Introduction: The need for gama \u2013 globulin, especially gama - globulin - anti \u2013 HBs, is huge in Vietnam. A number of patients cannot to afford use them due to the high price as they are imported. Meanwhile, Vietnam has high quality input sources for producing gama \u2013 globulin. \r\n', u'Objectives: To study the production process of gama - Globulin from Human Plasma and Standard gama - Globulin with Rich of Anti \u2013 HBs. \r\n', u'Subjects and method: 168 samples of human plasma from voluntary blood donors, which had been screened with for transfusion transmittable infections (TTLs), were chosen as plasma with rich of anti - HBs. The plasma with anti - HBsAg was precipitated with ethanol 25%, pH 6,9 to gain gama - globulin with rich anti - HBs, which was dried by Dutch Ly - 3 - TTE machine. Activation of anti - HBs gama - globulin was identified by a standard method of the degree of antibody specific for anti - HBsAg kit of BIORAD, \r\n', u'Results: The purity of the gama - globulin achieved was 93%, which was almost equal with the results of some foreign researchers (7.8), the activation of anti - HBs was 1:128 dilution degree. The productivity of gama - globulin gaining from 1 litter plasma was 6.0 gram. This new issue was first demonstrated in Vietnam. \r\n', u'Conclusion: We can domestically produce anti-Bs gama - globulin with high degree of activeness (1:128) from human plasma by the precipitating method with ethanol, pH and low temperature. \r\n', u'
Human plasma ; gama - globulin - anti - HBs ; Precipitation of ethanol ; pH and low temperature

Background: Burn patients are at high risk of occasional infection because microorganism can penetrate through the wound easily. Objective: To identify bacteria species that most often cause occasional infections in burn patients and evaluate the rate of resistance to antibiotics of the isolated bacteria species. Subject and Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 126 patients treated at the National Institute of Burns from 4/2007 to 3/2008. Result: Rates of bacteria species were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (45.98%), after that was S.aureus (25.29%); Abaumannii (9.2%); E.coli (3.45%) and Kpneunwniae (2.87%). Rate ofresistance to antibiotics of P.aeruginosa among aminoglycoside ranged from 22.54% to 80.56%; quinolone from 39.44% to 41.1%; Cephems from 68.49% to 80.56% and penicillin from 67.61% to 78.87%; Imipenem was 27.4%. Anti-biotics resistance of Abaumannii among aminoglycoside ranged from aminoglycoside from 25.0% to 87.5%; quinolone was 81.25%; cephems was 93.33% and penicillin was 86.67%; lmipenem was 50% and Aztreonam was 93.75%. S.aureus were sensitive to Vancomycin was 1000%, but resistant to lmipenem (72.73); Gentamicin (71.43); Kanamycin (83.33); Tobramycin (83.33%); Ticarcillin / Clavulanic acid (75.61%) and Ceftazidine (75.61%).Conclusion: Isolated bacteria species, which caused occasional infections in burn patients, are mainly P.aeruginosa, S.aureus and A.baumannii. Those species resist many kinds of antibiotic.\r\n', u'\r\n', u'
Multidrug resistance ; burn ; bacteria

Background: Acinetobacter spp are present everywhere in the environment and cause many epidemics in tropical countries.\r\n', u'Objectives: This study aims to learn about the status of multidrug resistance in ubiquitous and domination acinetobacter Spp caused nosocomial infections. Subjects and method: A descriptive, epidemiologic cross-sectional study on 65 nosocomial Acinetobacter spp isolated from 244 patients hospitalized at the intensive-care units, Bach Mai hospital and burn patients from the National Burn Institute from April, 2007 to May, 2008. Results: Rates of A.baumannii were 70.8% of the isolates. Acinetobacter spp were isolated from patients in intensive-care units showed resistant to almost all commercially available antibiotics groups, among Penicillin ranged from 94.6 to 97.4%; beta- Lactam ranged from 80.5 to 90%; Cephems were 97.6%; Aminoglycosides group ranged from 62.5 to 100% and Quinolon were 100%. The isolates that were susceptible to Netilmycin was 35% and Imipenem was 34.1%. Acinetobacter spp were isolated from burn patients, which showed resistant to Penicillin was 86, 7%; beta- Lactam was 93, 3%; Aminoglyco- sides ranged from 25% to 87.5% and Quinolon was 81,3%. The isolates were susceptible to Netilmycin was 75% and Imipenem was 31.3%. \r\n', u'Conclusion: Analysis of risk factors may help the study of epidemiology Acinetobacter to prevent hospital infections and reduce the mortality rate. \r\n', u'
Acinetobacter spp ; nosocomial infections

Background: system lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease, characterized by a variety of antibodies generated against the body itself, causing damage in all organs: skin, mucous membranes, joint-skeletal-muscle, heart, kidneys, lungs, nervous, mental, blood and lymph,... The disease progresses in waves, more and more serious and lead to death. Objectives: to study on characteristics of patients with the end stage SLE and to evaluate results of some tests in these patients. Subjectives and Method: a retrospective and cross sectional study was carried out on forty two end stage SLE patients at Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology of Bach Mai hospital were studied between 1998 and 2004. Results: the majority of SLE patients were female (90.48%) and in group of 16-39 years old. Number of female patients was 14 times more than male patients. All 42 patients decreased peripheral blood cell amount: reducing both red and white blood cells (71.43%), reducing both three type (11.90%). 21/32 cases with severe hemoglobin reduction (65.53%). 38/42 cases of medium and severe neutropenia (90.48%). 33/42 cases with end-stage renal failure (78.57%). 13 cases of low blood Na+, 9 cases of increased blood K+. 30 cases with positive proteinuria (90.91%). 17/20 cases with pericardial effusion (85.00%). 35/42 cases with lung lesion images on ultrasound and x-rays (83.33%). 9 cases (30.00%) with increased AST and ALT above 100 U/l. 5 cases (16.67%) with meningitis. Conclusions: dramatic decrease in blood cell count, particularly in white blood cells. Most patients had renal failure at stage III, mainly with high blood potassium, and high protein and red blood cells in urine. Others included pericarditis, pneumonia, liver and neurological disorders.
Lupus Erythematosus ; Systemic/epidemiology ;

Background: In 24 years, Expanded Programe on Immunization\r\n', u'(EPI) at Thua Thien Hue province achieve high efficiency, reduce remarkably infection rate of children disease in EPI. Objectives: Assessment of instruments and cold chain at City, District Health Center and Commune Health station. Assessment of knowledge and practice EPI of medical officers in districts and communes. Subjects and method: Instrument, cold chain system and officers at City, District Health Center and Commune Health station. Method: Cross-section descriptive study; Observe instruments and cold chain at Health stations and fill in available forms. Interview medical officers, observe practical manipulation and fill in available forms. Results: The rate of good knowledge varied from 61,64% to 94,55% and the rate of appropriate practice was from 45,70% to 80,92%. On average, each commune health station had 0,421 refrigeration; 0,128 ice cabinet; 0,258 cold box; 2,259 thermoses; 6,623 ice packs; 2,826 thermometers and11,321 safe boxes. All commune health stations have vaccine containing thermos; one station has no thermometer; two have no safe box and five have no ice pack. Conclusion: All commune health stations have essential instruments, cold chain. Very few health station lack of one or some types. Medical officers almost have basic knowledge about expandedimmunization, the rate of answering right theoretical questions from 61,64% to 94,55%. Practical manipulation had still many errors, rate of manipulation right only 45,70% to 80,92%. District officers manipulated right higher than commune officers.\r\n', u'
Refrigeration/ instrumentation ; Vaccination/ instrumentation ; mortality ; methods ; Health Knowledge ; Attitudes ; Practice ;

Background: In the past decades, preventive medicine had achieved significant success by promoting the effective prevention. However, we were facing with the rising again of dangerous infectious diseases that had been controlled. Ministry of Health had approved the development support project for preventive medicine system to strengthen early detection and control diseases in time. Objectives: To survey the manpower and the demand for training in basic microbiology technique of Centres for preventive medicine. Subjects and method: Technicians of 29 centres for preventive medicine in North provinces were surveyed and the results were studied by the described cross method. Results: Number of technicians graduated difference, fluctuated from 3 to 14 person per unit. The women were 80.4%; men were 19.6%. The staff who have degrees of postgraduate was 5.3%; University graduated was 41.2%; middle-ranking was 53.6%. Their specialities were very different: medicine doctor was 15.2%; biologists were 8.8%. The rest were nurse, technicians convalesce nurse, Medical Public Health...(34.4%). Among the demand for obtain the train in Microbiology, basic and advance labiratory techniques, 19.4% were the requests for training in basic microbiology; 16.4% were for molecular technology; 21.4% were for bacterium isolate technology and 19.4% were for virus technology. Conclusion: The results were the basis of creating a appropriate technical training strategy to contribute to the success of the project.
Clinical Laboratory Techniques ; Education

Background: Scleroderma is a rare autoimmune disease occurs with an annual rate of about 2-20 cases / 1 million people. Objectives: To evaluate the common clinical and laboratory manifestaions of scleroderma associated renal disease. Subjects and method: A restrospective study of clinical, urinary analysis, biochemical and blood count analysis and renal artery dopper ultrasonography indexes in 147 patients with scleroderma. Results: The commonest nonrenal clinical manifestations were skin thickening (100%), pigmentation (71,43%), arthalgia/ arthritis (83%), Raynaud phenomenon (62,58%) and gastroentrological syndrome (50,34%). 11,56% of patients had signs and symptoms of kidney involvement such us hypertension (10,2%), edema (9,52%), oliguria (3,4%). 14,29%, 10,88% and 18,18% of patients had abnomalities on urinary analysis, increased blood urea and renal artery stenosis on dooper ultrasonography, respectively. Conclusion: 11,56% of patients had rena manifestationsin clinical, the commonest is hypertension, edema and oliguria. 14,29%, 10,88% and 18,18% of patients had positive proteinuria of hematuria, increased blood urea and renal artery stenosis on dopper ultrasonography, respectively.
Kidney Diseases/ epidemiology ; Scleroderma ; Systemic ;

Background: Open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) causes haemostatic abnormalities which result in postoperative excessive bleeding. Objectives: To investigate haemostatic disorders before - after CPB and postoperative bleeding. Subjects and methods: Sixty congenital cardiac patients with and without cyanosis were recruited consecutively. Hematology and coagulation tests were done 1 day before operation, 15 minutes after protamine administration, 2 and 6 hours after the operation in the intensive care unit (lCU). Mediastinal chest tube drainage (MCTO) was measured for the first 6h in the ICU. Results: Significant differences between 2 groups could be found for red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, fibrinogen, D-dimer, fibrinogen degradation products (FOP), von Kaulla and platelet aggregation to epinephrine before operation (p < 0.05). There were not significant differences in platelets, PT, APTT, platelet aggregation to adenosine diphosphate (AOP) in the acyanotic and cyanotic patients (p > 0.05). Most hematology parameters were decreased significantly and hemostasis measurements were prolonged after operation in both groups (p < 0.05). There was also the significant difference in MCTO between 2 groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Coagulation, hemostasis and fibrinolysis disorders; thrombocytopenia and acquired transient platelet dysfunction may be responsible for bleeding complications after CBP \r\n', u'\r\n', u'
Heart Defects ; Congenital/ pathology ; epidemiology ; Hemostatic Disorders/ pathology ; diagnosis

Background: Blood transfusion is the process of receiving blood products into one's circulation intravenously. Transfusions are used in a variety of medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood. Objectives: To study the situations of use of blood and blood products, the indications for transfusion and transfusion reactions in some clinical departments of Bach Mai Hospital. Subjects and method: Retrospective study from January 2005 to December 2005 and perspective study from January 2006 to June 2006 through blood records, patient chart and patients. Results & Conclusion: from January 2005 to June 2006, Bach mai Hospital used 45318 units of blood and products, most were erythrocyte concentration (57,9%), plasma (24,9%) and (12,3%). The most used blood group were group 0 (44,5%). Blood-erythrocyte concentration and platelet concentration were most used in Hematology and Transfusion Department, plasma were most used in ICU. 31,1 % and 27,8% of patients were laboratory evaluation before transfusion of erythrocyte concentration and platelet concentration, respectively. The rate of transfusion reactions were 1,04%, most were pruritus - 83,7%. Highest rate of transfusion reaction were belonged to blood (3,4%) and platelet concentration (3%). From January 2005 to June 2006, Bach Mai Hospital used 45318 units of blood and products, most were erythrocyte concentration, plasma, platelet concentration and blood 31,1 % and 27,8% of patients were laboratory evaluation before transfusion of erythrocyte concentration and platelet concentration, respectively.
Blood ; Blood Transfusion/ adverse effects

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an unknown cause chronic autoimmune disorder which characterized by the spread of the lesion in many organs of body. Childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus is often more acute and severe than adult-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Objective: 1. To survey clinical, laboratory and immunological symptoms of childhood-onset SLE. 2. To survey immune disorders of childhood-onset SLE. Subjects and method: A retrospective study on clinical, laboratory and immunological indexes was carried out in 29 patients with childhood-onset SLE admitted in the Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunity, Bach Mai hospital, from June/2001 to June/2006.Results: The female to male ratio was 13.5:1, and the mean age at disease onset was 12.3\xb12.4 years. The most common initial manifestations were arthritis (62.1%), malar or butterfly rash (41.4%), fatigue, malaise, weight loss (41.4%) and fever (38%). The most common manifestations in the advanced stage of the disease were arthritis (82.8%), alopecia (62.1%), nephritis (89.7), anemia (72.4%), leucopenia (58.6%), thrombocytopenia (51.7%), neurological disorders (58.6%), fever (55.2%) and malar rash (48.3%). 93.1% of the patients had elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The rates of patients with ANA, anti ds-DNA antibody and LE cells were 88%, 64%, and 10.5%, respectively. Conclusion: The author recommended that on the suspicious cases, necessary tests for detecting childhood onset SLE should be conducted soon for differential diagnosis. The SLE with onset in childhood, often more severe than later life must be aggressively treated.
Lupus Erythematosus ; Systemic/ epidemiology ; pathology ; Child