Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the liver and poses serious health burdens on China and the whole world. However， most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are already in the advanced stage at the time of diagnosis， with fewer opportunities for surgery and limited treatment options. In recent years， the advances in molecular targeted therapies have brought new hope for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Among these therapies， lenvatinib is the second first-line drug after sorafenib approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma， and it has attracted widespread attention for its powerful anti-tumor properties. However， the efficacy of lenvatinib is severely limited by its drug resistance. This article reviews the research advances in the molecular mechanisms of lenvatinib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma and discusses possible ways to improve the efficacy of lenvatinib， so as to improve its efficacy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism of self-efficacy between self-management ability and self-management behavior and its differences among patients with different disease courses through mediation tests. METHODS: In the study, 489 patients with type 2 diabetes who attended the endocrinology departments of four hospitals in Shanxi Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from July to September 2022 were enrolled as the study population. They were investigated by General Information Questionnaire, Diabetes Self-Management Scale, Chinese version of Diabetes Empowerment Simplified Scale, and Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale. Mediation analyses were performed using the linear regression model, Sobel test, and Bootstrap test in the software Stata version 15.0 and divided the patients into different disease course groups for subgroup analysis according to whether the disease course was > 5 years. RESULTS: In this study, the score of self-management behavior in the patients with type 2 diabetes was 6.16±1.41, the score of self-management ability was 3.99±0.74, and the score of self-efficacy was 7.05±1.90. The results of the study showed that self-efficacy was positively correlated with self-management ability (r=0.33) as well as self-management behavior (r=0.47) in the patients with type 2 diabetes (P < 0.01). The mediating effect of self-efficacy accounted for 38.28% of the total effect of self-management ability on self-management behaviors and was higher in the behaviors of blood glucose monitoring (43.45%) and diet control (52.63%). The mediating effect of self-efficacy accounted for approximately 40.99% of the total effect for the patients with disease course ≤ 5 years, while for the patients with disease course > 5 years, the mediating effect accounted for 39.20% of the total effect. CONCLUSION Self-efficacy enhanced the effect of self-management ability on the behavior of the patients with type 2 diabetes, and this positive effect was more significant for the patients with shorter disease course. Targeted health education should be carried out to enhance patients' self-efficacy and self-management ability according to their disease characteristics, to stimulate their inner action, to promote the development of their self-management behaviors, and to form a more stable and long-term mechanism for disease management.
Humans ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy* ; Self Efficacy ; Self-Management ; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring ; Blood Glucose ; Self Care

BACKGROUND: LY01005 (Goserelin acetate sustained-release microsphere injection) is a modified gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist injected monthly. This phase III trial study aimed to evaluated the efficacy and safety of LY01005 in Chinese patients with prostate cancer. METHODS: We conducted a randomized controlled, open-label, non-inferiority trial across 49 sites in China. This study included 290 patients with prostate cancer who received either LY01005 or goserelin implants every 28 days for three injections. The primary efficacy endpoints were the percentage of patients with testosterone suppression ≤50 ng/dL at day 29 and the cumulative probability of testosterone ≤50 ng/dL from day 29 to 85. Non-inferiority was prespecified at a margin of -10%. Secondary endpoints included significant castration (≤20 ng/dL), testosterone surge within 72 h following repeated dosing, and changes in luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prostate specific antigen levels. RESULTS: On day 29, in the LY01005 and goserelin implant groups, testosterone concentrations fell below medical-castration levels in 99.3% (142/143) and 100% (140/140) of patients, respectively, with a difference of -0.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], -3.9% to 2.0%) between the two groups. The cumulative probabilities of maintaining castration from days 29 to 85 were 99.3% and 97.8%, respectively, with a between-group difference of 1.5% (95% CI, -1.3% to 4.4%). Both results met the criterion for non-inferiority. Secondary endpoints were similar between groups. Both treatments were well-tolerated. LY01005 was associated with fewer injection-site reactions than the goserelin implant (0% vs . 1.4% [2/145]). CONCLUSION: LY01005 is as effective as goserelin implants in reducing testosterone to castration levels, with a similar safety profile. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04563936.
Humans ; Male ; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use* ; East Asian People ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/agonists* ; Goserelin/therapeutic use* ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Testosterone

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect and indications of the three kinds of pedicled perforator flaps in repairing soft tissue defects around the elbow joint.Methods:The clinical data of patients with soft tissue defects around the elbow joint, admitted to the Department of Center for Orthopaedic Repair and Reconstruction of Chongming Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences (Xinhua Hospital Chongming Branch) from December 2013 to November 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The distal based medial antebrachial neurocutaneous flap in the middle and distal part of the upper arm, the perforator pedicled propeller flap of inferior cubital artery or the V-Y advancement flap based on the perforator of proximal forearm posterior interosseous artery in the proximal forearm were respectively designed according to the location, appearance, size of the recipient site and the perforating point of the perforating vessel in the donor site to repair soft tissue defects around the elbow joint. The donor site was directly closed or covered by free skin grafting cut from the hidden area of the affected limb. The donor and recipient sites were followed up and observed to evaluate the curative effect from the following three aspects. (1) The self-evaluation of the curative effect was divided into three grades: satisfactory, general and unsatisfactory. (2) Elbow joint function evaluation: according to Mayo’s elbow joint function scoring standard which was divided into four grades: excellent, good, general and poor. (3) Comprehensive evaluation: the evaluation criteria for wound repair around the ankle joint of the lower extremity were used for scoring: 16 to 21 points as excellent, 11 to 15 points as good, 6 to 10 points as general, 0 to 5 points as poor, and the excellent and good ratio was calculated at the same time, that is, the sum of the number of excellent and good cases/the total number of cases×100%.Results:A total of 51 patients were enrolled, including 31 males and 20 females. The age ranged from 16 to 87 years old, with a mean of 56.1 years old. About the defect location, there were 20 cases in the anterior side of the elbow joint, 18 cases in the posterior side of the elbow joint, 8 cases in the medial side of the elbow joint, and 5 cases in the lateral side of the elbow joint. The defect sizes after debridement were from 3.5 cm×2.5 cm to 16.0 cm× 6.0 cm. Among the 51 patients, 21 cases were repaired by the distal based medial antebrachial neurocutaneous flap, 19 cases were repaired by the perforator pedicled propeller flap of inferior cubital artery, and the other 11 cases were repaired by the V-Y advancement flap based on the perforator of proximal forearm posterior interosseous artery. The sizes of the flaps were from 4.5 cm × 3.5 cm to 18.0 cm × 8.0 cm. Forty-six of the 51 patients got primary healing, and the other five had necrosis of different degrees at the distal edge of the flap (≤1.5 cm×1.0 cm), including 2 cases of the distal based medial antebrachial neurocutaneous flap, 2 cases of the perforator pedicled propeller flap of inferior cubital artery and 1 case of the V-Y advancement flap based on the perforator of proximal forearm posterior interosseous artery who were healed after dressing change. The patients were followed up for 3 to 60 months after the operation, with a mean of 12 months, the flaps in the recipient sites survived well, at the same time, the color and elasticity of the flaps were close to normal, and the two-point discrimination was 4-9 mm without bloated appearance. The elbow joint of the affected limb was stable and with good movement. No obvious deformity was observed, and the functional recovery was excellent. The incision of the donor site healed well and the scar was easily accepted. Self-evaluation: 39 patients were satisfied and 12 were general. Elbow joint function evaluation: excellent in 15 cases and good in 36 cases. Comprehensive evaluation: excellent in 17 cases, good in 30 cases, general in 4 cases, that meant the excellent and good ratio reached to 92%(47/51).Conclusion:The three kinds of pedicled perforator flaps have constant perforating vessels, abundant blood supply and simple operation. They can be used to repair soft tissue defects around the elbow joint while good clinical result can be obtained. The distal based medial antebrachial neurocutaneous flap is focused on the anterior and ulnar sides of the elbow joint, the perforator pedicled propeller flap of inferior cubital artery is focused on the elbow fossa, and the V-Y advancement flap based on the perforator of proximal forearm posterior interosseous artery is focused on the posterior and radial sides of the elbow joint.

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect and indications of the three kinds of pedicled perforator flaps in repairing soft tissue defects around the elbow joint.Methods:The clinical data of patients with soft tissue defects around the elbow joint, admitted to the Department of Center for Orthopaedic Repair and Reconstruction of Chongming Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences (Xinhua Hospital Chongming Branch) from December 2013 to November 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The distal based medial antebrachial neurocutaneous flap in the middle and distal part of the upper arm, the perforator pedicled propeller flap of inferior cubital artery or the V-Y advancement flap based on the perforator of proximal forearm posterior interosseous artery in the proximal forearm were respectively designed according to the location, appearance, size of the recipient site and the perforating point of the perforating vessel in the donor site to repair soft tissue defects around the elbow joint. The donor site was directly closed or covered by free skin grafting cut from the hidden area of the affected limb. The donor and recipient sites were followed up and observed to evaluate the curative effect from the following three aspects. (1) The self-evaluation of the curative effect was divided into three grades: satisfactory, general and unsatisfactory. (2) Elbow joint function evaluation: according to Mayo’s elbow joint function scoring standard which was divided into four grades: excellent, good, general and poor. (3) Comprehensive evaluation: the evaluation criteria for wound repair around the ankle joint of the lower extremity were used for scoring: 16 to 21 points as excellent, 11 to 15 points as good, 6 to 10 points as general, 0 to 5 points as poor, and the excellent and good ratio was calculated at the same time, that is, the sum of the number of excellent and good cases/the total number of cases×100%.Results:A total of 51 patients were enrolled, including 31 males and 20 females. The age ranged from 16 to 87 years old, with a mean of 56.1 years old. About the defect location, there were 20 cases in the anterior side of the elbow joint, 18 cases in the posterior side of the elbow joint, 8 cases in the medial side of the elbow joint, and 5 cases in the lateral side of the elbow joint. The defect sizes after debridement were from 3.5 cm×2.5 cm to 16.0 cm× 6.0 cm. Among the 51 patients, 21 cases were repaired by the distal based medial antebrachial neurocutaneous flap, 19 cases were repaired by the perforator pedicled propeller flap of inferior cubital artery, and the other 11 cases were repaired by the V-Y advancement flap based on the perforator of proximal forearm posterior interosseous artery. The sizes of the flaps were from 4.5 cm × 3.5 cm to 18.0 cm × 8.0 cm. Forty-six of the 51 patients got primary healing, and the other five had necrosis of different degrees at the distal edge of the flap (≤1.5 cm×1.0 cm), including 2 cases of the distal based medial antebrachial neurocutaneous flap, 2 cases of the perforator pedicled propeller flap of inferior cubital artery and 1 case of the V-Y advancement flap based on the perforator of proximal forearm posterior interosseous artery who were healed after dressing change. The patients were followed up for 3 to 60 months after the operation, with a mean of 12 months, the flaps in the recipient sites survived well, at the same time, the color and elasticity of the flaps were close to normal, and the two-point discrimination was 4-9 mm without bloated appearance. The elbow joint of the affected limb was stable and with good movement. No obvious deformity was observed, and the functional recovery was excellent. The incision of the donor site healed well and the scar was easily accepted. Self-evaluation: 39 patients were satisfied and 12 were general. Elbow joint function evaluation: excellent in 15 cases and good in 36 cases. Comprehensive evaluation: excellent in 17 cases, good in 30 cases, general in 4 cases, that meant the excellent and good ratio reached to 92%(47/51).Conclusion:The three kinds of pedicled perforator flaps have constant perforating vessels, abundant blood supply and simple operation. They can be used to repair soft tissue defects around the elbow joint while good clinical result can be obtained. The distal based medial antebrachial neurocutaneous flap is focused on the anterior and ulnar sides of the elbow joint, the perforator pedicled propeller flap of inferior cubital artery is focused on the elbow fossa, and the V-Y advancement flap based on the perforator of proximal forearm posterior interosseous artery is focused on the posterior and radial sides of the elbow joint.

Antipyretic-analgesics are currently one of the most prescribed drugs in children.The clinical application of antipyretic-analgesics for children in our country still have irrational phenomenon, which affects the therapeutic effect and even poses hidden dangers to the safety of children.In this paper, suggestions were put forward from the indications, dosage form/route, dosage suitability, pathophysiological characteristics of children with individual differences and drug interactions in the symptomatic treatment of febrile children, so as to provide reference for the general pharmacists when conducting prescription review.

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics and influencing factors of children with parent-reported food allergy (FA), thus providing empirical evidence for facilitating the effective utilization of medical history information and promoting better health education for parents.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted, recruiting all 596 children under 3 years of age who underwent physical examinations from July to August 2019 at the Department of Child Health Care, Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. Children were carried out with questionnaires, skin prick test, and diagnosed with FA through oral food challenge (OFC) by pediatricians. The parent-reported incidence rate, symptoms of FA, and the possible influencing factors, including demographic characteristics, family history of allergy, in-utero exposure to smoke and antibiotic use, feeding methods after birth, and residential environment were collected by questionnaire. The differences of clinical characteristics between parent-reported FA and medically diagnosed FA were analyzed by chi-square test. Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors associated with parent-reported FA.Results:A total of 596 children (316 boys and 280 girls) were recruited for this study. The incidence rate of FA by parent-report (22.0%, 131/596) was higher than that by medical diagnosis (9.9%, 59/596) (χ2=32.46, P<0.001). There were 36.6% (48/131) of children with parent-reported FA and 2.4% (11/465) of children without parent-reported FA receiving medical diagnosis of FA. Among children with parent-reported allergic symptoms, 37.5% (24/64) of those with gastrointestinal symptoms and 31.5% (23/73) of those with skin symptoms received medical diagnosis of FA, respectively. Six out of 7 children with co-presenting cutaneous and gastrointestinal symptoms were diagnosed with FA. Univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that family history of allergy ( OR=1.83 (95% CI 1.22-2.73), P=0.003) and damp living environments ( OR=2.33 (95% CI 1.13-4.79), P=0.022) were associated with higher likelihood of parent-reported FA. Conclusions:The incidence rate of parent-reported FA is higher than medically diagnosed FA. Clinicians should be highly suspicious of the possibility of FA in children with both cutaneous and gastrointestinal symptoms. Family history of allergy and damp living environments may increase the possibility of parent-reported FA.

Background: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) strategies in COVID-19 patients differ from those in patients suffering from cardiogenic cardiac arrest. During CPR, both healthcare and non-healthcare workers who provide resuscitation are at risk of infection. The Working Group for Expert Consensus on Prevention and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for Cardiac Arrest in COVID-19 has developed this Chinese Expert Consensus to guide clinical practice of CPR in COVID-19 patients. Main recommendations: 1) A medical team should be assigned to evaluate severe and critical COVID-19 for early monitoring of cardiac-arrest warning signs. 2) Psychological counseling and treatment are highly recommended, since sympathetic and vagal abnormalities induced by psychological stress from the COVID-19 pandemic can induce cardiac arrest. 3) Healthcare workers should wear personal protective equipment (PPE). 4) Mouth-to-mouth ventilation should be avoided on patients suspected of having or diagnosed with COVID-19. 5) Hands-only chest compression and mechanical chest compression are recommended. 6) Tracheal-intubation procedures should be optimized and tracheal-intubation strategies should be implemented early. 7) CPR should be provided for 20-30 min. 8) Various factors should be taken into consideration such as the interests of patients and family members, ethics, transmission risks, and laws and regulations governing infectious disease control. Changes in management: The following changes or modifications to CPR strategy in COVID-19 patients are proposed: 1) Healthcare workers should wear PPE. 2) Hands-only chest compression and mechanical chest compression can be implemented to reduce or avoid the spread of viruses by aerosols. 3) Both the benefits to patients and the risk of infection should be considered. 4) Hhealthcare workers should be fully aware of and trained in CPR strategies and procedures specifically for patients with COVID-19.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical effect of transferred direct popliteal cutaneous artery perforator propeller flap for repairing soft tissue defects of the popliteal fossa.Methods:The clinical data of 9 patients with defects of popliteal fossa from June 2013 to June 2019 were analyzed retrospectively, in which including 6 men and 3 women whose ages ranged from 25 to 73 years old. The sizes of soft tissue defects ranged from 6.5 cm×3.5 cm to 17.0 cm×8.5 cm. Perforator propeller flap was designed and cut to repair the defects according to the location, size and shape of defects, in which the largest was 18.0 cm×10.0 cm and the smallest was 7.5 cm×4.5 cm. To evaluate the effect according to survival, infection control, elasticity and color, appearance of the flaps, the scar at the donor site, cutaneous sense, knee joint function, and patients’satisfaction.Results:All the flaps survived. The incisions in donor and recipient site were primary healing. The survival of flaps was good. The appearance, color, and elasticity were close to normal. On the other hand, the scar at the donor site was small after 6 to 60 months follow-up. 2 cases appeared necrosis on edge of distal flaps and were healed after dressing. The efficacy was satisfactory in 8 cases, general in 1 case and without dissatisfactory. The function of knee joint was excellent in 7 cases, good in 1 case, and general in 1 case. Skin swelling rating in early-stage was 1st degree in 6 patients, 2nd degree in 2 patients, 3rd degree in 1 patient; in the later stage was 1st degree in 8 patients, 2nd degree in 1 patient.Conclusions:It is simple, safe and reliable to repair soft tissue defects of popliteal fossa with transferred direct popliteal cutaneous artery perforator propeller flap, which would be an ideal method for repairing soft tissue defects of the popliteal fossa.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical effect of transferred direct popliteal cutaneous artery perforator propeller flap for repairing soft tissue defects of the popliteal fossa.Methods:The clinical data of 9 patients with defects of popliteal fossa from June 2013 to June 2019 were analyzed retrospectively, in which including 6 men and 3 women whose ages ranged from 25 to 73 years old. The sizes of soft tissue defects ranged from 6.5 cm×3.5 cm to 17.0 cm×8.5 cm. Perforator propeller flap was designed and cut to repair the defects according to the location, size and shape of defects, in which the largest was 18.0 cm×10.0 cm and the smallest was 7.5 cm×4.5 cm. To evaluate the effect according to survival, infection control, elasticity and color, appearance of the flaps, the scar at the donor site, cutaneous sense, knee joint function, and patients’satisfaction.Results:All the flaps survived. The incisions in donor and recipient site were primary healing. The survival of flaps was good. The appearance, color, and elasticity were close to normal. On the other hand, the scar at the donor site was small after 6 to 60 months follow-up. 2 cases appeared necrosis on edge of distal flaps and were healed after dressing. The efficacy was satisfactory in 8 cases, general in 1 case and without dissatisfactory. The function of knee joint was excellent in 7 cases, good in 1 case, and general in 1 case. Skin swelling rating in early-stage was 1st degree in 6 patients, 2nd degree in 2 patients, 3rd degree in 1 patient; in the later stage was 1st degree in 8 patients, 2nd degree in 1 patient.Conclusions:It is simple, safe and reliable to repair soft tissue defects of popliteal fossa with transferred direct popliteal cutaneous artery perforator propeller flap, which would be an ideal method for repairing soft tissue defects of the popliteal fossa.