Objective:To explore the risk factors for lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients with a spinal cord injury (SCI).Methods:The medical records of 276 hospitalized SCI patients were analyzed retrospectively. They were divided into a DVT group ( n=63) and a no-DVT group ( n=213). Gender, age, blood type, smoking history, surgical history, the time from SCI to admission, cause of SCI, fracture, SCI segments, American Spinal Cord Injury Association grade and complications were compared between the two groups. Binomial logistic regression was used to isolate the risk factors for lower extremity DVT among such patients. Results:Among 84% of the 63 with a lower extremity DVT, it was a calf muscle venous thrombosis. Anemia, hyponatremia and time from SCI to admission (which ranged from 74 to 195 days) were the most serious DVT risk factors.Conclusions:SCI patients are of high risk for DVT, with anemia and hyponatremia being independent risk factors.

Objective:To explore the risk factors for urinary tract infection (UTI) after a spinal cord injury (SCI).Methods:The medical records of 403 SCI patients were analyzed retrospectively. They were divided into UTI group and no-UTI group according to whether they had a UTI at admission. Gender, age, cause of injury, injury level of the spinal cord, voluntary anal contraction, time from injury to admission, American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grade, axillary temperature at admission, complications at admission (diabetes, hypertension, fracture of the pelvis, pressure sores or anemia), white blood cell count and urinary bacteria were compared between the two groups. Binary logistic regression was used to highlight the risk factors for a UTI after an SCI.Results:Of the 354 patients included in the final analysis, 62 (17.51%) had a UTI at admission. The regression showed that UTI after an SCI was closely related to an inability to voluntarily contract the anus, anemia, elevated white blood cell count and a high level of bacteria in the urine.Conclusions:Inability to contract the anus, fever, anemia and an elevated white blood cell count are independent indicators of a UTI after an SCI. A temperature ≥37.3°C is a simple indicator of a concentration of bacteria in the urine ≥1266/μL.

Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) is a common phenomena of developmental anomaly, which is characterized by anatomic variation and biomechanical changes. LSTV is often accompanied with low back pain, lumbar disc herniation, lumbar spinal stenosis, lumbar spondylolisthesis and other spinal diseases. The diagnosis of LSTV has a great significance for proper treatment process. Early imageological studies have limitations on distinguishing different types of LSTV from the aspect of morphological changes. This review focuses on recent studies of LSTV anatomy and variation, its influence in local biomechanics and spinal alignment, and its relationship with spinal diseases.

Postoperative delirium is a common complication after spinal surgery, and it is a complex issue involving multiple factors. However, there is currently insufficient understanding of postoperative delirium in patients undergoing spinal surgery, and there is still a lack of clear regulation in prevention and treatment. Although the literature and research on postoperative delirium have been comprehensive, there are still few studies on postoperative delirium in patients undergoing spinal surgery. This article mainly reviews the incidence, social and economic problems, risk factors, prevention and treatment of postoperative delirium in patients undergoing spinal surgery.

Meralgia paresthetica (MP) after posterior spine surgery is caused by mechanical compression injury of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, which presents as numbness or paresthesia in the confined area of the anterolateral thigh. MP after posterior spine surgery is a common postoperative complication, and the incidence is 12.7%-25.5%. Because its clinical manifestations are mild and easy to be ignored, often leading to treatment delays. This article mainly reviews the incidence, risk factors, prevention and treatment of MP after posterior spine surgery.

Meralgia paresthetica (MP) after posterior spine surgery is caused by mechanical compression injury of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, which presents as numbness or paresthesia in the confined area of the anterolateral thigh. MP after posterior spine surgery is a common postoperative complication, and the incidence is 12.7%-25.5%. Because its clinical manifestations are mild and easy to be ignored, often leading to treatment delays. This article mainly reviews the incidence, risk factors, prevention and treatment of MP after posterior spine surgery.

Though great progress on spinal sagittal alignment has been seen recently, which focuses on the lumbar spine-pelvic region and the whole spine, while there is a few research mainly concentrated on the cervical spine. In recent years, a growing number of researchers have been exploring the changes in the compensation of cervical sagittal alignment and their effect on surgery, and the preliminary results of these researches are satisfactory. The present review focuses on the measurement of sagittal plane parameters of cervical spine, changes of sagittal alignment in cervical spine disorders, and its effect on cervical surgery.

Objective To construct and evaluate a mouse model of traumatic brain injury (TBI)that simulates both motor and cognitive impairment.Methods Twenty-four healthy male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a sham group and a TBI group (n=12/group).The TBI model was prepared by referring to the compression injury model with some modifications.The sham group underwent an identical process without mechanical trauma.Motor function was evaluated using the rotarod and beam-walking tasks at 1,3,7,14,21,28 days post-injury.Spatial learning and memory capacities were assessed at 28,29,30,31,32,33 days post-injury by the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test.Nissl staining was performed to observe pathological changes and immunofluorescence staining to detect the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium binding adaptor protein (Iba-1) in the mouse brain on the 34th day after modeling.Results The latency for the TBI group was significantly lower than that for the sham group,and the frequency of slipping off the beam by the right hindlimbs for the TBI group was significantly higher than that for the sham group at 1,3,7,14,21,28 days post-injury (P＜0.05).The escape latency for the TBI group was significantly longer than that for the sham group in the MWM test at 30,31 and 32 days after modeling (P＜0.05).The times of crossing the platform for the TBI group were significantly less than those for the sham group at day 33 after TBI (P＜ 0.05).The lesion volume for the sham group was significantly smaller than that for the TBI group [(0.55± 0.06)％ vs.(16.90±1.14)％,P＜0.05].The numbers of astrocytes in the TBI and sham groups were respectively 101.40±6.18/mm2 and 20.17±1.55/mm2,and the numbers ofmicroglia in the 2 groups were respectively 119.20±6.28/mm2 and 23.58±1.72/mm2,showing statistically significant differences between the 2 groups (P＜0.05).Conclusion Since the TBI model we constructed is simple and reproducible with stable motor deficits and cognitive impairments which are consistent with the pathological changes of moderate TBI.it can be used in animal TRI experiments.

Objective To investigate the effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) versus cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for treating adult posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) .Methods A total of 81 patients with PTSD con‐forming to the including standard were randomly allocated to the EMDR group ,CBT group ,and control group ,27 cases per group . The PTSD symptoms ,anxiety and depression moods in 3 groups were assessed before and after treatment by adopting the Clinician‐administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) ,Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) .Results The drop‐out rates were 29 .63% for the EMDR group ,7 .41% for the CBT group and 7 .41% for the control group respectively ;the re‐experience symptoms score of CAPS in the EMDR group was lower than that in the CBT group with statistical difference (P=0 . 036) .Conclusion Both EMDR and CBT are the effective psychological therapeutic method ,EMDR has more effective than CBT in the reproving the re‐experience symptoms of PTSD .The future studies should pay more attention to the application of stabilization technologies for reducing the dropout rate of EMDR .

Surgical site infection (SSI)following spinal surgery is the most common complications, which is devastating for both the patient and the surgeon.There is strong evidence in the literature that opti-mizing specific preoperative,intraoperative,and postoperative variables can significantly lower the risk of developing an SSI.Evidence-based approach will allow surgeons to minimize the risk of SSI and,therefore, significantly improve patient care.Here,we review the current evidence.