Grooming,as an evolutionarily conserved repetitive behavior,is common in various animals,including humans,and serves essential functions including,but not limited to,hygiene maintenance,thermoregulation,de-arousal,stress reduction,and social behaviors.In rodents,grooming involves a patterned and sequenced structure,known as the syntactic chain with four phases that comprise repeated stereotyped movements happening in a cephalocaudal progression style,beginning from the nose to the face,to the head,and finally ending with body licking.The context-dependent occurrence of grooming behavior indicates its adaptive significance.This review briefly summarizes the neural substrates responsible for rodent grooming behavior and explores its relevance in rodent models of neuropsychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases with aberrant grooming phenotypes.We further emphasize the utility of rodent grooming as a reliable measure of repetitive behavior in neuropsychiatric models,holding promise for translational psychiatry.Herein,we mainly focus on rodent self-grooming.Allogrooming(grooming being applied on one animal by its conspecifics via licking or carefully nibbling)and heterogrooming(a form of grooming behavior directing towards another animal,which occurs in other contexts,such as maternal,sexual,aggressive,or social behaviors)are not covered due to space constraints.

Objective To explore root cause of poor prognosis after successful endovascular treatment(EVT)in patients with acute ischemic stroke with large vascular occlusion(AIS-LVO)of anterior circulation.Methods Patients with AIS-LOV of anterior circulation who received successful EVT(postoperative modified thrombolysis incerebral infarction[mTICI]grade≥2b)were retrospectively and continuously collected in the Department of Neurology of Bozhou People's Hospital from January 2022 to March 2024.The baseline and clinical data of the patients were collected,including gender,age,vascular risk factors(hypertension,diabetes,coronary heart disease,hyperlipidemia,valvular heart disease,atrial fibrillation,smoking,and alcohol consumption),prior stroke or transient ischemic attack,baseline blood pressure,baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke scale(NIHSS)score,laboratory test indicators(pre-operative C-reactive protein and D-dimer,post-operative fasting blood glucose,lipid levels,homocysteine,etc).Meanwhile,the data of perioperative indicators was collected,including the time from onset to admission,the time from admission to puncture,the time from puncture to revascularization,the time from onset to puncture,the time from onset to revascularization,remedial measures(balloon dilation,stent placement,arterial thrombolysis)during the surgery or not,using tirofiban or not,postoperative complications(stroke-related pneumonia,stress ulcers,deep vein thrombosis,acute heart failure or renal failure,etc)or not.The patient's medical history and imaging data were collected,and these indicators were defined and collected,including Alberta stroke program early CT score(ASPECTS),location of occlusion(C1 segment of the internal carotid artery,C2 segment to C7 segment of the internal carotid artery,M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery),and the trial of org 10172 in acute stroke treatment(TOAST)classification and a postoperative transformation of cerebral infarction after ischemic stroke and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage or not.According to the modified Rankin scale(mRS)score at 90 d after surgery,all patients were divided into poor prognosis group(mRS score≥ 3)and good prognosis group(mRS score≤2).The baseline and clinical data of two groups were compared using univariate analysis.Variables with P＜0.1 in the univariate analysis were selected as independent variables,and the poor prognosis was used as the dependent variable.Further,multivariate Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the influencing factors of poor prognosis after EVT.Results Finally,a total of 192 patients with AIS-LVO of anterior circulation who received successful revascularization were included in this study.There were 101 male patients and 91 female patients.The poor prognosis group had 102 cases and the good prognosis group had 90 cases.Univariate analysis showed that the poor prognosis group had statistically significant differences with the good prognosis group in terms of age(Z=-3.088,P=0.002)and age distribution(x2=13.457,P=0.001),fasting blood glucose(Z=-3.347,P=0.001),baseline NIHSS score(Z=-4.469,P＜0.01),location of occlusion(x2=10.488,P=0.005),transformation of hemorrhage after ischemic stroke(x2=16.943,P＜0.01),and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage(X2=25.449,P＜0.01),and the baseline ASPECTS of the poor prognosis group was significantly lower than that of the good prognosis group(Z=-4.547,P＜0.01).There were no significant differences in other baseline and clinical data(all P＞0.05).Further multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age＞80 years(OR,3.224,95％CI 1.033-10.058,P=0.044),baseline NIHSS score(OR,1.102,95％CI 1.013-1.199,P=0.023),baseline ASPECTS(OR,0.375,95％CI 0.212-0.665,P=0.001),and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage(OR,7.127,95％CI 1.296-39.203,P=0.024)were independent influencing factors of poor prognosis.Conclusion The independent factors of 90 d poor prognosis after successful EVT in patients with AIS-LVO of anterior circulation are age＞80 years,baseline NIHSS score,baseline ASPECTS,and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage.

Objective:To explore the role of thioredoxin interaction protein (TXNIP)/NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) pathway in renal interstitial fibrosis induced by renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in mice.Methods:Adult male C57BL/6J mice aged 6 to 8 weeks and TXNIP knockout mice with the same genetic background were selected. The wild type mice were divided into the sham operation (Sham) group and renal IRI group. The TXNIP knockout mice were divided into the sham+TXNIP KO group and IRI+TXNIP KO group, with 12 mice in each group. The model of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury was established by clamping bilateral renal pedicles for 45 min and then restoring perfusion. The sham operation model was only dissociated bilateral renal arteries without other treatment. Blood creatinine, urea nitrogen, kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), blood transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured on the 1st, 7th and 28th days after reperfusion. The renal cortex was taken on the 1st and 28th days for Masson staining, in which the renal tubule-interstitial injury score was obtained. TGF-β and IL-6 mRNA expression were detected by qPCR, TXNIP, NLRP3, Pro-IL-1β, IL-1β and α-SMA protein expression were detected by Western blot, and MDA and SOD levels were detected by ELISA. Homogeneity test of variance was performed before the statistics of normal distribution measurement data, one-way ANOVA was used for the comparison between multiple groups, and LSD- t test was used for the comparison between the two groups. Results:On the 1st, 7th and 28th days after IRI, compared with the sham group, the Scr, BUN, Kim-1, NGAL, TGF-β and IL-6 were increased continuously in the IRI group ( P<0.05). On the 28th day after IRI, large areas of collagen fibers and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed in the renal interstitium of the IRI group. In the IRI group, the scores of renal tubular injury and renal interstitial fibrosis on the 28th day were significantly higher than those on the 1st day (all P<0.05). On the 1st, 7th and 28th days after IRI, compared with the IRI group, the levels of Scr, BUN, Kim-1, NGAL, TGF-β and IL-6 were significantly decreased in the IRI+TXNIP KO group (all P<0.05). On the 1st and 28th days after IRI, compared to the IRI group, the areas of collagen fibers and inflammatory cell infiltration in the renal interstitium of the IRI+TXNIP KO group were decreased. The renal tubule injury score [Day 1, (192.2 ± 62.4) vs. (103.2 ± 49.1); Day 28, (154.3 ± 93.6) vs. (64.3 ± 24.8), both P<0.05] and interstitial fibrosis score [Day 1, (7.3 ± 3.2) vs. (4.8 ± 1.7); Day 28, (12.8 ± 3.9) vs. (2.3 ± 0.8), both P<0.05] were all decreased. The expression of TGF-β, IL-6 mRNA, TXNIP, NLRP3, Pro-IL-1 β, IL-1 β and α-SMA protein in renal cortex were significantly decreased (both P<0.05). In renal cortex, MDA level was decreased and SOD level was increased (all P<0.05). Conclusions:TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway is involved in the development of renal interstitial inflammation and fibrosis after renal ischemia and reperfusion. Knockout or inhibition of TXNIP can inhibit the progression of acute renal injury to chronic renal disease.

Objective:To investigate the expression level of poly ADP ribose polymerase 14(PARP14) in thyroid cancer and its relationship with the clinicopathologic characteristics of the patient with thyroid cancer and evaluate the role of PARP14 in the progression of thyroid cancer.Methods:The gene expression interaction analysis (GEPIA) database was used to analyze the expression of PARP14 in normal thyroid tissue and thyroid cancer tissue and its relationship with disease-free survival of patients. The expression of PARP14 in thyroid cancer tissue and adjacent tissues of the patient with thyroid cancer was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. According to the staining intensity, the patients were divided into the high expression group and the low expression group, and the correlation between the expression of PARP14 and clinical pathological characteristics was analyzed. The effect of PARP14 on the proliferation of thyroid cancer cells was investigated by clone formation testing and MTT testing.Results:The results of bioinformatics analysis and immunohistochemistry showed that PARP14 was overexpressed in thyroid cancer tissue, and the disease-free survival rate of the patient with high expression was lower. The expression level of PARP14 was correlated with tumor stage and intrathyroidal spread (all P<0.05). The results of the clonogenic assay and the MTT assay showed that the expression of KIF4A could promote the proliferation of thyroid cancer cells ( P<0.05). Conclusions:PARP14 is highly expressed in thyroid cancer and is related to the clinicopathological characteristics of patients, suggesting that it may be a therapeutic target for thyroid cancer.

Objective:To investigate the effect of carotid artery stenting (CAS) on cognitive function in patients with severe carotid artery stenosis.Methods:From January 2019 to December 2020, consecutive patients with severe carotid artery stenosis (stenosis degree ≥70%) treated in the Department of Neurology, Bozhou People's Hospital were selected. According to different treatment schemes, all patients were divided into a CAS group and a control group. The CAS group received CAS combined with the best drug treatment, while the control group only received the best drug treatment. The cognitive function was evaluated by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) before treatment and at 6 months after treatment.Results:During the study, 52 patients with severe carotid artery stenosis were enrolled, including 37 patients in the CAS group and 15 in the control group. There were no significant differences in demographic and baseline clinical data between the two groups. All patients in the CAS group completed procedure successfully without any complications. MoCA score in the CAS group was significantly higher than that before treatment ( P<0.001), but not in the control group. There was no significant difference in MoCA score between the patients in the CAS group and the control group before treatment; the MoCA score in the CAS group was significantly higher than that in the control group at 6 months after treatment ( P=0.007). Conclusion:CAS may improve the short-term postoperative cognitive function of patients with severe carotid artery stenosis.

Objective:To observe the changes of abdominal aortic calcification and biochemical indicators after parathyroidectomy (PTX) in the maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT).Methods:The MHD patients with SHPT who were followed up for 2 years were analyzed retrospectively and divided into PTX surgery group ( n=26) and non-surgery group ( n=18) according to whether they underwent PTX, and then the abdominal aortic calcification score (AACS), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), blood calcium and phosphorus after 2 years were observed in the two groups. The PTX surgery group was divided into advanced group and non-advanced group according to whether abdominal aortic calcification had progressed or not 2 years after the operation. Indicators such as age, dialysis age, iPTH, blood calcium, blood phosphorus, calcium and phosphorus product were compared between the two groups to analyze the possible factors related to the development of abdominal aortic calcification. Results:A total of 44 patients meeting the inclusion criteria were included, with 26 in the PTX surgery group and 18 in the non-surgery group. The baseline data of the PTX surgery group and the non-surgery group showed statistical difference in the age of dialysis ( P<0.05), but no statistical differences in gender, age and history of hypertension. Compared with preoperative indicators, postoperative iPTH, blood calcium and phosphorus significantly reduced (all P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in AACS. There were 8 cases (30.77%) of accelerating progress of calcification, 8 cases (30.77%) of improvement in calcification, 10 cases (38.46%) of calcification stability. After 2 years, iPTH value of non-advanced group was significantly lower than advanced group [(20.62±6.44) ng/L vs (132.72±76.83) ng/L], while the preoperative AACS progress was higher in non-advanced group [(13.11±2.71) vs (2.00±1.41)] (all P<0.05). In non-surgery group, AACS was significantly higher after 2 years [(10.44±1.65) vs (8.05±1.26)], blood phosphorus and the product of blood calcium and phosphorus significantly decreased (all P<0.05) , and the levels of iPTH and blood calcium did not significantly change. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the decreased value between preoperative AACS and 2-year postoperative AACS was positively correlated with the decreased value of iPTH ( r=0.534, P=0.012), blood calcium ( r=0.643, P=0.004), blood phosphorus ( r=0.897, P<0.001) and calcium-phosphorus product ( r=0.568, P=0.021) , and negatively correlated with preoperative AACS ( r=-0.647, P=0.014). Conclusions:Small sample data shows that PTX can correct parathyroid hormone, calcium and phosphorus for long term, and prevent abdominal aortic calcification progression, even reverse vascular calcification. Whether abdominal aortic calcification improves or not may be associated with the decrease of iPTH, calcium, phosphorus and the product of blood calcium and phosphorus.

Objective To investigate the risk factors for cognitive impairment in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis (ACS).Methods Patients with ACS were enrolled.The related clinical data were collected,including age,gender,blood pressure,blood lipid,glycosylated hemoglobin,homocysteine (Hcy),white matter lesion (WML) and the degree of carotid stenosis.Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) was used to evaluate cognitive function.The patients were divided into either a cognitive impairment group (＞26) or non-cognitive impairment group (≥26).Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for cognitive impairment in patients with ACS.Results A total of 123 patients with ACS were enrolled in the study,including 45 (36.6％) in the cognitive impairment group and 78 (63.4％) in the non-cognitive impairment group.There were significant differences in the degree of carotid stenosis,WML severity,years of education,age,and Hcy level between the 2 groups (all P ＞0.05).Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that severe carotid artery stenosis (odds ratio [OR] 3.232,95％ confidence interval [CI] 1.134-9.208;P =0.028),severe WML (OR 8.930,95％ CI 2.683-31.688;P =0.015),and hyperhomocysteinemia (OR 2.671,95％ CI 1.877-3.609;P =0.037) were the independent risk factors for cognitive impairment in patients with ACS,while years of education were an independent protective factor of cognitive impairment in patients with ACS (OR 0.607,95％ CI 0.461-0.817;P =0.043).Conclusions Cognitive impairment may occur in patients with ACS.Years of education are an independent protective factor of cognitive impairment in patients with ACS,and severe carotid artery stenosis,severe WML,and hyperhomocysteinemia are its independent risk factors.

Objective To compare the influence of hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) on early outcome of patients underwent kidney transplantation from donation after cardiac death (DCD).Methods Patients admitted in the First People's Hospital of Foshan with DCD kidney transplant from January 1st,2011 to June 30th,2016 were analyzed retrospectively.Recipients were grouped into HD group (n=61) and PD group (n=28) according to their pre-transplant dialysis modality.Their short-term outcomes after DCD kidney transplant were compared,including recovery of renal function,short-term complications and laboratory data.Results Patients had longer dialysis duration and lower hemoglobin,serum albumin and phosphorus in PD group than those in HD group (all P ＜ 0.05),but no significant difference shown in age,gender,body mass index,primary disease,blood pressure,and hepatitis B infection (all P ＞ 0.05).HD patients with 6.00(4.00,11.00) d recovery time of renal function,18.00(17.00,21.50) d hospital time,had 24.59％ the delayed graft function (DGF),3.28％ acute rejection and 16.39％ infection during hospitalization.While for PD patients the recovery time of renal function was 4.00(3.75,7.00) d;hospital time was 19.00(15.00,21.75) d;the incidence rate of DGF was 14.29％;acute rejection was 3.57％;and infection during hospitalization reached 17.86％.Above indexes were not significantly different between HD and PD groups (all P ＞0.05).Repeated measure ments showed that,compared with those before transplant surgery,after 1 month,3 months and 6 months HD and PD groups had decreased creatinine and phosphorus,and increased hemoglobinserum albumin and calcium;Serum albumin and calcium were different between the two groups (P ＜ 0.001,P=0.040),whereas creatinine,hemoglobin and phosphorus did not show difference (all P ＜ 0.05).After transplantation the trends of creatinine,hemoglobin,calcium and phosphorus were not different between the two groups (P values were 0.295,0.310,0.501 and 0.063,respectively).Conclusions No significant difference of the recovery regarding renal function,anemia,nutrition status and mineral metabolites was found between pre-transplant HD and PD modality in patients who underwent DCD kidney transplantations.

Objective To observe the influence of highflux hemodialysis(HFD)on homocysteine(Hcy) level and major cardiovascular events of maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods Patients eligible for inclusion were randomly divided into HFD group and low flux hemodialysis(HD)group with 30 cases in each group. Patient′s serum homocysteine (Hcy),major cardiovascular events and various clinical indicators were observed for 12 months then the data were analyzed. Results Hcy baseline levels in 2 groups(21.02 ± 11.79 mmol/L vs. 19.86 ± 6.97 mmol/L)indicated no significant difference(P = 0.162)before hemodialysis but Hcy levels had significant difference(20.29 ± 11.45 mmol/L vs. 24.57 ± 13.23 mmol/L),(P=0.045)after 12-month observation. There was lower incidence of major cardiovascular events in HFD when compared to that in HD group (10.0% vs. 33.3%) which showed significantly statistical difference (P=0.034),and there was no mortality in HFD group but 1 case of death in HD group. All-cause mortality in 2 groups showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). Conclusion Long-term HFD treatment significantly reduces Hcy levels and the incidence of major cardiovascular events of MHD patients

Aim To investigate the effect of Sirt1 activator SRT1720 on high glucose(HG)-induced apoptosis in mouse mesangial cells(MMCs).Methods Cultured mouse MMCs were divided into normal glucose group(NG),NG plus mannitol group(M),high glucose group(HG),HG plus SRT1720 group(HG+SRT).Apoptosis of MMCs was analyzed by DeadEndTM Fluorometric TUNEL System and flow cytometry.Reactive oxygen species(ROS)production was observed by flow cytometry.The expression levels of caspase-3,cleaved caspase-3,Bax,Bcl-2,p38 MAPK,p-p38 MAPK,p53,acetylated p53 and cytochrome C protein were observed by Western blot.The mRNA levels of Bax and Bcl-2 were detected by real-time PCR.Results Compared with normal glucose group,the production of ROS,the number of cell apoptosis,the expression of cleaved caspase-3,p-p38 MAPK and acetylated p53 and ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 were significantly increased,the expression of Sirt1 was decreased,meanwhile,the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria to cytoplasm was significantly increased in MMCs in high glucose group.Treatment with SRT1720 inhibited HG-induced increase of ROS production,cell apoptosis,expression of cleaved caspase-3,acetylated p53 and p-p38 MAPK,ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and release of cytochrome C,and reversed HG-induced Sirt1 expression.Conclusion SRT1720 could prevent HG-induced apoptosis maybe by decreasing ROS production,preserving mitochondrial function and inhibiting p53 acetylation and activation of p38 MAPK in MMCs.