Bioactive compounds derived from herbal medicinal plants modulate various therapeutic targets and signaling pathways associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the world's primary cause of death. Ginkgo biloba, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine with notable cardiovascular actions, has been used as a cardio- and cerebrovascular therapeutic drug and nutraceutical in Asian countries for centuries. Preclinical studies have shown that ginkgolide B, a bioactive component in Ginkgo biloba, can ameliorate atherosclerosis in cultured vascular cells and disease models. Of clinical relevance, several clinical trials are ongoing or being completed to examine the efficacy and safety of ginkgolide B-related drug preparations in the prevention of cerebrovascular diseases, such as ischemia stroke. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the pharmacological activities, pharmacokinetic characteristics, and mechanisms of action of ginkgolide B in atherosclerosis prevention and therapy. We highlight new molecular targets of ginkgolide B, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NADPH oxidase), lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), platelet-activating factor (PAF), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and others. Finally, we provide an overview and discussion of the therapeutic potential of ginkgolide B and highlight the future perspective of developing ginkgolide B as an effective therapeutic agent for treating atherosclerosis.

Aim To investigate the therapeutic effect of the MW-9 on ulcerative colitis(UC)and reveal the underlying mechanism, so as to provide a scientific guidance for the MW-9 treatment of UC. Methods The model of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells was established. The effect of MW-9 on RAW264.7 cells viability was detected by MTT assay. The levels of nitric oxide(NO)in RAW264.7 macrophages were measured by Griess assay. Cell supernatants and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines containing IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β were determined by ELISA kits. Dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced UC model in mice was established and body weight of mice in each group was measured. The histopathological damage degree of colonic tissue was assessed by HE staining. The protein expression of p-p38, p-ERK1/2 and p-JNK was detected by Western blot. Results MW-9 intervention significantly inhibited NO release in RAW264.7 macrophages with IC50 of 20.47 mg·L-1 and decreased the overproduction of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α(P<0.05). MW-9 had no cytotoxicity at the concentrations below 6 mg·L-1. After MW-9 treatment, mouse body weight was gradually reduced, and the serum IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α levels were significantly down-regulated. Compared with the model group, MW-9 significantly decreased the expression of p-p38 and p-ERK1/2 protein. Conclusions MW-9 has significant anti-inflammatory activities both in vitro and in vivo, and its underlying mechanism for the treatment of UC may be associated with the inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway.

Objective To explore the dynamic changes and mechanisms of neurological and cognitive functions in mice with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods Totally 60 12⁃month⁃old Balb/ c mice were divided into control group (10 in group) and TBI group (50 in group). TBT model mice were divided into 5 subgroups according to the time of model construction, including model 1 day, model 1 day, model 3 day, model 7 day, model 14 days and model 28 days group with 10 in each group. At the 29th day of the experiment, neurological scores and step down tests were carried out. After the test, the mice were sacrificed for brains which were detected by immunohistochemistry staining, inflammatory cytokine tests and Western blotting. Results Compared with the control group, the neurological scores of mice in TBI group increased, and then decreased after the 7th day when the scores reached the peak. However, the latency of step down errors was lower than control group, and the number of step down errors was higher than control group which had no changes. Compared with the control group, the expression of lonized calcium⁃binding adapter molecule 1(IBA1), chemokine C⁃X3⁃C⁃motif ligand1 (CX3CL1), C⁃X3⁃C chemokine receptor 1(CX3CR1), NOD⁃like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3), and phosphorylation nuclear factor(p⁃NF)⁃κB in TBI group increased and reached to the peak at the 7th day, and then started to decrease. At the same time, the levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin⁃6(IL⁃6) and tumor necrosis factor⁃α(TNF⁃α) first increased to the peak, and then began to decrease. However, compared with the control group, the expression of amyloid β(Aβ) protein and p⁃Tau protein in the model group continued to increase at all time. Conclusion The TBI model caused continuous activation of microglia along with inflammatory response, which first increased and then decreased, resultsing in neurological scores changes. In addition, the inflammatory response may act as a promoter of Aβ protein deposition and Tau protein phosphorylation, leading to cognitive impairment in mice.

Objective To understand the viral spectrum of inpatients with acute respiratory infection in Pudong New Area, and to explore the composition of pathogens in hospitalized children and adults. Methods Samples of acute respiratory infection cases from 10 medical institutions were collected from 2011 to 2020 and tested for human influenza virus, human adenovirus, rhinovirus, human parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human coronavirus, human metapneumovirus and human boca virus. Results A total of 3 145 inpatients were monitored, with a median age of 61 years. The positive rate of any virus was 32.43% (1 020/3 145), and the single virus infection accounted for 85.98% (877/1 020). In single virus infection, the positive rate of human influenza virus was the highest (9.67%, 304/3 145), with influenza A (80.26%, 244/304) as the main virus. The second was rhinovirus (3.97%, 125/3 145). The positive rate of any virus in different age groups was statistically significant (χ²=103.38，P<0.001). The positive rate of respiratory syncytial virus was the highest in the ~5-year-old group, adenovirus was the highest in the 6-14-year-old group, and influenza virus was the highest in the 15-64-year-old group and the 65year-old group. There was a significant difference in the positive rate of any virus in each month (χ²=123.06，P<0.001). The human influenza virus was the dominant virus in winter (December to February) and summer (July to September), and rhinoviruses distributed sporadically in each month. The positive rate of any virus in different departments was significantly different (χ²=90.37，P<0.001). Conclusion The positive rate of virus in hospitalized patients with acute respiratory infection is relatively high in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, with human influenza virus being the main virus. The virus spectrum of hospitalized children and adults is inconsistent. In the future, in-depth research should be strengthened, focusing on the distribution of pathogens in different populations and seasonal prevention and treatment.

Objective:To explore the mechanism of miR-30e-5p inhibiting the invasion and migration of hepatoma cells by targeting phosphoinositide-3-kinase catalytic delta polypeptide(PIK3CD)-mediated phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)/mammalian target of the rapamycin(mTOR)signaling pathway.Methods:HepG2 cells were divided into control group,miR-30e-5p mimics group,PIK3CD knockdown group,negative control group,and miR-30e-5p mimics+PIK3CD overexpression group by transfecting the corresponding plasmids,the expression of miR-30e-5p,PIK3CD and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot;the proliferation rate of Hep G2 cells in each group was detected by CCK-8 method;cell migration and invasion were measured by cell scratch test and Transwell test;the expression of matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)2,MMP9,E-cadherin,N-cadherin,Vimentin in Hep G2 cells of each group were detected by Western blot.The targeting regulation of miR-30e-5p on PIK3CD in Hep G2 cells was detected by double luciferase report assay.Results:Compared with the control group,the proliferation rate,migration rate,invasion number,the expression of N-cadherin,MMP2 and MMP9 proteins,the expression of PIK3CD protein and mRNA,p-P13K/PI3K,p-AKT/AKT,and p-mTOR/mTOR in the miR-30e-5p mimics group and PIK3CD knockdown group were lower(P＜0.05),the expression of E-cadherin protein was higher(P＜0.05).Overexpression of PIK3CD attenuates the inhibitory effects of miR-30e-5p mimics on proliferation,migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and elevates the expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway-related proteins;miR-30e-5p targets down-regulation of PIK3CD expression.Conclusion:Up-regulation of miR-30e-5p can prevent PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal activation by decreasing the expression of PIK3CD,thereby inhibiting the proliferation,migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Objective:To investigate the safety and effectiveness of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM).Methods:Data of 40 pediatric patients under 14 with PBM diagnosed and treated by ERCP at Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School from November 2012 to September 2022 were collected. PBM types, ERCP-related diagnosis and treatment, adverse events and prognosis were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Nineteen cases were P-B type (joining of common bile duct with pancreatic duct), 17 were B-P type (joining of pancreatic duct with common bile duct), and 4 were complex type. Forty children with PBM underwent 50 ERCP-related operations, among which 48 procedures succeeded. One case failed during cannulation of ERCP, replaced by rendezvous-assisted endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (RV-ERP) afterwards. There were no serious postoperative adverse events such as bleeding, perforation or death. Thirty-four patients (85%) were followed up successfully, among which 14 underwent further surgery and 20 continued conservative treatment.Conclusion:ERCP is the golden standard to diagnose pediatric PBM, and it is also safe and effective treatment for PBM.

ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of acute respiratory infections in children under 12 years old in Pudong New Area， Shanghai from 2019 to 2023. MethodsAcute respiratory infection samples of children under 12 years old from three sentinel hospitals in Pudong New Area， Shanghai from 2019 to 2023 were collected， and 42 respiratory infection pathogens， including influenza virus， adenovirus， parainfluenza virus， respiratory syncytial virus， human enterovirus/rhinovirus， human pulmonary virus， human bokavirus， coronavirus （229E， HKU1， NL63 and OC43）， and novel coronavirus， were detected with microfluidic chips. The situation of acute respiratory infections among outpatient and inpatient children in this area was analyzed for the before the implementation of non pharmacological intervention measures （2019.12‒2020.1）， during the period of non pharmacological intervention measures （2020.2‒2022.12）， and after non pharmacological intervention measures （2023.1‒2023.6）. ResultsFrom 2019 to 2023， a total of 1 770 samples were collected， and 445 pathogens were detected， with a detection rate of 25.14% （445/1 770）. The main pathogens detected during the study period were influenza virus： 8.70% （154/1 770）， respiratory syncytial virus： 4.41% （78/1 770）， human enterovirus/rhinovirus： 2.66% （47/1 770）， human adenovirus： 2.49% （44/1 770）， and parainfluenza virus： 2.20% （39/1 770）. Before the implementation of non pharmacological intervention measures， outpatients were primarily infected with influenza， parainfluenza virus， and respiratory syncytial virus， with detection rates of 8.09%， 4.49%， and 4.04%， respectively； inpatients were mainly infected with influenza， respiratory syncytial virus， and parainfluenza virus， with detection rates of 4.49%， 3.82%， and 3.15%， respectively. During the period of non pharmacological intervention measures， influenza， rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus were the main viruses detected in the samples of outpatient children， with detection rates of 4.04%， 3.60%， and 2.47%， respectively； inpatient samples mainly detected respiratory syncytial virus， rhinovirus， and influenza virus， with detection rates of 3.60%， 2.02%， and 1.80%， respectively. After non pharmacological intervention measures， influenza， rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus were the main pathogens detected in the outpatients， with detection rates of 9.89%， 2.92% and 2.02%， respectively； influenza， respiratory syncytial virus， and rhinovirus were the main pathogens detected in inpatient children， with detection rates of 6.29%， 1.57%， and 1.35%， respectively. ConclusionThe prevalence of pathogens related to acute respiratory infections in children is influenced by non pharmacological preventive measures.

【Objective】 To explore the feasibility of en-bloc resection of bladder tumors by flexible cystoscope combined with laparoscopic instruments through urethra and to provide reference for the clinical application of this technique. 【Methods】 Self-designed and processed transurethral single-hole PORT and Olympus electronic cystoscope were used as observation mirror; Φ1.8 mm soft grasper, tissue scissors, electric hook, and ultrasonic scalpel were used as instruments; the porcine bladder was used as a model.The PORT was placed through the urethra, and the cystoscope was inserted to observe the inner wall of the bladder and the condition of the mucosa.After the lesion site was identified in the bladder cavity, the soft grasper was inserted to pull the mucosa to be removed, which was then fixed with tension at the target position to maintain a satisfactory feild of view.The surgeon held the cystoscope in the left hand, and operated the laparoscopic instruments into the bladder cavity through the PORT with the right hand.Observing with the cystoscope and lifting and pulling the mucosa with the grasper, the surgeon simulated the cutting and pushing actions to realize the en-bloc resection of the lesioned mucosa. 【Results】 The mucosa at 4 different locations were successfully resected on 2 in vitro porcine bladder models. 【Conclusion】 The in vitro experiments show that the combination of flexible electronic cystoscope and laparoscopic instruments achieves synergistic effects in en-bloc resection of bladder tumor by transurethral single-hole laparoscope without additional iatrogenic bladder injury caused by percutaneous bladder incision.This method is feasible in the treatment of bladder tumors, and has the potential of clinical application after further optimization.

[摘 要] 目的：探讨内吞作用相关基因FCHO2在各亚型乳腺癌中的表达及其与乳腺癌患者的预后和免疫细胞浸润的相关性。方法：应用免疫组化法和bc-GenExMiner v5.0数据库数据分析FCHO2在各亚型乳腺癌组织中的表达，通过GEO和TIMER数据库数据分析FCHO2与各亚型乳腺癌患者预后和免疫细胞浸润的关系，利用STRING和GEPIA数据库数据分析与FCHO2的互作蛋白网络和其与互作蛋白的相关性，通过UALCAN和DAVID数据库数据对乳腺癌组织中FCHO2表达相关基因进行KEGG和GO分析。结果：免疫组化法结果显示，FCHO2在管腔型和HER2+乳腺癌组织中均呈高表达（均P<0.05），且与HER2和Ki67表达有关联（P=0.03和P=0.007）。FCHO2高表达的管腔型乳腺癌患者总生存期（OS）和无复发生存期（RFS）均明显缩短（均P<0.05）。FCHO2蛋白与EPS15等多种蛋白表达相关且构成蛋白-蛋白互作网络。KEGG和GO分析显示，乳腺癌组织中FCHO2相关表达基因主要与昼夜节律、自噬等生物学过程有关，涉及叉头框蛋白O（FoxO）和TGF-β等信号通路。FCHO2表达与各亚型乳腺癌组织中的免疫细胞浸润相关（均P<0.05）。结论：FCHO2在管腔型、HER2+乳腺癌组织中呈高表达，且与管腔型乳腺癌患者预后及免疫细胞浸润相关，其可能成为乳腺癌治疗的潜在靶点。

[摘 要] 目的：探讨内吞作用相关基因FCHO2在各亚型乳腺癌中的表达及其与乳腺癌患者的预后和免疫细胞浸润的相关性。方法：应用免疫组化法和bc-GenExMiner v5.0数据库数据分析FCHO2在各亚型乳腺癌组织中的表达，通过GEO和TIMER数据库数据分析FCHO2与各亚型乳腺癌患者预后和免疫细胞浸润的关系，利用STRING和GEPIA数据库数据分析与FCHO2的互作蛋白网络和其与互作蛋白的相关性，通过UALCAN和DAVID数据库数据对乳腺癌组织中FCHO2表达相关基因进行KEGG和GO分析。结果：免疫组化法结果显示，FCHO2在管腔型和HER2+乳腺癌组织中均呈高表达（均P<0.05），且与HER2和Ki67表达有关联（P=0.03和P=0.007）。FCHO2高表达的管腔型乳腺癌患者总生存期（OS）和无复发生存期（RFS）均明显缩短（均P<0.05）。FCHO2蛋白与EPS15等多种蛋白表达相关且构成蛋白-蛋白互作网络。KEGG和GO分析显示，乳腺癌组织中FCHO2相关表达基因主要与昼夜节律、自噬等生物学过程有关，涉及叉头框蛋白O（FoxO）和TGF-β等信号通路。FCHO2表达与各亚型乳腺癌组织中的免疫细胞浸润相关（均P<0.05）。结论：FCHO2在管腔型、HER2+乳腺癌组织中呈高表达，且与管腔型乳腺癌患者预后及免疫细胞浸润相关，其可能成为乳腺癌治疗的潜在靶点。