults at home and abroad, analyze the content, summarize the evidence, and provide reference for clinical health care professionals.Methods:Systematic search of CNKI, China Biomedical Literature Service System (SinoMed), Wanfang Data, VIP database, PubMed, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochran Library, Web of Science, Scopus literature database and other Chinese and English databases was conducted. The search period was from inception to June 15 in 2024. The contents of PP-CPR from randomized controlled trial (RCT), non-RCT (prospective or retrospective), cohort studies and case reports were extracted and systematically analyzed. The search results were standardized by the method of scoping review.Results:A total of 523 articles were obtained through preliminary search, and 14 references and gray literature were retrieved, totaling 537 articles. After strict screening by two researchers, a total of 26 literatures were included, 3 were non-RCT and 23 were case reports, involving 12 countries, including 3 in Chinese, 19 in English, 2 in French, 1 in German, and 1 in Korean. Three non-RCT demonstrated that compared with standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), PP-CPR could produce higher pressure, and provide good respiratory and circulatory support. A total of 25 adult patients were included in the 23 case reports, of which 17 reported total recovery time and 13 reported PP-CPR time ≤ 5 minutes, all of which recovered spontaneous circulation, indicating the effectiveness of PP-CPR technology. In terms of final outcome, 4 patients (16.0%) died and 21 patients (84.0%) survived, indicating that PP-CPR technology could provide timely blood circulation and improve clinical outcomes for prone cardiac arrest patients. Among the 11 patients who reported complications after resuscitation, no neurological damage was found in the short-term outcomes, indicating that PP-CPR technology had a certain level of safety.Conclusions:PP-CPR can provide timely blood circulation for patients with cardiac arrest who are unable to lie supine quickly, and win "golden time" for defibrillation and further treatment. In clinical practice, medical staff need to evaluate the emergency environment, the number of rescuers and the specific condition of the patient, and implement first aid as soon as possible, so as to reduce the time of no blood flow in the vital organs of patients with cardiac arrest in prone position, and improve the clinical prognosis.