With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have gradually become a hotspot in the research on non-coding RNA. CircRNAs are produced by the covalent circularization of a downstream 3' splice donor and an upstream 5' splice acceptor through backsplicing, and they are pervasive in eukaryotic cells. CircRNAs used to be considered byproducts of false splicing, whereas an explosion of related studies in recent years has disproved this misconception. Compared with the rich studies of circRNAs in animals, the study of circRNAs in plants is still in its infancy. In this review, we introduced the discovery of plant circRNAs, the discovery of plant circRNAs, the circularization feature, expression specificity, conservation, and stability of plant circRNAs and expounded the identification tools, main types, and biogenesis mechanisms of circRNAs. Furthermore, we summarized the potential roles of plant circRNAs as microRNA (miRNA) sponges and translation templates and in response to biotic/abiotic stress, and briefed the degradation and localization of plant circRNAs. Finally, we discussed the challenges and proposed the future directions in the research on plant circRNAs.
Animals ; MicroRNAs/metabolism* ; Organelle Biogenesis ; Plants/metabolism* ; Protein Biosynthesis/physiology* ; RNA, Circular/metabolism* ; RNA, Plant/metabolism* ; Research/trends* ; Stress, Physiological/genetics*

Apomixis has been widely concerned because of its great potential in heterosis fixation. Artificial apomixis is an important direction of current apomixis research. Mitosis instead of Meiosis (MIME) produces diploid gametes that is identical with the maternal genetic composition and is a key step in the artificial creation of apomixes. This paper reviews the occurrence of MIME and its application in crop apomixis and the problems encountered, in an aim to provide reference for expanding the application of MIME in crop apomixis.
Apomixis ; Crops, Agricultural ; genetics ; Diploidy ; Germ Cells ; Meiosis ; Mitosis

Individual differences of P300 potentials lead to that a large amount of training data must be collected to construct pattern recognition models in P300-based brain-computer interface system, which may cause subjects' fatigue and degrade the system performance. TrAdaBoost is a method that transfers the knowledge from source area to target area, which improves learning effect in the target area. Our research purposed a TrAdaBoost-based linear discriminant analysis and a TrAdaBoost-based support vector machine to recognize the P300 potentials across multiple subjects. This method first trains two kinds of classifiers separately by using the data deriving from a small amount of data from same subject and a large amount of data from different subjects. Then it combines all the classifiers with different weights. Compared with traditional training methods that use only a small amount of data from same subject or mixed different subjects' data to directly train, our algorithm improved the accuracies by 19.56% and 22.25% respectively, and improved the information transfer rate of 14.69 bits/min and 15.76 bits/min respectively. The results indicate that the TrAdaBoost-based method has the potential to enhance the generalization ability of brain-computer interface on the individual differences.
Algorithms ; Brain-Computer Interfaces ; Discriminant Analysis ; Electroencephalography ; Event-Related Potentials, P300 ; Humans ; Support Vector Machine

Objective To investigate the effect of intervention nursing on the formation of pressure ulcer in hypoalbuminemia patients with renal transplantation.Methods From February 2011 to June 2015,the 134 cases of hypoalbuminemia patients with renal transplantation in our hospital were divided into the observation group (73 cases)and the control group (61 cases).The control group were given conven-tional nursing methods for prevention of pressure ulcers,and the observation group were given corresponding intervention nursing measures on the basis of pressure ulcer risk factors.Then assessed the risk factors of pressure ulcers,the occurrence of pressure ulcers,and the rate of nursing satisfaction.Results The incidence of pressure ulcer in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P <0.05).The rate of nursing satisfaction in the observation group were significantly higher than that in the control group (P <0.05).The risk factors for hypoalbuminemia patients with renal transplantation were decrease of sensory response,increase of moisture in the compressed part,and increase of friction and shear forces in the compressed part.The occurrence of these risks could be significantly decreased after inter-vention nursing.Conclusion Effective nursing care can significantly reduce the incidence of pressure sores in hypoalbuminemia patients with renal transplantation and improve the nursing satisfaction.This method can be recommended for clinical nursing care for prevention of periop-erative pressure ulcer.

Objective To test the influence of peripherally inserted central catheter ( PICC) phlebotomizing and venipuncture ( VP) phlebotomizing on detection of coagulation function, so as to comfirm the feasibility of PICC. Methods Took 2 blood samples from the same patient, and divided the blood samples in to the PICC group and the VP group according to the methods of phlebotomizing to adopt a parallel controlled trial. Pearson correlation analysis and Bland-Altman analysis were taken during the following research. Results The 5 items of blood coagulation indexes testing showed that the results of PICC group and VP group were highly correlated, and the correlation coefficient was 0. 990 to 0. 997. The mean biases obtained by Bland-Altman analysis were closer to 0. Conclusion PICC and traditional method of VP showed obvious correlation and accordance in terms of the 5 indexes of coagulation function detection, which indicated that PICC is feasible for coagulation function detection.

Objective To explore the influence of catheterization for urinary tract infections and the importance of humanistic nursing. Methods Totally 248 patients who were admitted into our hospital from February 2013 to April 2014 were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in the control group (117 cases) were given spray fungicide and regular disinfection of urethra by nursing staff, and patients in the observation group (131 cases) were nursed by themselves or their family after been taught the way of spraying fungicide and cleaning. Ana-lyzed the psychological status, routine urine, urinary tract infections, nursing job satisfaction of the patients, and the relevant data were ana-lyzed by SPSS 17. 0 software. Results The third day after placing urinary catheter urethra, the relevant nursing can reduce the rate of urina-ry tract infections in patients. the difference of the two groups was statistically significant (P<0. 05). The rate of urinary tract infections at the seventh day after placing urinary catheter urethra was 39. 69% in the observation group and 41. 03% in the control group, the difference of the two groups was not statistically significant (P >0. 05). Infection rate of male patients (29. 01%) is higher than female patients (10. 69%). The satisfaction rate of urethra care in the observation group was 87. 79%, and the satisfaction rate of other project were all higher than 92. 5%. The satisfaction rate of urinary tract nursing check in the control group was 79. 49%, and the satisfaction rate of nurse-patient communication was 83. 76%. It was found that the difference of communication between nurses and patients, service attitude and the urethra care were statistically significant. Conclusion It can reduce the rate of urinary tract infection after placing urinary catheter in pa-tients for 7 days and nursed by patients themselves with spraying fungicide and cleaning. Strengthen the humanistic nursing care can improve nursing satisfaction.

Nowadays,in order to cultivate a great number of high-quality clinicians,on students it is essential for medical university to strengthen education of humanities,excite aspiration for innovating,cultivate innovation ability and teach the modern medical knowledge with science and rational method.The author has given his reasons and made suggestions for the opinion in the article.

Objective To investigate whether cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is associated with chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN). Methods 131 patients underwent kidney transplantation from August 1, 1999 to November 30, 2000 were enrolled in this study. CMV-pp65 antigen load (the number of CMV-pp65-positive leukocytes) in peripheral blood within 6 months of posttransplant was detected, and TGF-? 1 mRNA expression in renal allograft biopsy was measured at the 7th month after transplant. The renal functions of the patients were followed up at least three years. Results The TGF-? 1 mRNA level in allografts of the patients with long-time and high-level CMV-pp65 antigen load was obviously higher that that of the patients without. 3 years after transplant, there were lower Ccr and more renal dysfunction in the patients with long-time and high-level CMV-pp65 antigen load than in the patients without, the difference of which was significant between the two groups of patients. Conclusion Serious CMV infection with long duration can damage the function of kidney graft, and is a risk factor for renal dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE:To assess whether Alprostadil plays a role in improving renal function of renal recipi?ents.METHODS:A randomized control clinical trial was designed between January1,2001and February28,2004.Alprostadil was administered in85renal recipients who received60?g Alprostadil while transplanting kidney and each day after opera?tion.The effects of Alprostadil were compared with the control group which included276recipients to determine the influences of Alprostadil on urine,creatinine(Cr)and creatinine clearance(Ccr).Under Doppler Ultrasound the renal blood flow resis?tance_indexes(RI)were measured.The rates of acute renal graft rejection(AR)and delayed graft function(DGF)were also calculated in both groups.RESULTS:Urine and Ccr were significantly higher in Alprostadil_treated group than in control.On the contrary Cr and RI were significantly lower in Alprostadil_treated group than in control.Alprostadil_treated group also showed a significantly lower incidence of DGF,but the incidences of rejection in both groups were equal.CONCLUSION:The findings suggest that the addition of Alprostadil to renal recipients improves early graft function and reduce the incidence of DGF,but does not influence the incidence of rejection.

Objective To explore the relationship between urine TGF-? 1 concentration and long-term function of renal allograft. Methods From August 1, 1999 to December 30, 2000, the urinary content of TGF-? 1 was determined in 146 patients who had had renal transplantation one year ago but with normal renal function. The relative content of urine TGF-? 1 was 172.5～533.1pg/mg Cr. Forty patients each with higher or lower urine TGF-? 1 concentrations were selected to form group Ⅰ and Ⅱ. Two years later, renal function variables, blood and urine TGF-? 1 concentrations were compared between the two groups. The relation between urine TGF-? 1 and chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN)was assessed. Biopsies of transplanted kidneys were carried out in recipients whose creatinine was higher than normal. Results Three years after transplantation, creatinine clearance rate was lowered by 12.8?10.6ml/min in group Ⅰ patients, and 29.6% of them were diagnosed as CAN. Compared with group Ⅱ, the lowering of creatinine clearance rate was more intense and the incidence of CAN was higher, with obviously higher urinary TGF-? 1 content. The differences were significant. Conclusions TGF-? 1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of CAN after renal transplantation, and urinary TGF-? 1 may be considered as an indicator in assessing long term renal function in such case.