Objective To explore EEG characteristics and the therapeutic effect in children with electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep(ESES).Methods The eligible ESES cases in our center from 2014 to 2020 were included.The age at diagnosis of ESES,the duration of ESES,spike wave index(SWI)during wakefulness and the distribution of spike wave during the period of ESES,age at seizure onset,the clinical syndromes and the outcomes after treatment were analyzed.The ESES cases were divided into 4 groups according to the distribution of spike wave:focal ESES,unilateral ESES,bilateral asymmetric ESES,multiple foci ESES.The SWI during the awake stage were divided into 3 groups based on the different rates:≤20%,21%～49%,≥50%.The therapeutic outcomes were classified into three groups:satisfactory response,seizure control and ineffective.Results 50 cases were included,with 32 males and 18 females.The average onset age of ESES was 6 years and 7 months,and the average duration of ESES was 28 months.A significant correlation between the distribution of ESES and the thera-peutic effects was found,bilateral asymmetric ESES had a good therapeutic effects,while multiple foci ESES showed a poor therapeutic effects.The duration of ESES was significantly correlated with therapeutic effects,and the efficacy was worse when the duration was longer than 1 year.A significant relationship between the SWI during wakefulness of ESES and the therapeutic effects was detected,the patient with SWI≤20%during wakefulness had a good therapeutic effect.There was a negative correlation between the onset age of ESES and the duration of ESES and SWI index during wakefulness.There was a positive correlation between the duration of ESES and SWI index during wakefulness.Conclusion Our results suggest that onset age,distribution,duration and SWI during wake-fulness of ESES were correlated with therapeutic outcomes,The patient with SWI≤20%during wakefulness had a good therapeutic effect and have unfavorable outcomes with ESES last more than 1 year.The earlier onset of ESES,the longer duration of ESES and higher SWI during wakefulness will be showed..

Abstract Survival analysis has been widely used in the field of medical research. The Cox proportional hazard model is commonly used, but its practical application is limited. Machine learning method can compensate for the shortcomings of the Cox proportional hazard model in terms of nonlinear data processing and prediction accuracy. This article reviewed the advance of machine learning methods represented by neural networks, within the field of survival analysis, and highlighted the principles and benefits of three machine learning methods that DeepSurv, Deep-Hit and random survival forest, providing methodological insights for the analysis of complex survival data.

Objective:To explore the correlation between clinical phenotypes and genotypes among 46 children with SCN1A-related developmental epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). Methods:Clinical data of 46 children with DEE and SCN1A variants identified at the Guangzhou Women and Children′s Medical Center between January 2018 and June 2022 were collected. The children were grouped based on their age of onset, clinical manifestations, neurodevelopmental status, and results of genetic testing. The correlation between SCN1A genotypes and clinical phenotypes was analyzed. Results:Among the 46 patients, 2 children (4.35%) had developed the symptoms before 3 months of age, 42 (91.30%) were between 3 to 9 months, and 2 cases (4.35%) were after 10 months. Two cases (4.35%) presented with epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFS), while 44 (95.7%) had presented with Dravet syndrome (DS), including 28 cases (63.6%) with focal onset (DS-F), 13 cases (29.5%) with myoclonic type (DS-M), 1 case (2.27%) with generalized type (DS-G), and 2 cases (4.55%) with status epilepticus type (DS-SE). Both of the two EIMFS children had severe developmental delay, and among the DS patients, 7 cases had normal development, while the remaining had developmental delay. A total of 44 variants were identified through genetic sequencing, which included 16 missense variants and 28 truncating variants. All EIMFS children had carried the c. 677C>T (p.Thr226Met) missense variant. In the DS group, there was a significant difference in the age of onset between the missense variants group and the truncating variants group ( P < 0.05). Missense variants were more common in D1 (7/15, 46.7%) and pore regions (8/15, 53.3%), while truncating variants were more common in D1 (12/28, 42.9%). Children with variants outside the pore region were more likely to develop myoclonic seizures. Conclusion:The clinical phenotypes of DEE are diverse. There is a difference in the age of onset between individuals with truncating and missense variants in the SCN1A gene. Missense variants outside the pore region are associated with a higher incidence of myoclonic seizures.

There is an urgent need for innovative graduate students in clinical medicine who possess the ability to apply interdisciplinary knowledge to address complex and cutting-edge challenges in the background of new medical science. The two training modes, "X + Medicine" and "Medicine + X", are essential measures to promote the construction of new medical science. The "X + Medicine" mode is better suited for cultivating the exceptional medical talents; however, it has limitations such as constrained applicability and talent attrition. The "Medicine + X" mode can be applied in various ways in general medical schools, but it has not broken through the boundaries of traditional disciplines or achieved a substantial scale. In order to provide useful insights for cultivating innovative graduate students in clinical medicine who meet the needs of new medical science, we propose the integration of curriculums, the implementation of quantitative evaluation, and the increase in funding for scientific research to make the "X + Medicine" more adaptable to China's national conditions and to mitigate talent loss. Additionally, we suggest strengthening overall management and expanding collaboration with other schools and companies to improve the "Medicine + X" mode.

Objective:To explore the clinical characteristics of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children with bacterial meningitis (BM) and provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of BM.Methods:The clinical data of BM children hospitalized in Women and Children′s Medical Center Affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University from December 2019 to March 2022 were collected and retrospectively analyzed in this case series study.Cytokines in CSF of these children were detected at least twice during the treatment. t test, Mann-Whitney test or analysis of variance were carried out for statistical analysis. Results:There were 40 patients included in this study.The age of onset was 2(1, 8) months, ranging from 2 days to 8 years, and the length of time from onset to hospitalization was (15±17) days, ranging from 1 day to 69 days.The main symptoms at the onset were fever (40 cases, 100%), poor mental state (16 cases, 35.0%), convulsion (9 cases, 22.5%), and vomiting (9 cases, 22.5%).According to pathogens, the patients were divided into the Streptococcus agalactia group (GBS group, 9 cases), Streptococcus pneumoniae group (SP group, 9 cases), other bacteria group (9 cases), and unknown bacteria group (13 cases).The levels of cytokines in the CSF of BM children were increased, along with significantly elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-8 within 1 st week of BM, followed by the peak at 2 nd-3 rd weeks, and then levels of IL-6 and IL-8 presented an overall decreasing trend with the progression of BM.The level of IL-6 in CSF of 10 cases significantly decreased in the 4 th week of BM [within 2 weeks: 773.5(164.1, 1 781.2) ng/L vs. 4 th week: 10.8(2.2, 21.1) ng/L, P=0.005].Such statistical differences didn′t occur to the level of IL-8 [within 2 weeks 182.9(33.6, 657.7) ng/L vs. 4 th week: 92.9(22.6, 226.6) ng/L, P=0.303].After effective antibiotic therapy, 6 patients had elevated white blood cell count in CSF during the 4 th-20 th weeks, with or without repeating intermittent fever.Among them, 4 cases of GBS and 1 case of SP were negative for pathogens in CSF during the retest after treatment, and the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 [(149.1-4 218.6) ng/L and (124.2-1 890.3) ng/L, respectively] in CSF were elevated.Low-dose glucocorticoid was administered for anti-inflammatory treatment, with additional gamma globulin for 1 case and Ibuprofen instead for 1 case.Subsequently, the fever completely subsided.The white blood cell count in CSF decreased significantly ( P=0.024). Conclusions:The levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in CSF increase significantly in the acute phase of BM and generally decrease with the progression of BM.If they are still significantly elevated in the later course of BM, it should be noted that an intracranial hyperinflammatory response may occur, especially when the pathogenic bacteria are GBS or SP.

The establishment of an intelligent audit system for hospital medical insurance is crucial for standardizing irrational practices and curbing the unwarranted escalation of medical insurance costs. A tertiary hospital has developed comprehensive prescription review rules in terms of indications, nutritional risk assessments, pain score evaluations, drug sensitivity test results, and target patient populations. When using medical insurance funds for settlement, both systematic and manual reviews are conducted, and three-level intervention measures such as " prompt, review, and interception" are implemented based on prescription issues. After the system was put into use, the hospital′s in-process information system supervision mode shifted from the previous focus on prompts to focus on audits. The medical insurance intelligent audit system provided timely prompts and interventions, and the number of unreasonable medical insurance prescriptions and deductions from medical insurance sampling prescriptions significantly decreased ( P<0.001), while the number of medical insurance medication prescription audits increased ( P<0.001). The application of the intelligent medical insurance medication audit system has improved the efficiency of prescription auditing and ensured the rationality of the use of medical insurance funds.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.07.006.].

BACKGROUND: Although intensively studied in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the prognostic value of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) has little been elucidated in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). This study aimed to reveal the prognostic value of DBP in AECOPD patients. METHODS: Inpatients with AECOPD were prospectively enrolled from 10 medical centers in China between September 2017 and July 2021. DBP was measured on admission. The primary outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality; invasive mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit (ICU) admission were secondary outcomes. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariable Cox regressions were used to identify independent prognostic factors and calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for adverse outcomes. RESULTS: Among 13,633 included patients with AECOPD, 197 (1.45%) died during their hospital stay. Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that low DBP on admission (<70 mmHg) was associated with increased risk of in-hospital mortality (HR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.53-3.05, Z = 4.37, P <0.01), invasive mechanical ventilation (HR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.32-2.05, Z = 19.67, P <0.01), and ICU admission (HR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.24-1.69, Z = 22.08, P <0.01) in the overall cohort. Similar findings were observed in subgroups with or without CVDs, except for invasive mechanical ventilation in the subgroup with CVDs. When DBP was further categorized in 5-mmHg increments from <50 mmHg to ≥100 mmHg, and 75 to <80 mmHg was taken as reference, HRs for in-hospital mortality increased almost linearly with decreased DBP in the overall cohort and subgroups of patients with CVDs; higher DBP was not associated with the risk of in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: Low on-admission DBP, particularly <70 mmHg, was associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes among inpatients with AECOPD, with or without CVDs, which may serve as a convenient predictor of poor prognosis in these patients. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trail Registry, No. ChiCTR2100044625.
Humans ; Blood Pressure ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/therapy* ; Cohort Studies ; Respiration, Artificial ; Inpatients ; Hospital Mortality

Objective:Socioeconomic status(SES)is associated with childhood obesity,but the underlying factors remain unknown.This study aimed to identify mediators that may explain SES disparities in childhood obesity in China.Methods:Nationally representative longitudinal data from the China Education Panel Survey of 11 019 chil-dren(13.03±0.79)collected from 2013-2014 to 2016-2017 academic years.Overweight/obesity was de-fined using Chinese national body mass index cut-points.Principal component analysis was used to con-vert the four SES indicators(maternal and paternal education,and occupation)into one comprehensive vari-able.Mediation analysis for SES disparities in childhood obesity was conducted using structure equation models.Results:The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 12.8％,and was higher in boys than in girls(17.8％vs.7.6％,P＜0.001)at baseline.Among boys,relative risk(RR)of obesity was 1.23(95％CI:1.09 to 1.40,P＜0.001)for per unit change in SES.There was no significant association between obesity and SES among girls.Mediation analyses showed that among boys,birth weight,being the only child in the family and children's self-perceived weight status mediated 70.0％of the effects of SES on obesity.No mediation effect was detected in girls.Conclusions:Chinese boys are more likely to be overweight or obese than girls.SES may impact childhood obesity through birth weight,being the only child in the family and children's self-perceived body weight status in boys,but not in girls.More attention should be made to address childhood obesity in high SES families among boys.Interventions targeting at these mediators are needed.

The long-circulating effect is revisited by simultaneous monitoring of the drug payloads and nanocarriers following intravenous administration of doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded methoxy polyethylene glycol-polycaprolactone (mPEG-PCL) nanoparticles. Comparison of the kinetic profiles of both DOX and nanocarriers verifies the long-circulating effect, though of limited degree, as a result of pegylation. The nanocarrier profiles display fast clearance from the blood despite dense PEG decoration; DOX is cleared faster than the nanocarriers. The nanocarriers circulate longer than DOX in the blood, suggesting possible leakage of DOX from the nanocarriers. Hepatic accumulation is the highest among all organs and tissues investigated, which however is reversely proportionate to blood circulation time. Pegylation and reduction in particle size prove to extend circulation of drug nanocarriers in the blood with simultaneous decrease in uptake by various organs of the mononuclear phagocytic system. It is concluded that the long-circulating effect of mPEG-PCL nanoparticles is reconfirmed by monitoring of either DOX or the nanocarriers, but the faster clearance of DOX suggests possible leakage of a fraction of the payloads. The findings of this study are of potential translational significance in design of nanocarriers towards optimization of both therapeutic and toxic effects.