Introduction: Shoulder problems have been a challenge among the aging population. Although reports surfaced on factors affecting shoulder dysfunction, however, such studies in relation to other factors like neck pain (NP) factor are limited especially among the elderly in the urban population. This study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with shoulder complex dysfunction among the outpatient elderly attending private physiotherapy clinics. Methods: A total of 75 elderly aged ≥ 60 years old from four private physiotherapy clinics were recruited by simple random sampling method. The elderly were evaluated using the QuickDASH questionnaire to assess shoulder complex dysfunctions and NP scale. Results: A total of 92% of participants have shoulder complex dysfunction. A positive correlation of NP to shoulder complex dysfunction ( r (75) = 0.83, p<.001) with significant associations of sex ( z= -2.549, p=0.011), smoking ( z= -2.388, p=0.017), lifestyle ( z= -5.780, p=0.000), hypertension ( z= -2.808, p=0.005), osteoarthritis ( z= -2.966, p=0.003), and NP scale ( z= -2.173, p=0.031). The predicting factor of shoulder complex dysfunction is sex (β = 0.156, t (74) = 2.240, p= 0.028) and NP scale (β = 0.704, t (74) = 7.853, p= 0.000). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of shoulder complex dysfunction among the outpatient elderly attending private physiotherapy clinics with a predicting associating factor of sex and NP.

Introduction: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) remain one of the greatest significant problems of diabetes mellitus. It is a cause of main suffering and expenses for patient, and financial problem on health facilities and public. One of the strategies to overcome DFU is through health education to prevent foot ulcer, which focused in promoting foot self-care. To reach this aim, researchers had applied different educational approaches. This systematic review is to evaluate various types of educational programs in terms of its method of delivery and effectiveness. Methods: The search involved various databases; EBSCOHOST, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane library, ScienceDirect, PubMed, SAGE SringerLink, Web of Science and Wiley Online Library. It was limited to full text research articles that report intervention studies, and the writte up in English Language, the publication was from 2005 to 2021. The key words were “diabetes”, “diabetes foot”, “foot self-care”, health education and “interventions”. Results: Twenty studies were involved in this review. Nine studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), while eleven reported non-randomized controlled trials (NRCTs). Conclusion: There are evidences that foot care education improves foot care and diabetic foot problems. Various health education approaches, for instance foot assessment, discussion, counseling, homebased visitation and telephone calls have been shown to be effective in improving educational programs. Studies in the future should focus on RCTs in different sites and apply follow-up of long duration to provide better recommendations to healthcare practitioners on effective educational interventions to prevent DFUs.

Introduction: Future floods are expected to increase in frequency and intensity. Communities must arm themselves with information and skills to overcome these disasters and limit their impact. Moreover, the Coronavirus-19 infection doubled as the transmission was thought to occur when evacuation facilities were overrun and crowded. Despite government and agency assistance, the aftermath of a flood disaster leaves victims susceptible to the impacts. Resilience is essential when battling flooding or a pandemic. Thus, this study aims to determine the community disaster resilience score and its associated factors in Selangor flood-prone communities during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative survey will be conducted with a sample size of 574 residents living in flood-prone areas. A validated self-administered questionnaire will be distributed in liaison with community leaders using paper and online. The questionnaire includes respondents’ demographic, flood disaster preparedness, general disaster preparedness belief, and community disaster resilience. The associations and predictors between the independent and dependent variables will be examined using bivariate analysis and multiple linear regression with a < 0.05 significance level. Discussion: Insights from this research will help communities better prepare for and recover from disasters. A more robust resilience approach requires focusing on predictors and recruiting those factors to assist health authorities in promoting flood disaster preparedness and resilience practices in the community. Researchers may comprehend the health behaviour of a community to build disaster preparedness and resilience as well as a health intervention.

Introduction: Diabetes is a chronic illness and it has a significant impact on health. Behavioral interventions theory could improve self-care practices of the foot among patients with diabetic. Behavioral interventions could prevent the risk of foot problems. This trial aims at determining the effect of patient education intervention on foot self-care behavior and clinical outcomes among diabetes patients. Methods: The study is a two-arm single-blinded randomized controlled trial which will be conducted in the Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Owerri, Imo state, Nigeria involving 160 diabetic patients. A central computer-generated randomization list will be generated. Sequentially numbered sealed opaque envelopes will be used to determine concealment. The sample size is 160; therefore 80 participants will receive three sessions of patient education in addition to usual care (intervention group) for three and six months while another 80 participants (control group) will receive only usual care and will receive health education after the study is completed. The outcome of the intervention effectiveness is measured by modified version of Diabetes foot Self-Care Behavior Scale (DFSBS). Discussion: Our hypothesis is that based on the Health Belief Model, patient education intervention can improve foot self-care behavior in the intervention group. Data collection will be done at baseline, and at three- and six-months post intervention. Trial Registration: The Clinical Trials Registry- India (CTRI), Reference no CTRI/2021/06/034311.

Introduction: Unintentional injuries among children are considered a major public health concern since they are one of the leading causes of child death and disability. Inadequate study has been done on whether and how parental influences are linked to childhood injury at home especially among the community with low-socioeconomic status. The study aims to determine the factors affecting unintentional home injury prevention practice among low socioeconomic status (B40) parents of under-five children in Selangor, Malaysia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional and quantitative study. A sample size of 453 parents will be sampled among B40 parents with under-five children in Selangor using a stratified random sampling method. For analysis, only complete questionnaires will be used. Data entry and statistical analysis will be carried out using IBM SPSS version 28.0. Chi-square/Fisher Exact test and simple logistic regression will be used for data analysis. Multiple logistic regression will be used to examine the predictors of poor home injury prevention practice. Discussion: Findings from the study will provide insight on challenges experienced by B40 parents of children under five in implementing preventive injury measures at home.

Introduction: Dermatophyte infections are superficial infections that affect the skin and are caused by fungi, namely dermatophytes. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of dermatophyte infections among patients who attended the Dermatology Department in Setif public hospital, Algeria and to determine the associated risk factors to these infections. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a sample size of 400 respondents was designed to collect the data using a validated pre-tested questionnaire from February to June 2019. The collected data was then analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25. Results: The response rate was 98.4% (315 respondents) with an overall mean age (SD) of 38.81 (16.37) years old. The prevalence of dermatophyte infections among respondents was 33.7%, 26% of them have single infections. On the other hand, multiple logistic regression analysis showed an increased odd of having dermatophyte infections by three times among patients from low-income families (OR=3.23, 95% CI=1.09- 4.78, p=0.03). Similarly, the presence of chronic diseases led to a twofold increase in the odds of having dermatophyte infection among patients (OR=2.27, 95% CI=1.01-10.49, p=0.045). It was also found that poor attitudes towards preventing dermatophyte infections increased the odds of having dermatophyte infection by near to three times (OR=2.58, 95% CI=1.14-4.74, p=0.002). Conclusion: The high prevalence of dermatophyte infections presents a significant concern in Setif Province, Algeria. In this context, further efforts are needed to review the practiced control measures to optimize the effectiveness of these measures, which may reduce dermatophyte infections, especially among patients with chronic diseases.

Introduction: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a condition which is common and is closely linked to vaginal delivery. Pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFME) are considered the first line management of UI and regular practice of PFME is a key factor in its effectiveness. This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of theory-based intervention using social media to reduce UI among postpartum women. Methods: This is a randomized controlled trial with the final number of recruited participants of 104. The participants were assigned randomly either to control or intervention groups and were followed up at three and six months. The primary outcome of this study was severity of UI. Adherence to exercises was the secondary outcome. Results: After the intervention, at three months and six months follow-up, there were significant differences between the two groups regarding the practice of PFMEs (p≤ 0.05). Friedman’s analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference in respect of the exercise adherence rating scale among the intervention group at baseline, at three months and post six months (p≤ 0.05). In the intervention group at baseline the mean (standard deviation, sd) of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form was 3.00 (1.94) whereas at three months it decreased to 1.96 (1.69), which decreased further to 1.04 (0.51) at six months. Conclusion: theory-based education delivered through social media is a feasible and effective way of increasing the practice of PFMEs, and can lead to decrease of severity UI.

Introduction: Cerebral palsy is a group of early childhood chronic mobility disorders. Parenting a child with cerebral palsy is often challenging, especially for mothers. This research aimed to identify the determinants of the psychological states of mothers of children with cerebral palsy in Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to February 2020. A total of 344 mothers of children with cerebral palsy was recruited using a simple random sampling technique and guided questionnaires. The data were analysed using the Chi-square test and logistic regression models. Results: The overall response rate was 98.29%. The median (IQR) age of respondents and the children with cerebral palsy were 30 (13) and 6 (6), respectively. The proportions of mothers with good knowledge on cerebral palsy and having higher negative family impact were 57.8% and 41.9%, respectively. Fifty-nine per cent of mothers of children with cerebral palsy had higher levels of maternal psychological stress. The predictors of maternal psychological stress were the mother’s age, marital status, types of family, family income, age of children, gender, and higher levels of the negative maternal appraisal. Conclusions: Mothers of children with cerebral palsy in Bangladesh had a higher level of maternal psychological stress. The factors identified in this study could help to develop policies and strategies to minimise maternal psychological stress associated with parenting children with cerebral palsy in Bangladeshi households.

Introduction: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is known as contributing to high morbidity and mortality globally. Major liver complications such as liver failure and liver cancer which can lead to fatality have been associated with persistent HCV infection. Globally, it is estimated that 5.6 million chronically infected HCV are among people who inject drugs (PWID). Malaysia has estimated that 59% HCV infections were among PWID. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of HCV infection and its predictors among PWID in Negeri Sembilan. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on random proportion to size sampling was conducted among 212 out of 1414 registered Methadone Maintenance Therapy (MMT) clients with PWID attending health clinics in Negeri Sembilan from February 2018 to July 2018. Data were collected using questionnaires administered through face-to-face interviews. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package of IBM SPSS Statistics Version 23 and p-value of <0.05 is considered significant. Independent T test and Chi-square test(χ2) were used to determine the associations between the variables, and multiple logistic regressions for the predictors. Results: Majority of the respondents were infected with HCV infection (89%). HCV infection were associated with their age(p<0.001), low education level(p=0.022), HIV infection(p=0.001), and higher frequency(p=0.001) with longer duration(p=0.026) of drug injections and needle sharing(p=0.001). The predictors of HCV were older age [AOR 1.07, 95% CI(1.032, 1.110)] and higher frequency of injections[AOR 5.98, 95% CI(3.110,11.476)]. Conclusion: HCV infection is prevalent among PWIDs. Hence, effective and efficient preventive measures should be targeted to the identified predictors.

HIV-related stigma will discourage the efforts in preventing new infections and engaging people to receive treatment, care and support programmes. Identifying the valuable interventions programmes to reduce HIV-related stigma in a healthcare setting is vital in order to deliver the best health services. A scoping systematic review was conducted. Articles were searched based on Pubmed and ScienceDirect search engines. The key words used were HIV stigma, intervention and healthcare. Published English articles in the past ten years involving HIV stigma intervention studies, and studies that involved healthcare workers in a healthcare setting were included. Reviewed articles, systematic review and meta-analysis articles were excluded. Primary screening of titles and abstract of 85 articles were done. Secondary screening of 19 articles resulted in 8 articles, included in this manuscript. Most of the reviewed articles showed, application of the Integrated Theoretical Model in the intervention programme as a guide and utilising combined intervention components are effective tools in delivering the intervention programme. The stigma reduction-intervention programme should focus on the intervention components as a whole including training of HCW, role plays, group discussions, games, sharing of information and contacts with PLHIV as well presentations and lectures. An integrative model of behavioural prophecy is perceived and it is particularly essential for interventions that focus on creating and fortifying the aim in conducting the chosen behaviour.